Mahar (in Marathi महार) is one of the dominant caste found in Maharashtra. They were considered as untouchables or low caste. Majority of this community is found in Vidharbha region and neighbouring areas. They are considered as the original inhabitants of Maharashtra (The early settlers of Maharashtra). Their primary work was to safe guard the borders of the village, to take away the carcasses of animals outside the village. These carcasses were infact their major source of food. They also worked as village watchmen; tracking the thieves, arresting them, etc. Majority of Mahars converted to Buddhism in response of injustice of the caste practices within Brahmanism. It is said that, their stratum lowered during the Peshwa Rule, due to their habit of meat eating and having illegitimate relationships with brahmin women. Thus, the practice of untouchability began and continued for generations. It was the primary reason for most of the Mahar community to follow Dr.

B. R. Ambedkar Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer and political leader who headed the committee drafting the Constitution of India from the Constituent Assembly debates, served a ...

in embracing Buddhism and re establishing it in the middle of the 20th century. They are the direct descendants of the ancient rulers of Maharratha ( ancient name of Maharashtra), who ruled majority of the Maharashtra and some parts of the other states. Also, they were known as Nagvanshi Buddhists during the Mauryan Dynasty and Satvahana Dynasty. Scholars estimated that, "Mahar" name originated as "Mahari" i.e., "Maha + Ari" which means Biggest enemy. "Mahari" name was used by Pushyamitra Shunga for the warriors who fought him 21 times.

History

The Mahars are considered original inhabitants of Maharashtra.The community is also known as "Kathiwale" (Men with sticks), Bumiputera (Sons of the Soil), and Mirasi ( Landlords). From the time of early Islamic rule, villages in

Maharashtra Maharashtra (; , abbr. MH or Maha) is a states and union territories of India, state in the western India, western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. Maharashtra is the List of states and union te ...

were part of the Baluta system. In that system, different castes were assigned different roles, each with its own tasks and rights. The duties assigned to the Mahar in the Baluta system included being village watchmen, trackers of thieves, messengers, wall menders, adjudicators of boundary disputes, and suppliers of coarse cloth to the village. In return for these services, the village granted them a watan, or rights to small piece of land to do their own cultivation. The watan also included a share of village produce. They also worked at times as agricultural labourers. However, the Mahar were socio-economically above most other untouchable groups because their traditional role had been important in the village administrative system. This had necessitated that they had at least a rudimentary education, and frequently brought them into contact with upper-caste Hindus.In the Baluta system, apart from many traditional duties mentioned above, the Mahar were assigned work of removing dead cattle from the village, they also started eating the meat from the cattle that had died naturally. This formed the basis for the caste being treated as untouchables. The Mahar community defends consumption of beef by saying the

famine A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, natural disasters, crop failure, Demographic trap, population imbalance, widespread poverty, an Financial crisis, economic catastrophe or government policies. Th ...

s were the reason they started eating the beef.

Islamic Era

Under Islamic rule, Mahar served as soldiers in various armies of the

Deccan Sultanates The Deccan sultanates were five Islamic late-medieval Indian kingdoms—on the Deccan Plateau between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range—that were ruled by Muslim dynasties: namely Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda. Th ...

Bahmani Sultanate The Bahmani Sultanate, or Deccan, was a Persianate Sunni Muslim Indian Kingdom located in the Deccan region. It was the first independent Muslim kingdom of the Deccan,

, and the Mughals. In 14th century, Mahar

Bhakti ''Bhakti'' ( sa, भक्ति) literally means "attachment, participation, fondness for, homage, faith, love, devotion, worship, purity".See Monier-Williams, ''Sanskrit Dictionary'', 1899. It was originally used in Hinduism, referring to d ...

saint Chokhamela, and many of his family members such as Karmamela, Banka, Nirmala, and Soyarabai became popular for their religious poetry called

abhang Abhanga () is a form of devotional poetry sung in praise of the Hindu god Vitthal, also known as Vithoba. The word "abhang" comes from ''a'' for "non-" and ''bhang'' for "ending" or "interrupting", in other words, a flawless, continuous process, in ...

Maratha era

Mahar served in various armies over several centuries. The Maratha king Shivaji Maharaj recruited a number of them into his army in the 17th century due to their loyalty and bravery. They served as guards in hill forts and as soldiers. The Mahar along with the Koli and Marathas defended the fort of Purandar from Dilerkhan's Mughal army in 1665.

British India

Under British rule, the Mahars became aware of the scope for social and political advancement. Their traditional role had been low-status but important in the village system.

Military role under the British

During the colonial period, large numbers of Mahars and dhors were recruited for military duties by the East India Company and the British Raj. The Battle of Koregaon (1 January 1818) is commemorated by an obelisk known as the Koregaon pillarwhich was erected at the site of the battleand by a medal issued in 1851. The pillar featured on the Mahar Regiment crest until the

Independence of India The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British Raj, British rule in India. It lasted from 1857 to 1947. The first nationalistic revolutionary movement for Indian independence emerged ...

; it is inscribed with the names of 22 Mahars killed at the battle. The victory pillar serves as focal point of Mahar heroism. The Mahar began their service to the East India company around 1750. 20-25% of the British Bombay Army was Mahar. Their conduct as soldiers was praised by many British officers. Mahars were a vital component of the British Marine Battalion. In the East India Company Army they participated in various wars including Second Anglo-Maratha War, Third Anglo-Maratha War, Second Anglo-Sikh War and Second Afghan War. After the 1857 mutiny, the British decided to change their military recruitment policy One report "emphasized that we cannot practically ignore it (the caste system), so long as the natives socially maintain it". This led to the discrimination against the Mahars, other low-caste and some unreliable Brahmin castes. Mahar recruitment reached its nadir in the early 1890s (sources differ as to exact year) when British in favour of " martial races," specially north-western communities halted recruitment of Mahars. The Mahar community attempted to confront this block with a petition circulated among the Mahar, Chamar, and Mang former soldiersall Marathi-speaking lower castesbut the movement was unable to organise and submit their petition. The attempt at a challenge had been spearheaded by

Gopal Baba Walangkar Gopal Baba Walangkar, also known as Gopal Krishna, (ca. 1840-1900) is an early example of an activist working to release the untouchable people of India from their historic socio-economic oppression, and is generally considered to be the pioneer ...

, himself a Mahar, dhor and former soldier, but he found that Mahar military pensioners were unwilling to sign because they feared that they might lose their pensions. Thus, by the beginning of World War I, there were few Mahars left in the Army. A Mahar regiment was created during World War I but only for a few years and because of British desperation for additional troops. In 1941, the Mahar Regiment proper was created.

Jyotirao Phule

In 1873, Jyotirao Phule, the founder of Satyashodhak Samajwhich aimed to abolish religious slaveryorganised Mahars. At that time, Mahars were not allowed to enter Hindu temples and were considered

unclean Unclean may refer to: * Unclean animals, those whose consumption or handling is labeled a taboo * Unclean food, in Jewish dietary custom * Ritually impure, in various religions * Unclean hands, a term in contract law * ''Unclean'' (album), a 19 ...

. Even their entry into the shrines of Hindu gods was restricted. Their first conference was held in Mumbai in 1903.

Shahu of Kolhapur

Shahu, the ruler of the princely state of Kolhapur, abolished Mahar watan in 1918 and freed the Mahars in his territory from the slavery imposed by the society of the day. He also gave them all the human rights and equality that others enjoy.

B. R. Ambedkar

In the 20th century, top leader Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar organized the Mahars and created radical political awakening among them and inspired them to pay attention towards education. Before his death in 1956, Ambedkar, along with millions of his Mahar followers, converted to Buddhism as a protest against the caste discrimination of Hindus.

Demographics

In 1969, the Mahars constituted about 70% of the total

Scheduled Caste The Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India. The terms are recognized in the Constitution of India and the groups are designa ...

population and also represented about 9% of population of the state of Maharashtra. Mahar is numerically the largest Scheduled Caste in Maharashtra, according to the

2001 Census of India The 2001 Census of India was the 14th in a series of censuses held in India every decade since 1871. The population of India was counted as 1,028,737,436 consisting of 532,223,090 males and 496,514,346 females. Total population increased by 18 ...

. , the Mahar community was designated as a Scheduled Caste (SC) in 16 Indian states, being: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh Assam,

Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh (, ) is a landlocked state in Central India. It is the ninth largest state by area, and with a population of roughly 30 million, the seventeenth most populous. It borders seven states – Uttar Pradesh to the north, Madhya Prade ...

, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Telangana, West Bengal and Haryana. According to the 2011 census, the Mahar population in Maharashtra is 80,06,060, which is 60.31% among Scheduled Castes, and 7.12% in the state.

Culture and Social stratification

Historically Mahar had "12 and half" endogamous subcastes, major subcastes include Ladvanshi (derived from " Lata Pradesh" current Gujarat), Somvanshi, Andhavanshi, Tilvanshi, Bawane ( Bhavani Mahar),Gondvanshi, Kadvanshi and Kosare etc. These subcaste names are not totemistic. Some of the subcaste names represent the territory they controlled or occupied and other subcaste names represent the acts their founders did. The Somavanshi Mahar trace their descent (bloodline) from Mahabharata's Pandava. The Somavanshi Mahar claim to have taken part in Mahabharata war and subsequently settled in Maharashtra .Before converting to Buddhism these subcastes would not marry and eat with one another. The Mahars of the Deccan speak a non-standard version of

Marathi Marathi may refer to: *Marathi people, an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Maharashtra, India *Marathi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people *Palaiosouda, also known as Marathi, a small island in Greece See also * * ...

. When a Mahar meets a man of his own caste a he says ''Namastu'', and when he meets anyone other than a Mahar he says ''Johar'', said to be from the Sanskrit ''Yoddhar ''('' Warrior''). The Mahars belonging to different regions can't intermarry unless there is some family connection can be traced between them. The Mahars are divided into number of exogamous ''groups'' or ''

clans A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, clans may claim descent from founding member or apical ancestor. Clans, in indigenous societies, tend to be endogamous, meaning ...

'' or ''kuls''. There are enough evidences found to conclude that each of the exogamous group historically owned and worshipped '' Devak'' or '' Totem'' and it is brought into prominence at the time of marriage ceremony. Members of families with a common ''Devak'' cannot intermarry. In most of the cases Devak became obsolete and it is replaced with composite Devak called Panchpalvi composed of the leaves, of five trees.
Few examples of Panchpalvi are, * Khandesh **Arkathi **Borkathi **Jambul **Mango **Ruchkin *

Poona Pune (; ; also known as Poona, (List of renamed Indian cities and states#Maharashtra, the official name from 1818 until 1978) is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 7.4 million ...

**Mango **Pipal **Rui **Shami **Umbar

After Independence Era

Today mahar community has little to no political representation in the top brass due to low population. Even Dr. B.r. Ambedkar lost 2 elections fought by him on his party ticket on the loksabha. Finally he had to go Rajya Sabha with the help of some political parties at the time.

Dalit literature

According to Eleanor Zelliot, Dalit literature originated in Marathi-speaking areas of Maharashtra. She credits Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, a Mahar himself, for inspiring many Dalit writers.

Baburao Bagul Baburao Ramji Bagul (1930–2008) was a Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India; a pioneer of modern literature in Marathi and an important figure in the Indian short story during the late 20th century, when it experienced a radical departure from ...

(1930–2008), Shankarrao Kharat, and Bandhu Madhav were early Marathi writers from the Mahar community. The Mahar writer Namdeo Dhasal (who founded

Dalit Panther The Dalit Panthers are a social organisation that seeks to combat caste discrimination. It was led by a group of Mahar writers and poets, including Raja Dhale, Namdeo Dhasal, and J. V. Pawar in some time between the second and the third semes ...

) was significant in the Dalit movement. Other notable Mahar authors writing in Marathi include Shantabai Kamble,

Urmila Pawar Urmila Pawar is an Indian writer and activist in the dalit and feminist movements in India and her works, all of which are written in Marathi language, have often been hailed as a critique of social discrimination and the '' savarna'' exploit ...

, Raja Dhale,

Daya Pawar Daya Pawar or Dagdu Maruti Pawar (1935–20 September 1996) was an Indian Marathi people, Marathi language author and poet known for his contributions to Dalit literature that dealt with the atrocities experienced by the dalits or untouchable ...

, and Narendra Jadhav.

Religion

Religion-wise population of the Mahars, as per 2011 census. *Buddhist Mahars – 49,43,821 (61.75%) *Hindu Mahars – 30,54,158 (38.15%) *Sikh Mahars – 8,081 (0.10%) *Total Mahars – 80,06,060 (100%) In the 2011 census, the majority of Mahars (62%) stated Buddhism as their religion. Among the Scheduled Caste Hindus (Dalit Hindus) in Maharashtra, the proportion of Mahars is the highest at 38%. And 95% of Scheduled Caste Buddhists (Neo-Buddhists) and 70% of Scheduled Caste Sikhs (Dalit Sikhs) belong to the Mahar caste.

Buddhism

Buddhism amongst the mahar coomunity started to take roots due to

. When he converted to Buddhism at Nagpur in 1956, many Mahars were among those of his followers who chose to do the same. As Buddhists, they gave up their traditional Hindu occupations and sought to redefine their social status. Ambedkar died about two months after this mass conversion. At the same spot, after his cremation, more Mahars were converted to Buddhism. Now, this community is the third most populous in Mumbai. Some Buddhist leaders among the population prefer that the term ''Mahar'' no longer be applied to these converts. Buddhism appealed to the sense of equality for the Mahars; an intellectual of Mahar origin said, "I have accepted Buddhist doctrine. I am Buddhist now. I am not Mahar now, not untouchable nor even Hindu. I have become a human being". In a 1996 book, authors De and Shastree claimed that it has been difficult for the Neo-buddhists to totally abandon the rituals, practices, and festivals of their old Hindu religion. Although one of the early buddhist convert, V R Ranpise had written a book in Marathi called Boudha Samskar Path in 1962 as a guide to his fellow converts, very few had read the book.

Hinduism

Before their conversion to Buddhism, the important deities of Mahar were Shiva, Khandoba, Vithoba and the varkari saints, Chokhamela, and Dnyaneshwar. Family deities of Mahars are typically Shiva, Maridevi,

Bhumidevi Bhumi ( sa, भूमि, Bhūmi), also known as Bhudevi and Vasundhara, is a Hindu goddess who is the personification of the Earth. She is a consort of the god Vishnu. According to Vaishnava tradition, she is the second aspect of Vishnu's consor ...

, Navanathas and Bhavani. The Nag or king cobra was particularly revered by the community.

Sikhism

Some Mahars in Maharashtra practice Sikhism. According to the 2011 census, there were 11,485 Scheduled Caste (SC) Sikhs in Maharashtra, of which 8,081 were Mahars.

Christianity

In the late 19th century, Otto Weishaupt's attempts to evangelise in the Sangamner area of Ahmadnagar district met with resistance, but his efforts to promote Christianity did appeal to few Mahars. Legally, ''Christian Mahars'' are not considered as Scheduled Castes (SCs).