Machairodus Aphanistus - Batallones 1 - Museo Arqueológico Regional CAM

''Machairodus'' (from el, μαχαίρα , 'knife' and el, ὀδούς 'tooth') is a genus of large machairodontine saber-toothed cats that lived in Africa, Eurasia and North America during the late Miocene. It is the animal from which the subfamily Machairodontinae gets its name and has since become a wastebasket taxon over the years as many genera of sabertooth cat have been and are still occasionally lumped into it.

Discovery

''Machairodus'' was first named in 1832, by German Naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup. Though its remains had been known since 1824, it was believed by Georges Cuvier that the fossils had come from a species of bear, which he called ''Ursus cultridens'' (known today as ''Megantereon'') based on composite sample of teeth from different countries, species and geologic ages, leading to what would become a long series of complications. Kaup however, recognized the teeth as those of felids and promptly reclassified the existing specimens as ''Machairodus'', including ''M. cultridens'' in it. The name quickly gained acceptance and by the end of the 19th century, many species of felid or related feliform (such as nimravids) were lumped into the genus ''Machairodus'', including but not limited to ''Sansanosmilus'', ''Megantereon'', ''Paramachairodus'', ''Amphimachairodus'', ''Nimravides'', and ''Homotherium'' among others. This would eventually turn ''Machairodus'' into something of a wastebasket taxon, which would be rectified with the discoveries of more complete skeletons of other machairodonts.

Description

In general ''Machairodus'' was similar in size to a modern lion or tiger, at long and standing about at the shoulder.

''M. aphanistus'' from the Mediterranean late Miocene is known to be rather tiger-like in size and skeletal proportions, with a mass of to . It was similar to the related ''Nimravides'' of North America. The skeleton also indicates that this species would have possessed good jumping abilities.

''M. alberdiae'' was contemporary with ''M. aphanistus'' in Cerro de los Batallones fossil deposits and was smaller and more primitive in anatomical features and would not have exceeded .

''M. horribilis'' of China is the one of largest known species of the genus, weighing around . This is comparable in size to the much later ''Smilodon populator''. Its skull, measuring upwards of in length, is one of the largest known skulls for any machairodont, with only a recently described ''S. populator'' skull rivaling it in size, with the latter cat outweighing ''M. horribilis'' at .

The species ''M. lahayishupup'' of North America was also quite large; fossil humerus bones measuring attributed to the species suggest that this cat was far larger than a modern lion, which has a humerus. It is believed to have weighed . Until its discovery, no true species representative of the genus ''Machairodus'' had been described from North America, as they had been reassigned to other genera, such as ''Nimravides'' and ''Amphimachairodus''. Its presence in North America suggests that either there was a widespread population of this genus of cat throughout Africa, Eurasia and North America or simultaneous instances of independent evolution in machairodonts on multiple continents during the Miocene.

Overall, the skull of ''Machairodus'' was noticeably narrow compared with the skulls of extant pantherine cats, and the orbits were relatively small. The canines were long, thin and flattened from side to side but broad from front to back like the blade of a knife, as in ''Homotherium''. The front and back edges of the canines were serrated when they first grew, but these serrations were worn down in the first few years of the animal's life. However, a skull of ''M. horribilis'' was shown to be similar to extant pantherines in some cranial characters, suggesting new evidence for the diversity of killing bites even within in the largest saber-toothed carnivorans, offering an additional mechanism for the mosaic evolution leading to functional and morphological diversity in sabertooth cats.

''Machairodus'' probably hunted as an ambush predator. Its legs were too short to sustain a long chase, so it most likely was a good jumper, and used its canines to cut open the throat of its prey. Its teeth were rooted to its mouth and were as delicate as those in some related genera, unlike most saber-toothed cats and nimravids of the time, which often had extremely long canines which hung out of their mouths. The fangs of ''Machairodus'', however, were able to more easily fit in its mouth comfortably while being long and effective for hunting. Despite its great size, the largest example of ''Machairodus'', ''M. horribilis'' was better equipped to hunt relatively smaller prey than ''Smilodon'', as evidenced by its moderate jaw gape of 70 degrees, similar to the gape of a modern lion.

Classification

The fossil species assigned to the genus ''Machairodus'' were divided by Turner into two grades of evolutionary development, with ''M. aphanistus'' and the North American "''Nimravides''" ''catacopis'' representing the more primitive grade and ''M. coloradensis'' and ''M. giganteus'' representing the more derived grade. The characteristics of the more advanced grade include a relative elongation of the forearm and a shortening of the lumbar region of the spine to resemble that in living pantherine cats. Subsequently, the more derived forms were assigned a new genus, ''Amphimachairodus'', which includes ''M. coloradensis'', ''M. kurteni'', ''M. kabir'' and ''M. giganteus''. In addition, ''M. catacopsis'' was reclassified as ''N. catacopsis''.

Paleobiology

Studies of ''Machairodus'' indicate that the cat relied predominantly on its neck muscles to make the killing bite applied to its victims. The cervical vertebrae show clear adaptations to making vertical motions in the neck and skull. There are also clear adaptations for precise movements, strength, and flexibility in the neck that show compatibility with the canine-shearing bite technique that machairodontine cats are believed to have performed. These adaptations are believed to have also been partial compensation in this primitive machairodont against the high percentage of canine breakages seen in the genus.

Paleoecology

''Machairodus'' seemed to prefer open woodland habitat, as evidenced by finds at Cerro de los Batallones, which is of Vallesian age. As a top predator at Batallones, it would have hunted large herbivores of the time. Such herbivores would have included horses like ''Hipparion'', the hornless rhinoceros ''Aceratherium'', the giraffes ''Decennatherium'' and '' Birgerbohlinia'', the deer ''Euprox'' and ''Lucentia'', the antelopes ''Paleoreas'', ''Tragoportax (

'', ''Miotragocerus'' and ''Dorcatherium'', the gomphotherid mastodon ''Tetralophodon'', the porcupine '' Hystrix'', and the suid ''Microstonyx''. ''Machairodus'' would have competed for such prey with the Amphicyonid ''Magericyon'', fellow machairodonts ''Promegantereon'' and ''Paramachairodus'', bears such as ''Agriotherium'' and ''Indarctos'', and the small hyaenid ''Protictitherium''. While ''Agriotherium'' and ''Magericyon'' would likely have been strongly competitive with ''Machairodus'' for food, ''Promegantereon'', ''Paramachairodus'' and ''Protictitherium'' likely were less potential rivals. Evidence also exists indicating that ''Machairodus'' may have been prone to niche partitioning with ''Magericyon'', possibly living in slightly different habitats, with the machairodont preferring more heavily vegetated habitats while the bear-dog hunted in the more open areas. Dietary preferences may also have played a role in the coexistence between these two large predators at Batallones.

Based on its jaw gape, the largest species, ''M. horribilis'' was probably a hunter of relatively slow-moving horses of the genus ''Hipparion''. It would have also lived alongside the large pig ''Kubanochoerus''.
''M. lahayishupup'' would have most likely preyed on the large animals that it lived alongside, which included rhinoceroses, ground sloths, and ''Hemiauchenia''.

Pathology

''Machairodus aphanistus'' fossils recovered from Batallones reveal a high percentage of tooth breakages, indicating that unlike later machairodonts, due to a lack of protruding incisors ''Machairodus'' often used its sabers to subdue prey in a manner similar to modern cats; this was a more risky strategy that virtually ensured that damage to their saber teeth often occurred.

References

*

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1274400

Neogene mammals of Asia
Machairodontinae
Miocene carnivorans
Miocene genus extinctions
Prehistoric carnivoran genera
Neogene mammals of Europe
Taxa named by Johann Jakob Kaup
Fossil taxa described in 1833