''Magnolia'' is a large

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendron'', ''Manglietia'', ''Michelia'', ''Elmerrillia'', ''Kmeria'', ''Parakmeria'', ''Pachylarnax'' (and a small number of monospecific genera) all belong within the same genus, ''Magnolia'' s.l. (s.l. = ''sensu lato'': 'in a broad sense', as opposed to s.s. = ''sensu stricto'': 'in a narrow sense'). The genus ''Magnolia'' s.s. contains about 120 species. See the section Nomenclature and classification in this article.

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Magnoliaceae The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: ''Magnolia'' and ''Liriodendron'' (tulip trees). Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), the ...

. It is named after French botanist

Pierre Magnol Pierre Magnol (8 June 1638 – 21 May 1715) was a French botanist. He was born in the city of Montpellier, where he lived and worked for most of his life. He became Professor of Botany and Director of the Royal Botanic Garden of Montpellier and hel ...

. ''Magnolia'' is an ancient genus. Appearing before

bee Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyly, monophyletic lineage within the ...

s evolved, the flowers are theorized to have evolved to encourage

pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds ...

beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

s. To avoid damage from pollinating beetles, the

carpel Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) ''pistils'' ...

s of ''Magnolia'' flowers are extremely tough.

Fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

ized specimens of '' M. acuminata'' have been found dating to 20 million years ago, and fossils of plants identifiably belonging to the Magnoliaceae date to 95 million years ago. Another aspect of ''Magnolia'' considered to represent an ancestral state is that the flower bud is enclosed in a

bract In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of ...

rather than in sepals; the

perianth The perianth (perigonium, perigon or perigone in monocots) is the non-reproductive part of the flower, and structure that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and the corolla (petals) or tepals when ...

parts are undifferentiated and called

tepal A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...

s rather than distinct

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...

s and

petal Petals are modified Leaf, leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often advertising coloration, brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''c ...

s. ''Magnolia'' shares the tepal characteristic with several other flowering plants near the base of the

lineage such as ''

Amborella ''Amborella'' is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and the order Amborellale ...

'' and ''

Nymphaea ''Nymphaea'' () is a genus of hardy and tender aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. Many species are cultivated as ornamental plants, and many cultivars have been bred. Some taxa occur as introduc ...

'' (as well as with many more recently derived plants such as ''

Lilium ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...

''). The natural range of ''Magnolia'' species is a

disjunct distribution In biology, a taxon with a disjunct distribution is one that has two or more groups that are related but considerably separated from each other geographically. The causes are varied and might demonstrate either the expansion or contraction of a s ...

, with a main center in east and southeast

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

and a secondary center in eastern

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

, the

West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Greater A ...

, and some species in

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

Description

Magnolias are spreading, evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs, characterised by large fragrant flowers which may be bowl-shaped or star-shaped, in shades of white, pink, purple, green or yellow. In deciduous species the blooms often appear before the leaves, in spring. Cone-like fruits are often produced in autumn. As with all

, the

is undifferentiated, with 9–15

tepals A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...

in three or more

whorls A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). Whorls in nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral ...

. The flowers are bisexual with numerous

adnate Adnate may refer to: * Adnation, in botany, the fusion of two or more whorls of a flower * Adnate, in mycology, a classification of lamellae (gills) * Conjoined twins Conjoined twins – sometimes popularly referred to as Siamese twins – are ...

carpels Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) ''pistils'' ...

and

stamens The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...

are arranged in a spiral fashion on the elongated receptacle. The fruit dehisces along the dorsal sutures of the carpels. The

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...

is monocolpate, and the embryo development is of the

Polygonum ''Polygonum'' is a genus of about 130 species of flowering plant in the buckwheat and knotweed family Polygonaceae. Common names include knotweed and knotgrass (though the common names may refer more broadly to plants from Polygonaceae). In the ...

type. Taxonomists, including James E. Dandy in 1927, have long had an interest in observing fruits of Magnoliaceae and have often used the differences, or perceived differences, in fruit characters to justify systems for classification. Magnolia x soulangeana

Taxonomy

History

Early

The name ''Magnolia'' first appeared in 1703 in the ''

Genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

''Plumier, C. (1703) ''Nova plantarum Americanarum genera''. Paris. ew genera of American plants of

Charles Plumier Charles Plumier (; 20 April 1646 – 20 November 1704) was a French botanist after whom the frangipani genus ''Plumeria'' is named. Plumier is considered one of the most important of the botanical explorers of his time. He made three botanizing ...

(1646–1704), for a flowering tree from the island of

Martinique Martinique ( , ; gcf, label=Martinican Creole, Matinik or ; Kalinago: or ) is an island and an overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France. An integral part of the French Republic, Martinique is located in th ...

(''talauma''). It was named after the French botanist

. English botanist

William Sherard William Sherard (27 February 1659 – 11 August 1728) was an English botanist. Next to John Ray, he was considered to be one of the outstanding English botanists of his day. Life He is still a little-known figure of that era coming as he did from ...

, who studied botany in Paris under

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (5 June 165628 December 1708) was a French botanist, notable as the first to make a clear definition of the concept of genus for plants. Botanist Charles Plumier was his pupil and accompanied him on his voyages. Lif ...

, a pupil of

Magnol Pierre Magnol (8 June 1638 – 21 May 1715) was a French botanist. He was born in the city of Montpellier, where he lived and worked for most of his life. He became Professor of Botany and Director of the Royal Botanic Garden of Montpellier and ...

, was most probably the first after Plumier to adopt the genus name ''Magnolia''. He was at least responsible for the

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

part of

Johann Jacob Dillenius Johann Jacob Dillen Dillenius (1684 – 2 April 1747) was a German botanist. He is known for his ''Hortus Elthamensis'' ("Eltham Garden") on the rare plants around Eltham, London, and for his ''Historia muscorum'' ("History of Mosses"), a natur ...

's ''Hortus Elthamensis'' and of

Mark Catesby Mark Catesby (24 March 1683 – 23 December 1749) was an English naturalist who studied the flora and fauna of the New World. Between 1729 and 1747 Catesby published his ''Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands'', the fi ...

's ''Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands''. These were the first works after Plumier's ''Genera'' that used the name ''Magnolia'', this time for some species of flowering trees from

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

North America. The species that Plumier originally named ''Magnolia'' was later described as '' Annona dodecapetala'' by

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolog ...

, and has since been named ''Magnolia plumieri'' and ''Talauma plumieri'' (and still a number of other names) but is now known as ''Magnolia dodecapetala''.Under the rule of priority, the first name that is validly published in Linnaeus' ''Species Plantarum'' (1 May 1753) or any other work of any other

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

after that, takes precedence over later names. Plumier's name was not a

binomen In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

and moreover published before ''Species Plantarum'', so it has no status. The first binomen published after 1753 was Lamarck's ''Annona dodecapetala'' (1786). ''Magnolia plumieri'' (1788) was published on a later date by Schwartz, and is treated as a later synonym, as are ''Magnolia fatiscens'' (1817; Richard), ''Talauma caerulea'' (Jaume St-Hilaire 1805) and ''Magnolia linguifolia'' (1822).

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

, who was familiar with Plumier's ''Genera'', adopted the genus name ''Magnolia'' in 1735 in his first edition of ''

Systema Naturae ' (originally in Latin written ' with the ligature æ) is one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy. Although the system, now known as binomial nomen ...

'', without a description, but with a reference to Plumier's work. In 1753, he took up Plumier's ''Magnolia'' in the first edition of ''

Species Plantarum ' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial names and was the ...

''. There he described a

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

genus, with the sole species being ''

Magnolia virginiana ''Magnolia virginiana'', most commonly known as sweetbay magnolia, or merely sweetbay (also laurel magnolia, swampbay, swamp magnolia, white bay, or beaver tree), is a member of the magnolia family, Magnoliaceae. It was the first magnolia to be ...

''. Since Linnaeus never saw a herbarium specimen (if there ever was one) of Plumier's ''Magnolia'' and had only his description and a rather poor picture at hand, he must have taken it for the same plant which was described by Catesby in his 1730 ''Natural History of Carolina''. He placed it in the

synonymy A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

of ''Magnolia virginiana'' var. ''fœtida'', the

taxon In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

now known as ''

Magnolia grandiflora ''Magnolia grandiflora'', commonly known as the southern magnolia or bull bay, is a tree of the family Magnoliaceae native to the Southeastern United States, from Virginia to central Florida, and west to East Texas. Reaching in height, it is a ...

''. Under ''Magnolia virginiana'' Linnaeus described five varieties (''glauca'', ''fœtida'', ''grisea'', ''tripetala'', and ''acuminata''). In the tenth edition of ''Systema Naturae'' (1759), he merged ''grisea'' with ''glauca'', and raised the four remaining varieties to species status.''Magnolia glauca'' has the same type specimen as ''Magnolia virginiana'' and as the latter is the first valid name, the species is now called ''Magnolia virginiana'' (sweetbay magnolia). Var. ''fœtida'' was renamed ''

'', which is legitimate as the epithet ''fœtida'' only has priority in its rank of variety. ''Magnolia grandiflora'' is the southern magnolia. ''

Magnolia tripetala ''Magnolia tripetala'', commonly called umbrella magnolia or simply umbrella-tree, is a deciduous tree native to the eastern United States in the Appalachian Mountains, the Ozarks, and the Ouachita Mountains. The name "umbrella tree" derives fr ...

'' (umbrella magnolia) and ''

Magnolia acuminata ''Magnolia acuminata'', commonly called the cucumber tree (often spelled as a single word "cucumbertree"), cucumber magnolia or blue magnolia, is one of the largest magnolias, and one of the cold-hardiest. It is a large forest tree of the Easte ...

'' (cucumber tree) are still recognized as species. By the end of the 18th century, botanists and plant hunters exploring Asia began to name and describe the ''Magnolia'' species from China and Japan. The first Asiatic species to be described by western botanists were ''

Magnolia denudata ''Magnolia denudata'', the lilytree or Yulan magnolia (), is native to central and eastern China. It has been cultivated in Chinese Buddhist temple gardens since 600 AD. Its flowers were regarded as a symbol of purity in the Tang Dynasty and it ...

'', '' Magnolia liliiflora'',Under these names the species were described by Desrousseaux in

's ''Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique'', tome troisieme (1792): 675. In the beginning of the 20th century, descriptions which seemed to represent the same species, were found in a work of the French naturalist P.J. Buc'hoz, ''Plantes nouvellement découvertes'' (1779), under the names ''Lassonia heptapeta'' and ''Lassonia quinquepeta''. In 1934, the English botanist J.E. Dandy argued that these names had priority over the names by which both species had been known for over a century and hence from then on ''Magnolia denudata'' had to be named ''Magnolia heptapeta'', ''Magnolia liliiflora'' should be changed into ''Magnolia quinquepeta''. After a lengthy debate, specialist taxonomists decided that the Buc'hoz's names were based on

chimaeras Chimaeras are cartilaginous fish in the order Chimaeriformes , known informally as ghost sharks, rat fish, spookfish, or rabbit fish; the last three names are not to be confused with rattails, Opisthoproctidae, or Siganidae, respectively. At o ...

(pictures constructed of elements of different species), and as Buc'hoz did not cite or preserve herbarium specimens, his names were ruled not to be acceptable. '' Magnolia coco'' and '' Magnolia figo''.These species were published as ''Liriodendron coco'' and ''Liriodendron figo'' by J. de Loureiro in ''Flora Cochinchinensis'' (1790) and later (1817) transferred to ''Magnolia'' by

A. P. de Candolle Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...

. ''Magnolia figo'' was soon after transferred to the genus ''Michelia''. Soon after that, in 1794,

Carl Peter Thunberg Carl Peter Thunberg, also known as Karl Peter von Thunberg, Carl Pehr Thunberg, or Carl Per Thunberg (11 November 1743 – 8 August 1828), was a Swedish naturalist and an "apostle" of Carl Linnaeus. After studying under Linnaeus at Uppsala Un ...

collected and described ''Magnolia obovata'' from Japan and at roughly the same time ''

Magnolia kobus ''Magnolia kobus'', known as mokryeon, kobus magnolia, or kobushi magnolia, is a species of Magnolia native to Japan (Kyushu, Honshu, and Hokkaido) and Korea and occasionally cultivated in temperate areas. It is a deciduous, small to tall tree wh ...

'' was also first collected.

Recent

With the number of species increasing, the genus was divided into the two subgenera ''Magnolia'' and ''Yulania''. ''Magnolia'' contains the American evergreen species ''M. grandiflora'', which is of

horticultural Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...

importance, especially in the southeastern

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

, and ''M. virginiana'', the type species. ''Yulania'' contains several

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...

Asiatic species, such as ''M. denudata'' and ''M. kobus'', which have become horticulturally important in their own right and as parents in hybrids. Classified in ''Yulania'', is also the American deciduous ''M. acuminata'' (cucumber tree), which has recently attained greater status as the parent responsible for the yellow flower color in many new hybrids. Relations in the family Magnoliaceae have been puzzling taxonomists for a long time. Because the family is quite old and has survived many geological events (such as ice ages, mountain formation, and continental drift), its distribution has become scattered. Some species or groups of species have been isolated for a long time, while others could stay in close contact. To create divisions in the family (or even within the genus ''Magnolia''), solely based upon morphological characters, has proven to be a nearly impossible task.In 1927 J.E. Dandy accepted 10 genera in ''The genera of Magnoliaceae'', ''Kew Bulletin 1927'': 257–264. In 1984 Law Yuh-Wu proposed 15 in ''A preliminary study on the taxonomy of the family Magnoliaceae'', ''Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica'' 22: 89–109; in 2004 even 16, in ''Magnolias of China''. This is not just about grouping some genera together where others do not; authors often choose different boundaries. By the end of the 20th century,

DNA sequencing DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

had become available as a method of large-scale research on phylogenetic relationships. Several studies, including studies on many species in the family Magnoliaceae, were carried out to investigate relationships. What these studies all revealed was that genus ''

Michelia ''Michelia'' is a historical genus of flowering plants belonging to the family (Magnoliaceae). The genus included about 50 species of evergreen trees and shrubs, native to tropical and subtropical south and southeast Asia (Indomalaya), including s ...

'' and ''Magnolia'' subgenus ''Yulania'' were far more closely allied to each other than either one of them was to ''Magnolia'' subgenus ''Magnolia''. These phylogenetic studies were supported by morphological data. As

nomenclature Nomenclature (, ) is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. The principles of naming vary from the relatively informal naming conventions, conventions of everyday speech to the i ...

is supposed to reflect relationships, the situation with the species names in ''Michelia'' and ''Magnolia'' subgenus ''Yulania'' was undesirable. Taxonomically, three choices are available: # to join ''Michelia'' and ''Yulania'' species in a common genus, not being ''Magnolia'' (for which the name ''Michelia'' has priority); # to raise subgenus ''Yulania'' to generic rank, leaving ''Michelia'' names and subgenus ''Magnolia'' names untouched, or; # to join ''Michelia'' with genus ''Magnolia'' into genus ''Magnolia''

s.l. SL may refer to: Arts and entertainment * SL (rapper), a rapper from London * ''Second Life'', a multi-user 3D virtual world * Sensei's Library, an Internet site dedicated to the game of Go * Subdominant leittonwechselklänge * Leica SL, a mirror ...

(a big genus). ''Magnolia'' subgenus ''Magnolia'' cannot be renamed because it contains ''M. virginiana'', the type species of the genus and of the family. Not many ''Michelia'' species have so far become horticulturally or economically important, apart for their wood. Both subgenus ''Magnolia'' and subgenus ''Yulania'' include species of major horticultural importance, and a change of name would be very undesirable for many people, especially in the horticultural branch. In Europe, ''Magnolia'' even is more or less a synonym for ''Yulania'', since most of the cultivated species on this continent have ''Magnolia (Yulania) denudata'' as one of their parents. Most taxonomists who acknowledge close relations between ''Yulania'' and ''Michelia'' therefore support the third option and join ''Michelia'' with ''Magnolia''. The same goes, ''mutatis mutandis'', for the (former) genera ''

Talauma ''Magnolia'' sect. ''Talauma'' is a section of the genus ''Magnolia'' in the family Magnoliaceae. It was formerly treated as the separate genus ''Talauma''. It contains only New World species, & (2004), Notes on Magnoliaceae IV. in: Blumea 49(1): ...

'' and ''Dugandiodendron'', which are then placed in subgenus ''Magnolia'', and genus '' Manglietia'', which could be joined with subgenus ''Magnolia'' or may even earn the status of an extra subgenus. ''

Elmerrillia ''Magnolia'' is a large genus of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendro ...

'' seems to be closely related to ''Michelia'' and ''Yulania'', in which case it will most likely be treated in the same way as ''Michelia'' is now. The precise nomenclatural status of small or monospecific genera like ''Kmeria'', ''Parakmeria'', ''Pachylarnax'', ''Manglietiastrum'', ''Aromadendron'', ''Woonyoungia'', ''Alcimandra'', ''Paramichelia'' and ''Tsoongiodendron'' remains uncertain. Taxonomists who merge ''Michelia'' into ''Magnolia'' tend to merge these small genera into ''Magnolia'' s.l. as well. Botanists do not yet agree on whether to recognize a big ''Magnolia'' or the different small genera. For example, ''Flora of China'' offers two choices: a large genus ''Magnolia'' which includes about 300 species, everything in the

except ''

Liriodendron ''Liriodendron'' () is a genus of two species of characteristically large trees, deciduous over most of their populations, in the magnolia family (Magnoliaceae). These trees are widely known by the common name tulip tree or tuliptree for their ...

'' (tulip tree), or 16 different genera, some of them recently split out or re-recognized, each of which contains up to 50 species.4. Magnoliaceae
''Flora of China'' The western co-author favors the big genus ''Magnolia'', whereas the Chinese recognize the different small genera.

Fossil record

Fossils assignable to ''Magnolia'' extend into the

Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; British English, also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period, geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million yea ...

, such as ''Magnolia nanningensis,'' named for mummified wood from the

Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the ...

Guangxi Guangxi (; ; Chinese postal romanization, alternately romanized as Kwanghsi; ; za, Gvangjsih, italics=yes), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the People's Republic ...

, China, which has a close affinity to members of the modern secton ''Michelia''.

Subdivision

In 2012, the Magnolia Society published on its website a classification of the genus produced by

Richard B. Figlar Richard is a male given name. It originates, via Old French, from Frankish language, Old Frankish and is a Compound (linguistics), compound of the words descending from Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Germanic ''*rīk-'' 'ruler, leader, king' an ...

, based on a 2004 classification by Figlar and

Hans Peter Nooteboom Hans Peter Nooteboom (born 1934) was a Dutch botanist, pteridologist, plant taxonomist, and journal editor. Biography Born in the Dutch East Indies, Hans Nooteboom with his family returned in 1939 to the Netherlands, where he remained during WWII ...

. Species of ''Magnolia'' were listed under three

subgenera In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...

, 12

section Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sign ...

s, and 13 subsections. Subsequent

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies have led to some revisions of this system; for example, the subgenus ''Magnolia'' was found not to be

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

. A revised classification in 2020, based on a phylogenetic analysis of complete

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in ...

genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ge ...

s, abandoned subgenera and subsections, dividing ''Magnolia'' into 15 sections. The relationships among these sections are shown in the following cladogram, as is the paraphyletic status of subgenus ''Magnolia''. The table below compares the 2012 and 2020 classifications. (The exact circumscriptions of the corresponding taxa may not be the same.)

Species

The species lists below are divided according to the Magnolia Society's 2012 classification.

Subgenus ''Magnolia''

Anthers The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...

open by splitting at the front facing the centre of the flower,

evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which ...

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...

s produced after the

leaves A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

=Section ''Magnolia''

= * ''

'' L. - (SE US) * ''

Magnolia guatemalensis ''Magnolia guatemalensis'' is a tree found in the highlands and mountains of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. It is considered an indicator species of the cloud forest. It is known locally as mamey, a common name that is also ...

'' Donn. Sm. - (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador) ** ''Magnolia guatemalensis'' subsp. ''guatemalensis'' (Guatemala) ** ''Magnolia guatemalensis'' subsp. ''hondurensis'' (Molina) Vazquez (Honduras, El Salvador) * '' Magnolia guerrerensis'' J.Jiménez Ram., K.Vega & Cruz Durán (Mexico) * ''

Magnolia iltisiana ''Magnolia iltisiana'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is Endemism, endemic to Mexico. Common names include ahuatoso and yoloxochitl. Description ''Magnolia iltisiana'' is a large evergreen tree. It grows up to 40 meters hig ...

'' Vazquez (W Mexico) * ''

Magnolia krusei ''Magnolia krusei'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is endemic to Mexico. Description ''Magnolia krusei'' is a medium-sized to large tree, growing ups to 25 meters high with a trunk diameter of 50 to 100 cm. It is similar in ...

'' J.Jiménez Ram. & Cruz Durán (Mexico) * ''

Magnolia pacifica ''Magnolia pacifica'' is a species of ''Magnolia'' from Jalisco and Nayarit states in western Mexico. Description ''Magnolia pacifica'' is a medium-sized tree, growing 15 to 25 meters tall, with a trunk up to 40–80 cm in diameter. Range and ...

'' Vazquez (W Mexico) ** ''Magnolia pacifica'' subsp. ''pacifica'' (W Mexico) ** ''Magnolia pacifica'' subsp. ''pugana'' Iltis & Vazquez (W Mexico) * '' Magnolia panamensis'' Vazquez & Iltis (Panama) * ''

Magnolia poasana ''Magnolia poasana'' (known locally as the ''candelilla'', or by the common name Poas magnolia) is a sub-tropical to tropical, subcanopy tree, growing in areas of montane rainforest. The names "Poas", and ''"poasana"'' originate from the Poás Vo ...

'' (Pittier) Dandy (Costa Rica, Panama) *'' Magnolia poqomchi'' * '' Magnolia schiedeana'' Schltdl. (E Mexico) * ''

Magnolia sharpii ''Magnolia sharpii'' is a tree species of ''Magnolia'' from Chiapas, Mexico. It grows in wet tropical habitats. Description ''Magnolia sharpii'' is a large tree, growing up to 25 meters tall with a trunk more than 50 cm in diameter. Range and ...

'' Meranda (Chiapas (Mexico)) * '' Magnolia sororum'' Seibert (Costa Rica, Panama) ** ''Magnolia sororum'' subsp. ''lutea'' Vazquez. (Costa Rica, Panama) ** ''Magnolia sororum'' subsp. ''sororum'' (Panama) * ''

Magnolia tamaulipana ''Magnolia tamaulipana'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is endemic to northeastern Mexico. Range and habitat ''Magnolia tamaulipana'' is native to the Sierra Madre Oriental of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas states. It is known ...

'' Vazquez - Mexican evergreen magnolia (NE Mexico) * '' Magnolia tarahumara'' (Vazquez) A.Vázquez (W Mexico) * ''

Magnolia vazquezii ''Magnolia vazquezii'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is endemic to the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero state in southern Mexico. Description ''Magnolia vazquezii'' is a tree that grows between 14 and 18 meters t ...

'' Cruz Durán & K.Vega (Mexico) * ''

'' L. (SE US) * ''

Magnolia yoroconte ''Magnolia yoroconte'' is a species of tree in the family Magnoliaceae. It is found in Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. Description ''Magnolia yoroconte'' is a large tree, and can live up to 100 years. Distribution and habitat ''Magnolia yorocon ...

'' Dandy (Guatemala, Honduras, Belize)

=Section ''Gwillimia''

Subsection ''Gwillimia''

* '' Magnolia albosericea'' Chun & Tsoong. (Hainan (China)) * ''

Magnolia bawangensis ''Magnolia'' is a large genus of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendro ...

'' Law, R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu (Hainan (China)) * '' Magnolia championii'' Benth (S & SE China) * ''

Magnolia clemensiorum ''Magnolia'' is a large genus of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendro ...

'' Dandy (Vietnam) * '' Magnolia coco'' (Lour.) DC. (SE China) * ''

Magnolia delavayi ''Magnolia delavayi'' is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Magnolia''. It is known by the common names of Chinese evergreen magnolia or Delavay's magnolia. It was named after Father Delavay, French Catholic missionary in China, who ...

'' Franchet (Yunnan (China)) * ''

Magnolia fistulosa ''Magnolia fistulosa'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is endemic to China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a populatio ...

'' (Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy (SE Yunnan (China)) * ''

Magnolia henryi ''Magnolia henryi'' is a species of plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is found in China, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process b ...

'' Dunn (Yunnan (China)) * '' Magnolia nana'' Dandy (Vietnam) * ''

Magnolia odoratissima ''Magnolia'' is a large genus of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendro ...

'' Law et Zhou (S China) * ''

Magnolia pterocarpa ''Magnolia pterocarpa'' is a species of tree in the Magnoliaceae Family (biology), family that grows in South Asia. Description The trees are evergreen. The young branchlets are pubescent. The leaves are petiolate, petiole 2–5 cm long, la ...

'' Roxb. (Nepal, Burma) * '' Magnolia xiana'' Noot. (China)

Subsection ''Blumiana''

* ''

Magnolia angatensis ''Magnolia'' is a large genus of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendro ...

'' Blanco (Philippines) * '' Magnolia betongensis'' (Craib) H.Keng (Borneo) * ''

Magnolia gigantifolia ''Magnolia'' is a large genus of about 210 to 340The number of species in the genus ''Magnolia'' depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera ''Talauma'', ''Dugandiodendro ...

'' (Miq.) Noot. (Borneo, Sumatra) * ''

Magnolia hodgsonii ''Magnolia hodgsonii'' ( syn. ''Talauma hodgsonii''), known in Chinese as ''gai lie mu'' is a species of Magnolia native to the forests of the Himalaya and southeastern Asia, occurring in Bhutan, southwestern China, Tibet, northeastern India, nor ...

'' (Hook.f. & Thom.) H.Keng (Nepal, Burma) * ''Magnolia lasia'' Noot. (Borneo) * ''Magnolia liliifera'' (L.) Baillon (SE Asia, Borneo, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra) ** ''Magnolia liliifera'' var. ''angatensis'' (Blanco) Noot. (Philippines) ** ''Magnolia liliifera'' var. ''beccarii'' (Henry Nicholas Ridley, Ridley) Noot. (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia liliifera'' var. ''liliifera'' (SE Asia) ** ''Magnolia liliifera'' var. ''obovata'' (Korth.) Govaerts (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia liliifera'' var. ''singapurensis'' (Ridley) Noot. (Singapore, Sumatra) * ''Magnolia mariusjacobsia'' Noot. (Borneo) * ''Magnolia persuaveolens'' Dandy (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia persuaveolens'' subsp. ''persuaveolens'' (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia persuaveolens'' subsp. ''rigida'' Noot. (Borneo) * ''Magnolia rabaniana'' Hook.f. & Thomson D.C.S.Raju & M.P.Nayer (India) * ''Magnolia sarawakensis'' (Agostini) Noot. (Borneo) * ''Magnolia singapurensis'' (Ridl.) H.Keng (Singapore, Sumatra) * ''Magnolia villosa'' (Miq.) H.Keng (Sumatra, Borneo)

=Section ''Talauma''

Subsection ''Talauma''

* ''Magnolia allenii'' Standl. (Panama) * ''Magnolia amazonica'' (Ducke) Govaerts (Brazil, Peru) * ''Magnolia arcabucoana'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia bankardiorum'' M.O.Dillon & Sánchez Vega (Peru) * ''Magnolia boliviana'' (M.Nee) Govaerts (Bolivia) * ''Magnolia caricifragrans'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia cespedesii'' (Triana & Planch) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia chocoensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia coronata'' M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo (Colombia) * ''Magnolia dixonii'' (Little) Govaerts (Ecuador) * ''Magnolia dodecapetala'' (Lam.) Govaerts (Lesser Antilles) * ''Magnolia espinalii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia georgii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia gilbertoi'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia gloriensis'' (Pittier) Govaerts (Central America) * ''Magnolia henaoi'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia hernandezii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia irwiniana'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Brazil) * ''Magnolia jardinensis'' M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo (Colombia) * ''Magnolia katiorum'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia lacandonica'' Vazquez-Garcia, Perez-Farrera, Martinez-Camilo, Muniz-Castro & Martinez-Melendez (Mexico) * ''Magnolia manguillo'' Marcelo-Peña & F. Arroyo (Peru) * ''Magnolia mexicana'' DC. (Mexico) * ''Magnolia minor'' (Urb.) Govaerts (Cuba) * ''Magnolia morii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Panama) * ''Magnolia narinensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia neillii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Ecuador) * ''Magnolia ovata'' (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng. (Brazil) * ''Magnolia polyhypsophylla'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia quetzal'' Vazquez-Garcia, Veliz-Perez, Triboullier-Navas & Muniz-Castro (Guatemala) * ''Magnolia rimachii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Peru, Ecuador) * ''Magnolia sambuensis'' (Pittier) Govaerts (Panama, Colombia) * ''Magnolia santanderiana'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia sellowiana'' (A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts (Brazil) * ''Magnolia silvioi'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia venezuelensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Venezuela) * ''Magnolia virolinensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia wolfii'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia)

Subsection ''Dugandiodendron''

* ''Magnolia argyrothricha'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia calimaensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia calophylla'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia cararensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia chimantensis'' Steyermark & Maguire – “Chimanta magnolia” (Venezuela) * ''Magnolia colombiana'' (Little) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia guatapensis'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia jaenensis'' Marcelo-Peña (Peru) * ''Magnolia lenticellata'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia magnifolia'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia mahechae'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia ptaritepuiana'' Steyermark – “''ptari-tepui'' magnolia” (Venezuela) * ''Magnolia striatifolia'' Little (Colombia, Ecuador) * ''Magnolia urraoense'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia) * ''Magnolia yarumalense'' (Lozano) Govaerts (Colombia)

Subsection ''Cubenses''

* ''Magnolia cristalensis'' Bisse (Cuba) * ''Magnolia cubensis'' Urb. (Cuba) * ''Magnolia domingensis'' Urb. (Haiti, Dominican Rep.) * ''Magnolia ekmannii'' Urb. (Haiti) * ''Magnolia emarginata'' Urb. & Ekman (Haiti) * ''Magnolia hamorii'' Howard (Dominican Rep.) * ''Magnolia pallescens'' Urb. & Ekman (Dom. Rep.) * ''Magnolia portoricensis'' Bello (Puerto Rico) * ''Magnolia splendens'' Urban (Puerto Rico)

=Section ''Manglietia''

= * ''Magnolia aromatica'' (Dandy) V.S.Kumar (S China) * ''Magnolia blaoensis'' (Gagnep.) Dandy (Vietnam) * ''Magnolia blumei'' Prantl (Sumatra, Java) ** ''Magnolia blumei'' var. ''blumei'' (Sumatra, Java) ** ''Magnolia blumei'' var. ''sumatrana'' (Miq.) Figlar & Noot. (W Sumatra) * ''Magnolia calophylloides'' Figlar & Noot. (W Sumatra) * ''Magnolia caveana'' (Hook.f. & Thoms.) D.C.Raju & M.P.Nayer (Assam, N Burma) * ''Magnolia changhuntana'' Noot. (Guangdong (China)) * ''Magnolia chevalieri'' (Dandy) V.S.Kumar (Vietnam, Laos) * ''Magnolia conifera'' (Dandy) V.S.Kumar (SE China, Vietnam) ** ''Magnolia conifera'' var. ''chingii'' (Dandy) V.S.Kumar (SE China) ** ''Magnolia conifera'' var. ''conifera'' (SE China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia crassipes'' (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar (Guangdong (China)) * ''Magnolia dandyi'' (Gapnep.) Dandy (S China, Vietnam, Laos) * ''Magnolia decidua'' (Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar (Jiangxi (China)) * ''Magnolia duclouxii'' Finet & Gagnep. (Vietnam, SW China) * ''Magnolia figlarii'' V.S.Kumar (Sichuan (China)) * ''Magnolia fordiana'' (Oliv.) Hu (Vietnam, S China) ** ''Magnolia fordiana'' var. ''calcarea'' (X.H.Song) Chen & Noot. (Guizhou (China)) ** ''Magnolia fordiana'' var. ''fordiana'' (Vietnam, S China) ** ''Magnolia fordiana'' var. ''forrestii'' (W.W.Sm. Ex Dandy) Chen & Noot. (SW China) ** ''Magnolia fordiana'' var. ''kwangtungensis'' (Merr.) Chen & Noot. (SE China) * ''Magnolia garrettii'' (Craib) V.S.Kumar (SW China, Vietnam, Thailand) * ''Magnolia grandis'' (Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia hongheensis'' (Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen) V.S.Kumar (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia hookeri'' Cubitt & W.W.Sm. (SW China, N Burma, Thailand) * ''Magnolia insignis'' (Wall.) Blume (S China, Nepal, Burma) * ''Magnolia kwangtungensis'' Merr. (SE China) * ''Magnolia lanuginosoides'' Figlar & Noot. (Sumatra) * ''Magnolia longipedunculata'' (Q.W.Zeng & Law) V.S.Kumar (Guangdong (China)) * ''Magnolia lucida'' (B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang) V.S. Kumar (SW China) * ''Magnolia obovalifolia'' (C.Y.Yu & Law) V.S.Kumar (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia ovoidea'' (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) V.S.Kumar (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia patungensis'' (Hu) Noot. (China) * ''Magnolia rufibarbata'' (Dandy) V.S. Kumar (Yunnan (China), Vietnam) * ''Magnolia sabahensis'' (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot. (Borneo) * ''Magnolia sapaensis'' (N.H.Xia & Q.N.Vu) Grimshaw & Macer (Vietnam) * ''Magnolia utilis'' (Dandy) V.S.Kumar (N Burma, Thailand) * ''Magnolia ventii'' (N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia xinganensis'' Noot. (Guangxi (China)) * ''Magnolia yuyuanensis'' (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar (E China) * ''Magnolia zhengyiana'' (N.H.Xia) Noot. (Yunnan (China))

=Section ''Kmeria''

= * ''Magnolia duperreana'' Pierre (Vietnam, Cambodia) * ''Magnolia kwangsiensis'' Figlar & Noot. (Yunnan, Guangxi (China)) * ''Magnolia thailandica'' Noot. & Chalermglin (Thailand)

=Section ''Rhytidospermum''

Subsection ''Rhytidospermum''

* ''Magnolia obovata'' Thunb. (Japan) * ''Magnolia officinalis'' Rehd. & Wilson (W China) ** ''Magnolia officinalis'' subsp. ''biloba'' Cheng & Law (E China) ** ''Magnolia officinalis'' subsp. ''officinalis'' (E China) * ''Magnolia rostrata'' W.W.Smith (SW China) * ''

'' (L.) L. (SE US) Magnolia wilsonii1UME

Subsection ''Oyama''

* ''Magnolia globosa'' Hook. f. & Thoms. (Nepal, Burma) * ''Magnolia sieboldii'' K. Koch (Korea, E China, Japan) ** ''Magnolia sieboldii'' subsp. ''japonica'' K.Ueda (Japan, central China) ** ''Magnolia sieboldii'' subsp. ''sieboldii'' (Japan) ** ''Magnolia sieboldii'' subsp. ''sinensis'' (Rehd. & Wilson) Spongberg (central China) * ''Magnolia wilsonii'' (Finet. & Gagnep.) Rehd. - Wilson's magnolia (SW China) Magnolia fraseri1a

= Section ''Auriculata''

= * ''Magnolia fraseri'' Walt. - Fraser magnolia or ear-leaved magnolia (SE US) ** ''Magnolia fraseri'' var. ''fraseri'' - Fraser magnolia or ear-leaved magnolia (SE US) ** ''Magnolia fraseri'' var. ''pyramidata'' (Bartram) Pampanini - pyramid magnolia (SE US)Often treated as a distinct species, ''Magnolia pyramidata.''

=Section ''Macrophylla''

= * ''Magnolia macrophylla'' Michx. (SE US, E Mexico) ** ''Magnolia macrophylla'' var. ''ashei'' (Weatherby) D. Johnson (SE US)Often treated as a distinct species, ''Magnolia ashei.'' ** Magnolia macrophylla var. dealbata, ''Magnolia macrophylla'' var. ''dealbata'' (Zuccarini) D. Johnson (E Mexico)Often treated as a distinct species, ''Magnolia dealbata.'' ** ''Magnolia macrophylla'' var. ''macrophylla'' (SE US)

Subgenus ''Yulania''

Anthers open by splitting at the sides, deciduous, flowers mostly produced before leaves (except ''M. acuminata'')

=Section ''Yulania''

Subsection ''Yulania''

* ''Magnolia amoena'' W.C. Cheng (E China) * ''Magnolia biondii'' Pampan (E China) * ''Magnolia campbellii'' Hook. f. & Thomson (W China, Himalayas, India, Nepal, Assam) ** ''Magnolia campbellii'' var. ''alba'' Treseder (Himalayas) ** ''Magnolia campbellii'' var. ''campbellii''. (Himalayas) ** ''Magnolia campbellii'' var. ''mollicomata'' (W.W. Smith) F. Kingdon-Ward (W China, Himalayas) * ''Magnolia cylindrica'' Wilson (E China) * ''Magnolia dawsoniana'' Rehd. & Wilson (Sichuan (China)) * ''

'' Desr. (E China) * ''

'' DC. (Japan, Korea) – mokryeon, kobus magnolia, or kobushi magnolia * '' Magnolia liliiflora'' Desr. (central China) * ''Magnolia × loebneri'' Paul Kache (Japan) * ''Magnolia salicifolia'' (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. (Japan) * ''Magnolia sargentiana'' Rehd. & Wilson (W China) ** ''Magnolia sargentiana'' var. ''robusta'' Rehd. & Wilson (Sichuan (China)) ** ''Magnolia sargentiana'' var. ''sargentiana'' (W China) * ''Magnolia × soulangeana'' Thiéb.-Bern. (hybrid origin) * ''Magnolia sprengeri'' Pampan (Sichuan (China)) ** ''Magnolia sprengeri'' var. ''elongata'' (Rehd. & Wilson) Johnstone (Sichuan (China)) ** ''Magnolia sprengeri'' var. ''sprengeri'' (Sichuan (China)) * ''Magnolia stellata'' (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. (Japan) * ''Magnolia zenii'' Cheng (E China)

Subsection ''Tulipastrum''

* ''

'' (L.) L. (E North America) ** ''Magnolia acuminata'' var. ''acuminata'' (E North America) ** ''Magnolia acuminata'' var. ''subcordata'' (Spach) Dandy (SE US)

=Section ''Michelia''

Subsection ''Michelia''

* Magnolia × alba, ''Magnolia'' × ''alba'' (DC.) Figlar & Noot. (hybrid origin) * ''Magnolia angustioblonga'' (Law & Wu) Figlar (SW China) * ''Magnolia baillonii'' Pierre (SW China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia balansae'' A.DC. (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia banghamii'' (Noot.) Figlar & Noot. (Malaysia, Sumatra) * ''Magnolia braianensis'' (Gagnep.) Figlar (Vietnam) * ''Magnolia cavaleriei'' (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar (S China) * ''Magnolia champaca'' (L.) Baillon ex Pierre (S India, Lesser Sunda isl., Java, Malay penn.) ** ''Magnolia champaca'' var. ''champaca'' (S India, Lesser Sunda isl.) ** ''Magnolia champaca'' var. ''pubinervia'' (Blume) Figlar & Noot. (Java, Malay penn.) * ''Magnolia chapensis'' (Dandy) Sima (S China, N Vietnam) * ''Magnolia citrata'' Noot. & Chalermglin (NE Thailand) * ''Magnolia compressa'' Maxim. (Japan, SW China) * ''Magnolia coriacea'' (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar (SE Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia doltsopa'' (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Figlar (SW China, Himalayas) * ''Magnolia elegantifolia'' Noot. (Zhejiang (China)) * ''Magnolia ernestii'' Figlar. (Sichuan (China)) ** ''Magnolia ernestii'' subsp. ''ernestii'' (Sichuan (China)) ** ''Magnolia ernestii'' subsp. ''szechuanica'' (Dandy) Sima & Figlar (Sichuan (China)) * ''Magnolia figo'' (Lour.) DC. (SE China) ** ''Magnolia figo'' var. ''crassipes'' (Law) Figlar & Noot. (SE China) ** ''Magnolia figo'' var. ''figo'' . (SE China) ** ''Magnolia figo'' var. ''skinneriana'' ined. (SE China) * ''Magnolia flaviflora'' (Law & Wu) Figlar (Vietnam, SW China) * ''Magnolia floribunda'' (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar. (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia foveolata'' (Merr. Ex Dandy) Figlar (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia fujianensis'' (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar (SE China) * ''Magnolia fulva'' (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar (Yunnan (China), Vietnam?) ** ''Magnolia fulva'' var. ''calcicola'' Sima & Yu (Yunnan (China)) ** ''Magnolia fulva'' var. ''fulva'' . (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia gioi'' (A.Chevalier) Noot. (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia guangdongensis'' (Y.H.Yan, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) Noot. (Guandong (China)) * ''Magnolia guangxiensis'' (Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima (Guangxi (China)) * ''Magnolia hypolampra'' (Dandy) Figlar (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia iteophylla'' (C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot. (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia kingii'' (Dandy) Figlar (Bangladesh, Assam) * ''Magnolia kisopa'' (Bush.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar (Vietnam, Nepal) * ''Magnolia koordersiana'' (Noot.) Figlar (Malaysia, W Sumatra) * ''Magnolia lacei'' (W.W.Smith) Figlar (SW China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia laevifolia'' (Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot. (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia lanuginosa'' (Wall.) Figlar & Noot. (Yunnan (China), Nepal) * ''Magnolia leveilleana'' (Dandy) Figlar (SW China) * ''Magnolia macclurei'' (Dandy) Figlar (S China, N Vietnam) ** ''Magnolia macclurei'' var. ''macclurei''. (S China, N Vietnam) ** ''Magnolia macclurei'' var. ''sublanea'' Dandy (Guangdong (China)) * ''Magnolia mannii'' (King) King (Assam) * ''Magnolia martinii'' H.Lev. (SE China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia masticata'' (Dandy) Figlar (Yunnan (China), Laos) * ''Magnolia maudiae'' (Dunn) Figlar (SE China, Hainan isl.) ** ''Magnolia maudiae'' var. ''hunanensis'' (C.L.Peng & L.H.Yan) Sima (Hunan (China)) ** ''Magnolia maudiae'' var. ''maudiae'' (SE China, Hainan Isl.) ** ''Magnolia maudiae'' var. ''platypetala'' (Hand.-Mazz.) Sima (s.central China) * ''Magnolia mediocris'' (Dandy) Figlar (S China, Vietnam) * ''Magnolia microcarpa'' (B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) Sima (S China) * ''Magnolia microtricha'' (Hand.-Mazz.) Figlar. (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia montana'' (Blume) Figlar & Noot. (Malaysia to Borneo) * ''Magnolia nilagirica'' (Zenker) Figlar (S India, Sri Lanka) * ''Magnolia oblonga'' (Wall. Ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar. (Assam) * ''Magnolia odora'' (Chun) Figlar & Noot. (SE China, N Vietnam) * ''Magnolia opipara'' (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima (Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia philippinensis'' P.Pharm (Philippines) * ''Magnolia punduana'' (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Figlar (Assam) * ''Magnolia rajaniana'' (Craib.) Figlar. (Thailand) * ''Magnolia scortechinii'' (King) Figlar & Noot. (Malay penn., W Sumatra) * ''Magnolia shiluensis'' (Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar (Hainan isl.) * ''Magnolia sirindhorniae'' Noot. & Chalermglin (Thailand) * ''Magnolia sphaerantha'' (C.Y.Wu ex Z.S.Yue) Sima (SW China) * ''Magnolia subulifera'' (Dandy) Figlar (Vietnam) * ''Magnolia sumatrae'' (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Malaysia, Sumatra) * ''Magnolia xanthantha'' (C.Y.Wu ex Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar (Yunnan (China))

Subsection ''Elmerrillia''

* ''Magnolia platyphylla'' (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. (Philippines) * ''Magnolia pubescens'' (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. (Philippines) * ''Magnolia sulawesiana'' Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee (Sulawesi) * ''Magnolia tsiampacca'' (L.) Figlar & Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago) ** ''Magnolia tsiampacca'' subsp. ''mollis'' (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo) ** ''Magnolia tsiampacca'' subsp. ''tsiampacca'' (Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago) *** ''Magnolia tsiampacca'' subsp. ''tsiampacca'' var. ''glaberrima'' (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (New Guinea) *** ''Magnolia tsiampacca'' subsp. ''tsiampacca'' var. ''tsiampacca'' (Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago) * ''Magnolia vrieseana'' (Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre (Sulawesi, Moluccas)

Subsection ''Maingola''

* ''Magnolia annamensis'' Dandy (Vietnam) * ''Magnolia carsonii'' Dandy ex Noot. (Borneo, Celebes) ** ''Magnolia carsonii'' var. ''carsonii'' (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia carsonii'' var. ''drymifolia'' Noot. (Borneo) ** ''Magnolia carsonii'' var. ''phaulanta'' (Dandy ex Noot.) S.Kim (Celebes) * ''Magnolia cathcartii'' (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Noot. (SW China, Burma) * ''Magnolia griffithii'' King (India, Assam) * ''Magnolia gustavii'' King (India, Assam) * ''Magnolia macklottii'' (Korth.) Dandy (W Java, Borneo, Sumatra) ** ''Magnolia macklottii'' var. ''beccariana'' (Agostini) Noot. (Sumatra) ** ''Magnolia macklottii'' var. ''macklottii'' (W Java, Borneo) * ''Magnolia pealiana'' King (Assam)

Subsection ''Aromadendron''

* ''Magnolia ashtonii'' Dandy ex. Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo) * ''Magnolia bintuluensis'' (Agostini) Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo) * ''Magnolia borneensis'' Noot. (Borneo, Philippines) * ''Magnolia elegans'' (Blume) Keng (Sumatra, Java) * ''Magnolia pahangensis'' Noot. (Borneo, Philippines)

Subgenus ''Gynopodium''

=Section ''Gynopodium''

= * ''Magnolia kachirachirai'' (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy (Taiwan) * ''Magnolia lotungensis'' Chun & Tsoon (S China) * ''Magnolia nitida'' W.W.Smith (NW Yunnan (China)) * ''Magnolia omeiensis'' (Hu & Cheng) Dandy (Sichuan (China)) * ''Magnolia yunnanensis'' (Hu) Noot. (SE Yunnan (China))

=Section ''Manglietiastrum''

= * ''Magnolia pleiocarpa'' (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Assam) * ''Magnolia praecalva'' (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Vietnam, Malay penn.) * ''Magnolia sinica'' (Law) Noot. (SE Yunnan (China))

Uses

Horticultural uses

Star Magnolia from Halifax botanical gardens

In general, the genus ''Magnolia'' has attracted horticultural interest. Some, such as the shrub ''Magnolia stellata, M. stellata'' (star magnolia) and the tree Magnolia × soulangeana, ''M.'' × ''soulangeana'' (saucer magnolia) flower quite early in the spring, before the leaves open. Others flower in late spring or early summer, including Magnolia virginiana, ''M. virginiana'' (sweetbay magnolia) and Magnolia grandiflora, ''M. grandiflora'' (southern magnolia). Hybrid (biology), Hybridisation has been immensely successful in combining the best aspects of different species to give plants which flower at an earlier age than the parent species, as well as having more impressive flowers. One of the most popular garden magnolias, ''M''. × ''soulangeana'', is a hybrid of ''M. liliiflora'' and ''M. denudata''. In the eastern United States, five native species are frequently in cultivation: ''M. acuminata'' (as a shade tree), ''M. grandiflora'', ''M. virginiana'', ''M. tripetala'', and ''M. macrophylla''. The last two species must be planted where high winds are not a frequent problem because of the large size of their leaves.

Culinary uses

The flowers of many species are considered edible. In parts of England, the petals of ''M. grandiflora'' are pickled and used as a spicy condiment. In some Asian cuisines, the buds are pickled and used to flavor rice and scent tea. In Japan, the young leaves and flower buds of ''Magnolia hypoleuca'' are broiled and eaten as a vegetable. Older leaves are made into a powder and used as seasoning; dried, whole leaves are placed on a charcoal brazier and filled with miso, leeks, daikon, and shiitake, and broiled. There is a type of miso which is seasoned with magnolia, hoba miso.

Traditional medicine

The bark and flower buds of ''M. officinalis'' have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine, where they are known as ''hou po'' (厚朴). In Japan, ''kōboku'', ''M. obovata'', has been used in a similar manner.

Timber

The cucumbertree, ''M. acuminata'', grows to large size and is harvested as a timber tree in northeastern US forests. Its wood is sold as "yellow poplar" along with that of the tuliptree, ''Liriodendron tulipifera''. The Fraser magnolia, ''M. fraseri'', also attains enough size sometimes to be harvested, as well.

Other uses

Magnolias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the giant leopard moth.

Chemical compounds and bioeffects

The aromatic bark contains magnolol, honokiol, 4-O-methylhonokiol, and obovatol. Magnolol and honokiol activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

Culture

Symbols

* White or Yulan magnolia (subgenus ''Yulania'') is the official flower of the Chinese metropolis Shanghai. *''

'' is the official List of U.S. state flowers, state flower of both Mississippi and Louisiana. The flower's abundance in Mississippi is reflected in its state nickname, nickname of "Magnolia State" and the state Flag of Mississippi, flag. The magnolia is also the official List of U.S. state trees, state tree of Mississippi. One of the many nicknames for the city of Houston is "Magnolia City". Historically, magnolias have been associated with the Southern United States. *''Magnolia sieboldii'' is the national flower of North Korea. *''Magnolia sieboldii'' is the official flower of Gangnam (Seoul), Gangnam.

Arts

Film and television

*Paul Thomas Anderson created a movie titled ''Magnolia (film), Magnolia''. *''Steel Magnolias'' is a 1989 American comedy-drama film about the bond among a group of women from Louisiana, who can be as beautiful as magnolias, but are as tough as steel. The name 'magnolia' specifically refers to a magnolia tree about which they are arguing at the beginning.

Music

* The folksong "Bungong Jeumpa", from Aceh, Indonesia, means magnolia flower. * The French song by Salvatore Adamo "Les collines de Rabiah" in the 1970s describes the magnolia trees in Beirut and calls for peace. * The Grateful Dead recorded a song titled "Sugar Magnolia" that was first released on the 1970 album ''American Beauty (album), American Beauty''. The song made its live debut on June 7, 1970, at the Fillmore West in San Francisco. The semiofficial 1972 Dead movie ''Sunshine Daydream'' has its title taken from the song's coda section. * Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers second studio album ''You're Gonna Get It!'' includes a track called "Magnolia", written by Tom Petty. * J.J. Cale (1938–2013) wrote a song about a woman named Magnolia, which has been covered by Poco, Beck and Lucinda Williams. * "The Scent of Magnolia" is the first track in David Sylvian, David Sylvian's compilation album, Everything and Nothing. * In 2003, Songs: Ohia released ''The Magnolia Electric Co.'' This was the last release under that project's name for Jason Molina before renaming his band Magnolia Electric Co. after the album. * "Magnolia" is the fifth track on Australian indie rock group Gang of Youths' debut album, ''The Positions''. * "Magnolia" is a hit song by rapper Playboi Carti * In his song titled "Marry Me" Thomas Rhett mentions the magnolia flower. * In his song titled "Roller Coaster" Danny Vera (singer), Danny Vera mentions the magnolia flower. * "The Sweet Magnolia Tree" is the eighth track on Doug Wamble, Doug Wamble's 2003 CD ''Country Libations''. * Singer-songwriter Brian Fallon of The Gaslight Anthem included "Honey Magnolia" to his first solo debut album titled ''Painkillers'' released in March 2016. * "Magnolia" is an album by progressive rock band The Pineapple Thief. It includes a track called "Magnolia".

Literature

* The 1989 movie ''Steel Magnolias'' is based on a 1987 play, ''Steel Magnolias (play), Steel Magnolias'', by Robert Harling (writer), Robert Harling. * In the 1939 song "Strange Fruit", originally written as a poem by New York schoolteacher and communist activist Abel Meeropol to condemn the practice of lynching, the magnolia flower was referred to as being associated with the Southern United States, where many lynchings took place: :::Pastoral scene of the gallant south :::The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth :::''Scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh'', :::Then the sudden smell of burning flesh. Despite Meeropol's frequent mention of the South and magnolia trees, the horrific image which inspired his poem, Lawrence Beitler's 1930 photograph capturing the lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith following the robbery and murder of Claude Deteer, actually occurred in Marion, Indiana, where magnolia trees are less common. * In the 1960s, magnolias were a symbol of the South in the popular press: the ''New York Post'' noted of Lyndon Johnson that "A man who wore a ten-gallon Stetson and spoke with a magnolia accent had little hope of winning the Democratic nomination in 1960", and biographer Robert Caro picks up the symbol by saying that when Johnson became president "[t]he taint of magnolias still remained to be scrubbed off."

Visual arts

The Canadian artist, Sarah Maloney, has created a series of sculptures of magnolia flowers in bronze and steel, entitled ''First Flowers'', in which she draws our attention to the dual symbols of beginnings in the flower, as both an evolutionary archetype and also one of the first trees to flower in spring (see illustration).

Notes

References

Bibliography

* * * * * * * * *

External links

''Magnolia'' images at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database
*Friedman, William (Ned)
"Hunting magnolia fruits at the Arboretum."
''Posts from the Collection,'' Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 20 October 2019. Accessed 29 April 2020. *Dosmann, Michael and Nancy Rose
"Early to Evolve, Early to Flower: Collections Up Close Spotlights the Magnolia Collection."
''Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University'' website, Spring/Summer 2014. Accessed 29 April 2020.
"Magnolia - April Tree of the Month."
''Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University,'' 2014. Accessed 29 April 2020. *Glasser, Larissa
"Magnolia madness in April."
''Blog of the Arnold Arboretum Horticultural Library,'' Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 19 April 2017. Accessed 29 April 2020. * * * * * * {{Authority control Magnolia, Magnoliales genera Culture of the Southern United States Medicinal plants National symbols of North Korea Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine Symbols of Louisiana Symbols of Mississippi