There are no extant representations of the

Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a śramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was ...

represented in artistic form until roughly the 2nd century CE, probably due to the prominence of

aniconism in Buddhism __NOTOC__ Since the beginning of the serious study of the history of Buddhist art in the 1890s, the earliest phase, lasting until the 1st century CE, has been described as aniconic; the Gautama Buddha, Buddha was only represented through symbols s ...

in the earliest extant period of Buddhist devotional statuary and bas reliefs.Krishnan, Yuvraj. ''The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development.'' 2009. p. 51 A number of early discourses describe the appearance of the Buddha, and are believed to have served as a model for early depictions.Shaw, Sarah. ''Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pali Canon.'' 2006. p. 114 In particular, the "32 signs of a Great Man" are described throughout the

Pali Canon The Pāli Canon is the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravada Buddhist tradition, as preserved in the Pāli language. It is the most complete extant early Buddhist canon. It derives mainly from the Tamrashatiya school. During th ...

, and these are believed to have formed the basis for early representations of the Buddha. These 32 major characteristics are also supplemented by another 80 secondary characteristics (Pali:''Anubyanjana''). In

Mahāyāna Buddhism ''Mahāyāna'' (; "Great Vehicle") is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, texts, philosophies, and practices. Mahāyāna Buddhism developed in India (c. 1st century BCE onwards) and is considered one of the three main existing bra ...

, including the traditions of

Esoteric Buddhism Vajrayāna ( sa, वज्रयान, "thunderbolt vehicle", "diamond vehicle", or "indestructible vehicle"), along with Mantrayāna, Guhyamantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Secret Mantra, Tantric Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism, are names referring t ...

, the 32 major characteristics and 80 minor characteristics are understood to be present in a buddha's sambhogakāya, or reward-body.Sangharakshita. ''A Survey of Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Methods Through the Ages.'' 2004. p. 295 In contrast, a buddha's physical form is understood to be a

nirmāṇakāya Nirmāṇakāya (Sanskrit; zh, t=應身, p=yīngshēn; Tib. སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་, ''tulku'', Wyl. ''sprul sku'') is the third aspect of the trikāya and the physical manifestation of a Buddha in time and space. In Vajrayāna it is descr ...

, or transformation-body.

Early history

Head of Buddha with Moustaches - Gupta Period - Bajna - ACCN 18-1390 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5563

The earliest surviving phase of Buddhist art was generally aniconic, with the Buddha being represented as symbols such as a footprint, an empty chair, a riderless horse, or an umbrella. Later, iconic sculptural traditions were established, with two of the most important being in the regions of

Gandhara Gandhāra is the name of an ancient region located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, more precisely in present-day north-west Pakistan and parts of south-east Afghanistan. The region centered around the Peshawar Vall ...

and

Mathura Mathura () is a city and the administrative headquarters of Mathura district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located approximately north of Agra, and south-east of Delhi; about from the town of Vrindavan, and from Govardhan. ...

. The first statues and busts of the Buddha were made in the Gandhara region of modern-day

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

and

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...

under

Indo-Greek The Indo-Greek Kingdom, or Graeco-Indian Kingdom, also known historically as the Yavana Kingdom (Yavanarajya), was a Hellenistic period, Hellenistic-era Ancient Greece, Greek kingdom covering various parts of Afghanistan and the northwestern r ...

influence. Many statues and busts exist where the Buddha and other

bodhisattva In Buddhism, a bodhisattva ( ; sa, 𑀩𑁄𑀥𑀺𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁆𑀯 (Brahmī), translit=bodhisattva, label=Sanskrit) or bodhisatva is a person who is on the path towards bodhi ('awakening') or Buddhahood. In the Early Buddhist schools ...

s have a mustache. In the Pali Canon a paragraph appears many times recording the Buddha describing how he began his quest for enlightenment, saying: After examining the cult of the Buddha image in India,

Gregory Schopen Gregory Schopen is Professor of Buddhist Studies at University of California, Los Angeles. He received his B.A. majoring in American literature from Black Hills State College, M.A. in history of religions from McMaster University in Ontario, Cana ...

concludes that followers of

Mahāyāna ''Mahāyāna'' (; "Great Vehicle") is a term for a broad group of Buddhism, Buddhist traditions, Buddhist texts#Mahāyāna texts, texts, Buddhist philosophy, philosophies, and practices. Mahāyāna Buddhism developed in India (c. 1st century BC ...

at this time played little to no role in introducing statuary and other physical depictions of the Buddha.Schopen, Gregory. ''Figments and Fragments of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India.'' 2005. p. 138

Mahāyāna sūtras The Mahāyāna sūtras are a broad genre of Buddhist scriptures (''sūtra'') that are accepted as canonical and as ''buddhavacana'' ("Buddha word") in Mahāyāna Buddhism. They are largely preserved in the Chinese Buddhist canon, the Tibetan B ...

from this period such as the ''Maitreyasiṃhanāda Sūtra'', only address the image cult as an object of criticism, if it is mentioned at all. Schopen states that followers of Mahāyāna were generally uninterested in worshipping buddhas, but rather in becoming buddhas, and their outlook toward Buddhist practice was "profoundly conservative."

The 32 Signs of a Great Man

The Buddha is traditionally regarded as having the Thirty-two Characteristics of a Great Man (Skt. ''mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa'').Krishnan, Yuvraj. ''The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development.'' 2009. p. 125 These thirty-two characteristics are also regarded as being present in

cakravartin A ''chakravarti'' ( sa, चक्रवर्तिन्, ''cakravartin''; pi, cakkavatti; zh, 轉輪王, ''Zhuǎnlúnwáng'', "Wheel-Turning King"; , ''Zhuǎnlún Shèngwáng'', "Wheel-Turning Sacred King"; ja, 転輪王, ''Tenrin'ō'' ...

kings as well. The

Digha Nikaya Digha is a seaside resort town in the state of West Bengal, India. It lies in Purba Medinipur district and at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal. It has a low gradient with a shallow sand beach. It is a popular sea resort in West Bengal. Hi ...

, in the "Discourse of the Marks" (

Pali Pali () is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pāli Canon'' or ''Tipiṭaka'' as well as the sacred language of ''Theravāda'' Buddhism ...

: ''Lakkhaṇa Sutta'') (DN 30) enumerates and explains the 32 characteristics. These are also enumerated in the Brahmāyu Sutta of the

Majjhima Nikāya The Majjhima Nikāya (-nikāya; "Collection of Middle-length Discourses") is a Buddhist scripture, the second of the five nikayas, or collections, in the Sutta Pitaka, which is one of the "three baskets" that compose the Pali Tipitaka (lit ...

(MN 91). It is generally held, including by

Bhikkhu Analayo Bhikkhu Anālayo is a bhikkhu (Buddhist monk), scholar, and meditation teacher. He was born in Germany in 1962, and went forth in 1995 in Sri Lanka. He is best known for his comparative studies of Early Buddhist Texts as preserved by the various ...

, that the 32 marks are a later addition. Texts such as the Dona sutta (AN4:36) mention seeing one of the marks in the footprint, but comparative studies do not include the wheel mark itself. The suttas often state these are recognisable by Brahmins trained in such prognostication of a mahapurisa (a great man) who would be either a Buddha or a wheel-turning monarch. There is no reference to non-Brahmins seeing them; in fact in several places in the Suttas, such as in the

Samaññaphala Sutta The Samaññaphala Sutta, "The Fruit of Contemplative Life," is the second discourse (Pali, ''sutta''; Skt., ''sutra'') of the Digha Nikaya. In terms of narrative, this discourse tells the story of King Ajātasattu, son and successor of King Bi ...

(DN2), the protagonists could not recognise the Buddha when surrounded by other monks, showing a normality in physical appearance (which would certainly not be the case if the 32 marks were present). Possessing these marks is therefore seen in these suttas as an expert qualification from Brahmins of the Buddha's authenticity and status, and therefore a converting-tool to the Brahmin orthodoxy. Unfortunately, there does not appear to be any clear connection to Vedic or Vedanta texts that would show this to be the case. More investigation is required to give evidence of the 32 marks as recorded as being sourced from Brahmanical or Vedic tradition. Since early statues and icons of the Buddha do not seem to have these features, it has been proposed by

that some may have in fact formed from the stonemason or sculptor, particularly the webbed fingers which would protect the delicate fingers of the statues from damage. The fleshy protuberance of the head likewise originally being just a stylistic representation of a top-knot of hair, a common feature of Indian holy men. It is presently speculative whether the statues were later built with the 32 marks in mind, so that should a qualified Brahmin seeing a statue displaying such characteristics, the Brahmin would want to know to whom the statue represents and be interested in Buddhism. It is likewise speculative later Buddhists produced such iconography to reflect the trend from the Lakkhana Sutta as being a genuine necessity, or that they in fact took symbolic representation of the marks as a means of recollection (Buddhanussati). There are no texts or commentaries to suggest these proposals, however future comparative studies may provide esoteric evidence. The 32 major characteristics are:

Samannāgato ca so bhavaṁ Gotamo dvattiṁsamahāpurisalakkhaṇehi: The reverend Gotama is endowed with the thirty-two marks of a great man: 1. Suppatiṭṭhitapādo, idam-pi tassa bhoto Gotamassa mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ bhavati, 1. He has well placed feet, this is, for the great man, the venerable Gotama, a mark of a great man, 2. heṭṭhā ... pādatalesu cakkāni jātāni, sahassārāni sanemikāni sanābhikāni sabbākāraparipūrāni... 2. under the soles of his feet there are wheels, with a thousand rims and naves, complete in every way... 3. āyatapaṇhi... 3. the heels are long and deep... 4. dīghaṅguli... 4. the fingers are long... 5. mudutalunahatthapādo... 5. the hands and feet are soft and tender… 6. jālahatthapādo... 6. the hands and feet are webbed... 7. ussaṅkhapādo... 7. the ankles are high... 8. eṇijaṅgho... 8. the calves are like an antelope’s... 9. ṭhitako ... anonamanto ubhohi pāṇitalehi jaṇṇukāni parimasati parimajjati... 9. when he stands ... without bending he can rub and stroke both his knees with his hands... 10. kosohitavatthaguyho... 10. what is covered by a cloth is ensheathed... 11. suvaṇṇavaṇṇo ... kañcanasannibhattaco... 11. he is golden in colour, has skin like gold... 12. sukhumacchavi ... sukhumattā chaviyā rajojallaṁ kāye na upalimpati... 12. he has fine skin, and because of the fine skin, dust and dirt to not adhere to him... 13. ekekalomo ... ekekāni lomāni lomakūpesu jātāni... 13. the body-hairs arise singly, each body hair appearing in its own hair follicle... 14. uddhaggalomo ... uddhaggāni lomāni jātāni nīlāni, añjanavaṇṇāni kuṇḍalāvaṭṭāni dakkhiṇāvaṭṭakajātāni... 14. the hair bristles, his bristling hair is black, the colour of collyrium, turning in curls, turning to the right... 15. brahmujugatto... 15. the limbs are straight like brahmā’s... 16. sattussado... 16. there are seven prominent marks... 17. sīhapubbaddhakāyo... 17. the torso is like a lion’s… 18. citantaraṁso... 18. between the shoulders it is firm... 19. nigrodhaparimaṇḍalo, yāvatakvassa kāyo tāvatakvassa byāmo, yāvatakvassa byāmo tāvatakvassa kāyo... 19. the (body) is well-proportioned like a banyan tree, the extent of the arm span equals the extent of the body... 20. samavaṭṭakkhandho... 20. the upper back is even all round, 21. rasaggasaggī... 21. the taste buds are supremely sensitive... 22. sīhahanu... 22. the jaw is like a lion’s... 23. cattālīsadanto... 23. there are forty teeth... 24. samadanto... 24. the teeth are even... 25. aviraḷadanto... 25. the teeth are without gaps... 26. susukkadāṭho... 26. the teeth are very white... 27. pahūtajivho... 27. the tongue is very large... 28. brahmassaro ... karavikabhāṇī... 28. the voice is like brahmā’s or like the sound of the cuckoo... 29. abhinīlanetto... 29. the eyes are very dark... 30. gopakhumo... 30. the eyelashes are like a cow’s... 31. uṇṇā ... bhamukantare jātā odātā mudutūlasannibhā... 31. the tuft of hair between the eyebrows on his forehead is very white like cotton... 32. uṇhīsasīso, idam-pi tassa bhoto Gotamassa mahāpurisassa mahāpurisalakkhaṇaṁ bhavati. 32. there is a protuberance on the head, this is, for the great man, the venerable Gotama, a mark of a great man. ''Dvātiṁsa Mahāpuriṣalakkhaṇāni'' from ''Brahmāyusuttaṁ''.

The 80 secondary characteristics

Mathura (uttar pradesh), buddha stante, V-VI sec

The 80 minor characteristics of the Buddha are known to be enumerated a number of times in the extant Āgamas of the Chinese Buddhist canon.Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. p. 32 According to Guang Xing, the 80 minor marks are related to the 32 major marks, and are merely a more detailed description of the Buddha's bodily features. In the

Sarvāstivādin The ''Sarvāstivāda'' (Sanskrit and Pali: 𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤, ) was one of the early Buddhist schools established around the reign of Ashoka (3rd century BCE).Westerhoff, The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy ...

Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra The ''Abhidharma Śāstra'' ( sa, अभिधर्म महाविभाष शास्त्र) is an ancient Buddhist text. It is thought to have been authored around 150 CE. It is an encyclopedic work on Abhidharma, scholastic Buddhist ...

'', the question is posed about the relationship between the major and minor marks, and it is said that the minor marks are among the major marks, but not mixed with them, just as flowers in the forest make the trees distinctive. These 80 minor characteristics became significant as well, as were adopted by Buddhist traditions including both Mahāyāna and Theravāda traditions. In Pali literature, the 80 minor characteristics are found in the ''Apadāna'' and the ''Milindapañha''. Some scholars believe the 80 minor characteristics were an early development in the Buddhist tradition, but held as important mostly by the Sarvāstivāda school.Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. pp. 32-33 The eighty minor characteristics are: # He has beautiful fingers and toes. # He has well-proportioned fingers and toes. # He has tube-shaped fingers and toes. # His fingernails and toenails have a rosy tint. # His fingernails and toenails are slightly upturned at the tip. # His fingernails and toenails are smooth and rounded without ridges. # His ankles and wrists are rounded and undented. # His feet are of equal length. # He has a beautiful gait, like that of a king-elephant. # He has a stately gait, like that of a king-lion. # He has a beautiful gait, like that of a swan. # He has a majestic gait, like that of a royal ox. # His right foot leads when walking. # His knees have no protruding kneecaps. # He has the demeanor of a great man. # His navel is without blemish. # He has a deep-shaped abdomen. # He has clockwise marks on the abdomen. # His thighs are rounded like banana sheaves. # His two arms are shaped like an elephant's trunk. # The lines on the palms of his hands have a rosy tint. # His skin is thick or thin as it should be. # His skin is unwrinkled. # His body is spotless and without lumps. # His body is unblemished above and below. # His body is absolutely free of impurities. # He has the strength of 1,000

crore A crore (; abbreviated cr) denotes ten million (10,000,000 or 107 in scientific notation) and is equal to 100 lakh in the Indian numbering system. It is written as 1,00,00,000 with the local 2,2,3 style of digit group separators (one lakh is e ...

elephants or 100,000 crore men. # He has a protruding nose. # His nose is well proportioned. # His upper and lower lips are equal in size and have a rosy tint. # His teeth are unblemished and with no plaque. # His teeth are long like polished conches. # His teeth are smooth and without ridges. # His five sense-organs are unblemished. # His four canine teeth are crystal and rounded. # His face is long and beautiful. # His cheeks are radiant. # The lines on his palms are deep. # The lines on his palms are long. # The lines on his palms are straight. # The lines on his palms have a rosy tint. # His body emanates a halo of light extending around him for two meters. # His cheek cavities are fully rounded and smooth. # His eyelids are well proportioned. # The five nerves of his eyes are unblemished. # The tips of his bodily hair are neither curved nor bent. # He has a rounded tongue. # His tongue is soft and has a rosy-tint. # His ears are long like lotus petals. # His earholes are beautifully rounded. # His sinews and tendons don't stick out. # His sinews and tendons are deeply embedded in the flesh. # His topknot is like a crown. # His forehead is well-proportioned in length and breadth. # His forehead is rounded and beautiful. # His eyebrows are arched like a bow. # The hair of his eyebrows is fine. # The hair of his eyebrows lies flat. # He has large brows. # His brows reach the outward corner of his eyes. # His skin is fine throughout his body. # His whole body has abundant signs of good fortune. # His body is always radiant. # His body is always refreshed like a lotus flower. # His body is exquisitely sensitive to touch. # His body has the scent of sandalwood. # His body hair is consistent in length. # He has fine bodily hair. # His breath is always fine. # His mouth always has a beautiful smile. # His mouth has the scent of a lotus flower. # His hair has the colour of a dark shadow. # His hair is strongly scented. # His hair has the scent of a white lotus. # He has curled hair. # His hair does not turn grey. # He has fine hair. # His hair is untangled. # His hair has long curls. # He has a topknot as if crowned with a royal flower garland.

Causal relations of the 32 signs of perfection of the Tathagata

The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra expounds the causal relations of the 32 signs of perfection of the Tathagata. These causal relations are cultivated by followers of

on their path to

buddhahood In Buddhism, Buddha (; Pali, Sanskrit: 𑀩𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥, बुद्ध), "awakened one", is a title for those who are awake, and have attained nirvana and Buddhahood through their own efforts and insight, without a teacher to point out ...

. The table below summarizes the causal relations from which each of the 32 signs come about:

Alternate depictions

Some have noted that in at least two discourses in the

, the Buddha may be interpreted as being bald as if his head were shaven.

References

Bibliography

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Physical Characteristics Of The Buddha Buddhist symbols Gautama Buddha Buddhist iconography