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Indus Kohistani (, Kōstaiñ) is an
The
Indo-Aryan language
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated in India, Pa ...
spoken in the former Kohistan District of Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
. The language was referred to as Maiyã (Mayon) or Shuthun by early researchers, but subsequent observations have not verified that these names are known locally.
Phonology
The phonology of Indus Kohistani varies between its major dialects as shown below.Vowels
In the Kanyawali dialect, the back vowels /u/ and /o/ are described as variants of each other, as are the front vowels /i/ and /e/.Consonants
The consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are and pronounced with the lips; and pronounced with the front of the tongue; and pronounced wit ...
inventory of Indus Kohistani is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to the Kanyawali Dialect of Tangir and those found only in the Kohistan Dialects are color-coded respectively.)
The phonemes /x/, /ɣ/, and /q/ are mainly found in loan words. The status of /q/ in the Kanyawali Dialect is unclear. The sounds /f, v/ can also be bilabial , β
See also
*Kohistan District, Pakistan
Kohistan (;'' "Land of Mountains"''), also called Indus Kohistan (), was an administrative district within the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan that was bifurcated into Upper Kohistan and Lower Kohistan in 2014, and K ...
*Kohistani people
The Dardic languages (also Dardu or Pisaca) or Hindu-Kush Indo-Aryan languages, are a group of several Indo-Aryan languages spoken in northern Pakistan, northwestern India and parts of northeastern Afghanistan.
The term "Dardic" is stated to b ...
*Shina Kohistani
Kohistani Shina is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the former Kohistan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern Pakistan. According to ''Ethnologue'', Kohistani Shina is mutually intelligible with the Shina variety of Chilas, but not with the st ...
References
Bibliography
* * {{Authority control Dardic languages Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa