The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species.
Etymology
The family takes its name from the genus '' Gentiana'', named after the Illyrian king Gentius.
Distribution
Distribution is cosmopolitan.
Characteri ...
). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, visited during the day by hummingbirds, insects and butterflies, and at night by bats, moths and many different kinds of insects. The common name for the genus is 'Moon-gentian'. No species are known in cultivation.
Characteristics
Species of this genus have white, cream, yellow to green flowers. Most have a large, open campanulate to funnel-form corolla adapted to nocturnal bat pollination. This genus is one of the few of the gentian family that have species with hairs on their leaves.
Distribution
''Macrocarpaea'' has a relatively broad distribution in mountainous regions of the
Neotropics
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperat ...
. The Neotropics comprise the tropical parts of the New World in Mesoamerica and South America. The gentian tribe Helieae, to which ''Macrocarpaea'' belongs is restricted to the Neotropics. The overall distribution pattern of ''Macrocarpaea'' is typical of many Neotropical taxa. The genus is basically found in five major geographic regions: the Andes
anging from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, to Bolivia(85 species), southern Mesoamerica
osta Rica and Panama(6 species), the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean
uba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica(3 species), the Pantepui of the Guayana Shield
enezuela, and adjacent regions in Brazil and Guyana(6 species), and southeastern Brazil (5 species).
Highlighted species
''Macrocarpaea dies-viridis'' "Named for the American punk rock music group
Green Day
Green Day is an American rock band formed in the East Bay of California in 1987 by lead vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong, together with bassist and backing vocalist Mike Dirnt. For most of the band's career, they have been a powe ...
, whose music we listened to, especially while driving to localities throughout Ecuador during out 2006 expedition". Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 11(2): 132. 2007. The common name for the plant is "the Green Day moon-gentian".
''Macrocarpaea apparata'' Named for the verb to apparate, made popular in the book
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'' is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the second novel in the ''Harry Potter'' series. The plot follows Harry Potter (character), Harry's second year at Hogwarts School of W ...
by
J.K. Rowling
Joanne Rowling ( "rolling"; born 31 July 1965), also known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author and philanthropist. She wrote ''Harry Potter'', a seven-volume children's fantasy series published from 1997 to 2007. The ser ...
(1998)
"When we first found this new species, we could only find sterile individuals. After looking all afternoon, and only just before dusk, we finally found several flowering plants that seem to have 'apparated' in front of us, appearing out of nowhere." Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 8(1): 66. 2003. The common name is the "Apparating moon-gentian". See photos to the right.
''Macrocarpaea pringleana'' Named to honour
Dr. James Pringle,
Plant Taxonomist
Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. It is one of the main branches of taxonomy (the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living things).
Plant taxonomy is closely allied ...
at Canada's
Royal Botanical Gardens in
Hamilton Hamilton may refer to:
People
* Hamilton (name), a common British surname and occasional given name, usually of Scottish origin, including a list of persons with the surname
** The Duke of Hamilton, the premier peer of Scotland
** Lord Hamilt ...
and
Burlington, Ontario
Burlington is a city in the Regional Municipality of Halton at the northwestern end of Lake Ontario in Ontario, Canada. Along with Milton to the north, it forms the western end of the Greater Toronto Area and is also part of the Hamilton met ...
. Dr. Pringle has contributed extensively over a very long and distinguished career to both the systematics of the Gentian family and to floras of South America. Published in Harvard Papers in Botany 9(1): 11-49.
Species
*''
Macrocarpaea affinis
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' Ewan
*''
Macrocarpaea angelliae'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*''
Macrocarpaea angustifolia
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
''
J.S. Pringle
*''
Macrocarpaea apparata
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*''
Macrocarpaea arborescens
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea auriculata
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea autanae
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' Weaver
*''
Macrocarpaea ayangannae'' J.R. Grant, Struwe & Boggan
*''
Macrocarpaea bangiana
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea berryi
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea betancuriana
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea biremis
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea bracteata
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' Ewan
*''
Macrocarpaea browallioides
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' (Ewan) A. Robyns & Nilsson
*''
Macrocarpaea bubops
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*''
Macrocarpaea callejasii
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea calophylla
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea canoëfolia
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea chthonotropa
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea cinchonifolia
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' (Gilg) Weaver
*''
Macrocarpaea claireae'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea cochabambensis'' Gilg-Ben.
*''
Macrocarpaea densiflora'' (Benth) Ewan
*''
Macrocarpaea dillonii'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea dies-viridis'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea domingensis'' Urb. & Ekman
*''
Macrocarpaea duquei'' Gilg-Ben.
*''
Macrocarpaea elix'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea ericii'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea ewaniana'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea fortisiana
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea gattaca'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea gaudialis
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea glabra'' (L.f.) Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea glaziovii'' Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea gondoloides
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea gracilis
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea gran-pajatena
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea gravabilis
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea gulosa
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea harlingii''
J.S. Pringle
*''
Macrocarpaea hilarula'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea illecebrosa'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea innarrabilis
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea jactans
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea jalca
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea jensii'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*''
Macrocarpaea jocularis'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea kayakifolia'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea kuelap'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea kuepferiana'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea lacrossiformis'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea laudabilis
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea lenae'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea loranthoides
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' (Griseb.) Maas
*''
Macrocarpaea luctans'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea lucubrans
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea luna-gentiana
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*''
Macrocarpaea luteynii'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*''
Macrocarpaea luya'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea macrophylla'' (Kunth) Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea maguirei'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea marahuacae'' Struwe & V.A. Albert
*''
Macrocarpaea maryae'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea micrantha'' Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea neblinae'' Maguire & Steyermark
*''
Macrocarpaea neillii'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea nicotianifolia'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea noctiluca'' J.R. Grant & Struwe
*''
Macrocarpaea normae
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea obnubilata'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea obtusifolia
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' (Griseb.) Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea opulenta'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea ostentans'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea pachyphylla'' Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea pachystyla'' Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea pajonalis
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea papillosa'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea pinetorum'' Alain
*''
Macrocarpaea piresii'' Maguire
*''
Macrocarpaea pringleana'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea quechua
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea quizhpei'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea revoluta
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' (Ruiz & Pavon) Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea robin-fosteri'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea rubra
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' Malme
*''
Macrocarpaea rugosa'' Steyerm.
*''
Macrocarpaea schultesii'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea silverstonei'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea sodiroana'' Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea stenophylla'' Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea subcaudata'' Ewan
*''
Macrocarpaea subsessilis
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea tabula-fluctivagifolia'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea tahuantinsuyuana
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea thamnoides
''Macrocarpaea thamnoides'' is a species of plant in the family Gentianaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica. It is threatened by habitat loss
Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural ...
'' (Griseb.) Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea umerulus'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea valerii'' Standl.
*''
Macrocarpaea viscosa
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' (Ruiz & Pavon) Gilg
*''
Macrocarpaea voluptuosa
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea wallnoeferi'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea weaveri'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea weigendiorum'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea wurdackii'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea xerantifulva'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea ypsilocaule
The genus ''Macrocarpaea'', with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of ''Macrocarpaea'' have diurnal ...
'' J.R. Grant
*''
Macrocarpaea zophoflora'' Weaver & J.R. Grant
Catalogue of hybrids
*''
Macrocarpaea x acuminata'' J.R. Grant ''(
M. subcaudata x M. valerii)''
*''
Macrocarpaea x mattii'' J.R. Grant ''(
M. noctiluca x M. subsessilis)''
References
* Carlquist, S. 1984. ''Wood anatomy of some Gentianaceae: Systematic and Ecological Conclusions''. Aliso 10(4): 573-582.
* Carlquist and J.R. Grant. 2005. ''Wood anatomy of Gentianaceae, tribe Helieae: Diversification in relation to ecology, habit, and systematics; the effect of sample diameter''. Brittonia 57(3): 276-291.
* Ewan, J.
** 1948. ''A revision of 'Macrocarpaea', a neotropical genus of shrubby gentians''. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 29: 209-250.
** 1950. ''New records of neotropical Gentianaceae''. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 63: 163-166.
** 1951. ''New records of neotropical Gentianaceae-II''. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 64: 131-134.
* Gilg, E. 1895. Gentianaceae. Pg 50–108 of A. Engler and K. Prantl, Eds., ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien''. Vol. 4(2). Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
*Grant, J.R.
** 2003. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis II: Typification of the Ruiz & Pavon names''. Harvard Papers in Botany 7(2): 423-436.
** 2004. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis V: Twenty-three new species largely from Peru, and typification of all species in the genus''. Harvard Papers in Botany 9(1): 11-49.
** 2005a. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis VI: seed morphology, palynology, an infrageneric classification, and another twenty-three new species, largely from Colombia''. Harvard Papers in Botany 9(2): 305-342.
** 2005b. ''Seed and pollen morphology of the Neotropical moon-gentians'' (Macrocarpaea: Gentianaceae). P1148. XVII International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria. 17–23 July 2005. Abstracts. P. 420. Robidruck, Vienna.
** 2007. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis VII: four new species and two natural hybrids''. Harvard Papers in Botany 11(2): 129-139.
** 2008. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis VIII: two new species from Ecuador''. Harvard Papers in Botany 13(2): 253-259.
* Grant, J.R. and L. Struwe.
** 2000. ''Morphological evolution and neotropical biogeography in 'Macrocarpaea (Gentianaceae: Helieae). American Journal of Botany 87 (suppl.): 131.
** 2001. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis I: An introduction to the genus 'Macrocarpaea' and three new species from Colombia, Ecuador, and Guyana''. Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 489-498.
** 2003. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis III: Six new species of moon-gentians'' (Macrocarpaea, Gentianaceae: Helieae) from Parque Nacional Podocarpus, Ecuador. Harvard Papers in Botany 8(1): 61-81.
* Grant, J.R. and R.E. Weaver. 2003. ''De Macrocarpaeae Grisebach (ex Gentianaceis) speciebus novis IV: Twelve new species of 'Macrocarpaea' (Gentianaceae: Helieae) from Central and South America, and the first report of the presence of a stipule in the family''. Harvard Papers in Botany 8(1): 83-109.
* Grisebach, A. H. R. 1839
838 ''Genera et Species Gentianarum''. Stuttgart.
* Nilsson, S. 1968. ''Pollen morphology in the genus 'Macrocarpaea' (Gentianaceae) and its taxonomical significance''. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 62: 338-364.
* Struwe, L., and V. A. Albert. Eds. 2002. ''Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
* Thiv, M., and J. R. Grant. 2002. 'Macrocarpaea' (Gentianaceae) in: ''Flora de la República de Cuba'', Fasc. 6(1): 23-26.
* Weaver, R. E.
** 1969. ''Cytotaxonomic notes on some neotropical Gentianaceae''. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 439-443.
** 1972b. ''The genus 'Macrocarpaea' in Costa Rica''. J. Arnold Arb. 53: 553-557.
** 1974. ''The reduction of 'Rusbyanthus' and the tribe Rusbyantheae (Gentianaceae)''. J. Arnold Arb. 55: 300-302.
* Weaver, R. E., and L. Rüdenberg. 1975. ''Cytotaxonomic notes on some Gentianaceae''. J. Arnold Arb. 56(2): 211-222.
External links
Jason Grantat Université de Neuchâtel
Lena Struwe's homepage
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1419792
Gentianaceae genera