Madoera Residency ( nl, Residentie Madoera) was an administrative subdivision (
Residency
Residency may refer to:
* Domicile (law), the act of establishing or maintaining a residence in a given place
** Permanent residency, indefinite residence within a country despite not having citizenship
* Residency (medicine), a stage of postgrad ...
) of the
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...
located on the island of
Madura
Madura Island is an Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java. The island comprises an area of approximately (administratively 5,379.33 km2 including various smaller islands to the east, southeast and north that are administrati ...
and with its capital at
Pamekasan
Pamekasan is a town and administrative center of Pamekasan Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The town is located on the island of Madura.
Administrative villages
Pamekasan consists of 18 villages (''Kelurahan'' or ''Desa'') namely:
* Barurambat Kota
...
.
It also included some smaller islands off Madura such as the
Kangean Islands
The Kangean Islands or simply Kangean (Indonesian language, Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Kangean'') is a collective name referred to the area of Kangean Island, Kangean (the main island) and its surrounding islands lie in the north of Bali Isla ...
and
Sapudi Islands
Sapudi Islands are a group of 14 islands that lie between Madura Island and the Kangean islands of Indonesia. It is part of the Greater Sunda Islands and is located in the Java Sea. The Sapudi Islands are administered as three ''kabupaten'' (distr ...
.
The Residency was divided into 4 districts (): Pamekasan, Bangkalan, Sampang and Soemenep.
It existed from the 1880s, when the Dutch established more direct control over the Island, to 1942 when the Japanese invaded the Indies, except for a brief period 1928-31 when it was divided into two smaller residencies (east and west).
History
After the
French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies
The French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies were a relatively short period of French and then British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies that took place between 1806 and 1816. The French ruled between 1806 and 1811, while the ...
, the Dutch regained influence over Madura in the 1820s and continued to support the Sultan of
Sumenep
Sumenep Regency ( Indonesian: ''Kabupaten Sumenep'', Madurese: ''Kabhupatèn Songennep'', Carakan: ''꧋ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦴꦔꦼꦤ꧀ꦤꦼꦥ꧀꧉'', Pèghu: ''كابوڤاتين سَوڠٓنّٓڤ'', Lontara': ᨀᨅᨘᨄ ...
in exchange for troops and support against other native kingdoms.
Their influence over the island was run from nearby
Surabaya
Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Provinces of Indonesia, Indonesian province of East Java and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. L ...
.
However, the Dutch gradually expanded their control over the island and began to sideline the Sultan; in 1853 they instituted direct Dutch rule over
Pamekasan Regency
Pamekasan Regency is a regency ''(kabupaten)'' of the province of East Java, Indonesia. It is located on Madura Island approximately east of Surabaya, the provincial capital.
The regency covers an area of , and at the 2010 census it had a popula ...
, established a seat of government on the island in 1857, took over taxation of
Bangkalan Regency
Bangkalan Regency is a regency ( id, kabupaten) of East Java province in Indonesia. The seat of its government is Bangkalan. The regency is located on the west side of Madura Island, bordering with Sampang Regency to the east, Java Sea to the nort ...
in 1863, and put most of the island under Dutch rule after the death of the Sultan in 1882.
Bangkalan was incorporated into direct Dutch rule in 1885.
![Map of Madoera residency from Atlas Sekolah Hindia Belanda 1909](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Map_of_Madoera_residency_from_Atlas_Sekolah_Hindia_Belanda_1909.png)
The main economic exports of the residency in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were salt and cattle.
In 1915 the population of the residency was estimated to be 1,830,000, most of whom were
Madurese people
id, Orang Madura
, image =
, image_caption = A portrait of Madurese village head.
, population = 7,179,356
, popplace = :
, region1 = East Java
, pop1 = 6,520,403
, region2 = West Kalimantan
, pop2 ...
but also including 4,500
Chinese Indonesians
Chinese Indonesians ( id, Orang Tionghoa Indonesia) and colloquially Chindo or just Tionghoa are Indonesians whose ancestors arrived from China at some stage in the last eight centuries.
Chinese people and their Indonesian descendants have l ...
, 1,000 Europeans and 2,000
Arabs
The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Wester ...
.
![COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Resident met gevolg bij een parade te Pamekasan Madura TMnr 10001671](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Resident_met_gevolg_bij_een_parade_te_Pamekasan_Madura_TMnr_10001671.jpg)
During the period of administrative redistricting after 1925, it was divided in half to two new residencies under province: , with its capital at Pamekasan and containing Pamekasan and Sumenep districts, and , with its capital at Bangkalan and containing Bangkalan and Sampang districts.
However, after 1931 they were merged once again into a single Residency.
By that time its population was estimated at more than 2 million native Indonesians (mostly Madurese), 5000 Chinese Indonesians and around 1000 Europeans.
After that, the borders stayed essentially the same until the
Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
The Empire of Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of the war in September 1945. It was one of the most crucial and important periods in modern Indonesian history.
In May ...
. After the end of
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, when the Dutch attempted to regain control of the Indies, they turned Madura into one of the provinces of the
United States of Indonesia
The United States of Indonesia ( nl, Verenigde Staten van Indonesië, id, Republik Indonesia Serikat, abbreviated as RIS), was a short-lived federal state to which the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies (except ...
in February 1948.
However, that was short-lived, and after the Dutch exit from Indonesia it was incorporated into the
Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Ind ...
in the province of
East Java
East Java ( id, Jawa Timur) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost hemisphere of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean bord ...
.
References
{{Reflist
Residencies of the Dutch East Indies
Madura Island