Maha Thammaracha I ( th, มหาธรรมราชาที่ ๑, ), born as Li Thai ( th, ลิไทย, ), was a king of the
Sukhothai Kingdom
The Sukhothai Kingdom ( th, สุโขทัย, , IAST: , ) was a post-classical Thai kingdom (mandala) in Mainland Southeast Asia surrounding the ancient capital city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand. The kingdom was fo ...
, and the first Buddhist
philosopher
A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...
to write in the Thai language. He reigned from roughly 1347 until his death in 1368. Li Thai was the son of
Loe Thai
Loe Thai ( th, เลอไทย, ) was the fourth king of the Sukhothai Kingdom (a historical kingdom of Thailand) from 1298 to 1323. He was preceded by his father Ram Khamhaeng the Great until the throne was usurped by his cousin Ngua Nam Thum ...
and the grandson of
Ram Khamhaeng the Great
Ram, ram, or RAM may refer to:
Animals
* A male sheep
* Ram cichlid, a freshwater tropical fish
People
* Ram (given name)
* Ram (surname)
* Ram (director) (Ramsubramaniam), an Indian Tamil film director
* RAM (musician) (born 1974), Dutch
* Raj ...
.
The exact chronology of Li Thai's rise to the throne is unclear. Popular tradition names him as the fourth king of Sukhothai, but dynastic records seem to indicate that at least one other king (
Ngua Nam Thum) ruled between Li Thai and his father, as well as the regent
Phaya Sai Songkhram who ruled during Loe Thai's absence following the death of Ram Khamhaeng.
Li Thai served as
Upparat (viceroy) during his father's reign from the city of
Si Satchanalai
The Si Satchanalai Historical Park ( th, อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์ศรีสัชนาลัย) is a historical park in Si Satchanalai district, Sukhothai Province, northern Thailand. The park covers the rui ...
, an important urban center of the early Sukhothai Kingdom.
Li Thai wrote the ''Traiphum Phra Ruang'' ("three worlds by Phra Ruang", Phra Ruang being the dynastic name of Li Thai's lineage), a religious and philosophical text describing the various worlds of
Buddhist cosmology
Buddhist cosmology describes the planes and realms in which beings can be reborn. The spatial cosmology consists of a vertical cosmology, the various planes of beings, into which beings are reborn due to their merits and development; and a hori ...
, and the way in which
karma
Karma (; sa, कर्म}, ; pi, kamma, italic=yes) in Sanskrit means an action, work, or deed, and its effect or consequences. In Indian religions, the term more specifically refers to a principle of cause and effect, often descriptivel ...
consigns living beings to one world or another. The Ten Virtues of a sovereign were set down as guiding principles for Thai monarchs. The ''Traiphum Phra Ruang'' would go on to serve as an important political document, being re-interpreted in response to changes in the domestic and international political scene.
[Chakrabongse, C., 1960, Lords of Life, London: Alvin Redman Limited]
Li Thai also built
Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat
Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat ( th, วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ; "Temple of the Great Jewelled Reliquary"), colloquially referred to as Wat-Phra-Sri ( th, วัดพระศรี) or Wat Yai ( th, วัดใ ...
in
Phitsanulok
Phitsanulok ( th, พิษณุโลก, ) is an important, historic city in lower northern Thailand and is the capital of Phitsanulok Province. Phitsanulok is home to Naresuan University and Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, as well as ...
, including Phra Phutta Chinnarat, the biggest Buddha image in the northern territory of Siam.
According to
George Cœdès
George Cœdès (; 10 August 1886 – 2 October 1969) was a 20th-century French scholar of southeast Asian archaeology and history.
Biography
Cœdès was born in Paris to a family of supposed Hungarian-Jewish émigrés. In fact, the family was ...
, Li Thai's devotion to Buddhism and his religious works earned him the title Maha Thammaracha, meaning "great pious king". He constructed many
Buddha footprints and restored Wat Mahathat of Sukhothai. He was succeeded by his son
Lue Thai.
Government
Religion
As Li Thai admired
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
greatly, he used Buddhism as a diplomatic, educational, and governing tool, having also wrote the religious text Traiphum Phra Ruang during his time as a Upparat (viceroy), which has been used in teaching the citizens to do good and to abstain from doing evil, this book is then continued to be an important text that is used in Thailand's education up to the present date. Furthermore, Lithai has also divide the Buddist priests into two sections, the Kamawasri which focuses on teaching Buddhism to the general populations and on studying the Pra Trai Pidok ( th, พระไตรปิฎก), and the Aranyawasri which focuses on seeking
enlightenment, in order for the priest to both enrichen Buddhism and spread teachings at the same time.
In fostering educations through religion, Lithai has allow studying of Bhuddist diciplines and for
Brahmin
Brahmin (; sa, ब्राह्मण, brāhmaṇa) is a varna as well as a caste within Hindu society. The Brahmins are designated as the priestly class as they serve as priests (purohit, pandit, or pujari) and religious teachers (guru ...
to study various liberal arts within the vicinity of the royal palace.
Lithai has spread the teaching of Buddhism through many methods, primarily in the form of Traiphum Phra Ruang text, but also through the construction of temples and famousely in becoming a priest himeself during the year 1362, serving as an example for the citizens to follow. He actively advocate for the citizens to visits temples to listen to teachings and perform acts of charity. In spreading Bhuddism to other states, Lithai send priests to their cities to teach Buddhism, and also invite other cities to come and pay respect at the various religious buildings within Sukhothai Kingdom. He has also invited a Buddhist Patriach from Lanka to enrich Buddhism in Sukhothai, having also repair many temples and build many Buddha statues such as
Prahphuddachinnasri.
Lithai having dedicated himself in the enrichment of Buddhism all his life, has been given the titile of a
Thammaracha, meaning a king who grants satisfaction through
Dharma
Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for '' ...
.
Ancestry
Sources
* Jackson, Peter. 'Re-Interpreting the Traiphuum Phra Ruang' in ''Buddhist Trends in Southeast Asia''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. 1993. .
See also
*
Sukhothai kingdom
The Sukhothai Kingdom ( th, สุโขทัย, , IAST: , ) was a post-classical Thai kingdom (mandala) in Mainland Southeast Asia surrounding the ancient capital city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand. The kingdom was fo ...
1374 deaths
Rulers of Sukhothai
Year of birth unknown
14th-century monarchs in Asia
Thai princes
14th-century Thai people
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