macOS Server, formerly Mac OS X Server and OS X Server, is a discontinued series of Unix-like server

operating systems An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also inc ...

developed by Apple Inc., based on macOS and later add-on software packages for the latter. macOS Server added server functionality and system administration tools to macOS and provided tools to manage both macOS-based computers and iOS-based devices. Versions of Mac OS X Server prior to version 10.7 “Lion” were sold as complete, standalone server operating systems; starting with Mac OS X 10.7 “Lion,” Mac OS X Server (and its successors OS X Server and macOS Server) have been offered as add-on software packages, sold through the Mac App Store, that are installed on top of a corresponding macOS installation. macOS Server at one point provided

network service In computer networking, a network service is an application running at the network application layer and above, that provides data storage, manipulation, presentation, communication or other capability which is often implemented using a client� ...

s such as a mail transfer agent, AFP and SMB servers, an LDAP server, and a domain name server, as well as server applications including a

Web server A web server is computer software and underlying hardware that accepts requests via HTTP (the network protocol created to distribute web content) or its secure variant HTTPS. A user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiate ...

, database, and

calendar A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. A date is the designation of a single and specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a physi ...

server. The latest version of macOS server only includes functionality related to user and group management, Xsan, and

mobile device management Mobile device management (MDM) is the administration of mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers, and laptops. MDM is usually implemented with the use of a third-party product that has management features for particular vendors of m ...

through profiles. On April 21, 2022, Apple announced it would be discontinuing macOS Server and that future versions of macOS would drop support for it.

Overview

Mac OS X Server was provided as the operating system for Xserve computers,

rack mounted A 19-inch rack is a standardized frame or enclosure for mounting multiple electronic equipment modules. Each module has a front panel that is wide. The 19 inch dimension includes the edges or "ears" that protrude from each side of the equ ...

server computers designed by Apple. Also, it was optionally

pre-installed Pre-installed software (also known as bundled software) is software already installed and licensed on a computer or smartphone bought from an original equipment manufacturer (OEM).Mac Mini and

Mac Pro Mac Pro is a series of workstations and servers for professionals that are designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2006. The Mac Pro, by some performance benchmarks, is the most powerful computer that Apple offers. It is one of f ...

and was sold separately for use on any Macintosh computer meeting its minimum requirements. macOS Server versions prior to Lion are based on an

open source Open source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open-source model is a decentralized sof ...

foundation called

Darwin Darwin may refer to: Common meanings * Charles Darwin (1809–1882), English naturalist and writer, best known as the originator of the theory of biological evolution by natural selection * Darwin, Northern Territory, a territorial capital city i ...

and use open industry standards and protocols.

Versions

Mac OS X Server 1.0 (Rhapsody)

The first version of Mac OS X was

Mac OS X Server 1.0 Mac OS X Server 1.0 is an operating system developed by Apple Computer, Inc. Released on March 16, 1999, it was the first version of Mac OS X Server. It was Apple's first commercial product to be derived from "Rhapsody"—an eventual replacemen ...

. Mac OS X Server 1.0 was based on

Rhapsody Rhapsody may refer to: * A work of epic poetry, or part of one, that is suitable for recitation at one time ** Rhapsode, a classical Greek professional performer of epic poetry Computer software * Rhapsody (online music service), an online m ...

, a hybrid of OPENSTEP from NeXT Computer and Mac OS 8.5.1. The GUI looked like a mixture of Mac OS 8's Platinum appearance with OPENSTEP's NeXT-based interface. It included a runtime layer called Blue Box for running legacy Mac OS-based applications within a separate window. There was discussion of implementing a 'transparent blue box' which would intermix Mac OS applications with those written for Rhapsody's Yellow Box environment, but this would not happen until Mac OS X's Classic environment. Apple File Services, Macintosh Manager, QuickTime Streaming Server, WebObjects, and

NetBoot NetBoot was a technology from Apple which enabled Macs with capable firmware (i.e. New World ROM) to boot from a network, rather than a local hard disk or optical disc drive. NetBoot is a derived work from the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), an ...

were included with Mac OS X Server 1.0. It could not use

FireWire IEEE 1394 is an interface standard for a serial bus for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. It was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Apple in cooperation with a number of companies, primarily Sony an ...

devices. The last release is Mac OS X Server 1.2v3.

Mac OS X Server 10.0 (Cheetah)

Released: May 21, 2001 Tagline: Industrial-strength server with Macintosh ease of use. Mac OS X Server 10.0 included the new Aqua user interface,

Apache The Apache () are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States, which include the Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Mimbreño, Ndendahe (Bedonkohe or Mogollon and Nednhi or Carrizaleño an ...

, PHP, MySQL, Tomcat, WebDAV support, Macintosh Manager, and

Mac OS X Server 10.1 (Puma)

Released: September 25, 2001 Tagline: Industrial-strength server with Macintosh ease of use. Mac OS X Server 10.1 featured improved performance, increased system stability, and decreased file transfer times compared to Mac OS X Server 10.0. Support was added for RAID 0 and RAID 1 storage configurations, and Mac OS 9.2.1 in NetBoot.

Mac OS X Server 10.2 (Jaguar)

Released: August 23, 2002 Tagline: UNIX power. Open standards. Apple ease of use. The 10.2 Mac OS X Server release includes updated Open Directory user and file management, which with this release is based on LDAP, beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originated NetInfo architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. The release also saw major updates to

and

NetInstall NetBoot was a technology from Apple which enabled Macs with capable firmware (i.e. New World ROM) to boot from a network, rather than a local hard disk or optical disc drive. NetBoot is a derived work from the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), and is ...

. Many common network services are provided such as NTP, SNMP, web server (

), mail server ( Postfix and Cyrus), LDAP ( OpenLDAP), AFP, and print server. The inclusion of

Samba Samba (), also known as samba urbano carioca (''urban Carioca samba'') or simply samba carioca (''Carioca samba''), is a Brazilian music genre that originated in the Afro-Brazilian communities of Rio de Janeiro in the early 20th century. Havin ...

version 3 allows tight integration with Windows clients and servers. MySQL v4.0.16 and PHP v4.3.7 are also included.

Mac OS X Server 10.3 (Panther)

Released: October 24, 2003 Tagline: Open Source made easy. The 10.3 Mac OS X Server release includes updated Open Directory user and file management, which with this release is based on LDAP, beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originated NetInfo architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. Many common network services are provided such as NTP, SNMP, web server (

), mail server ( Postfix and Cyrus), LDAP ( OpenLDAP), AFP, and print server. The inclusion of

version 3 allows tight integration with Windows clients and servers. MySQL v4.0.16 and PHP v4.3.7 are also included.

Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger)

Released: April 29, 2005 Tagline: Open source made easy. The 10.4 release adds 64-bit application support, Access Control Lists, Xgrid, link aggregation, e-mail spam filtering ( SpamAssassin), virus detection ( ClamAV), Gateway Setup Assistant, and servers for Software Update, iChat Server using XMPP, Boot Camp Assistant, Dashboard, and Weblog Server based on the open-source Blojsom project ( Java). On August 10, 2006, Apple announced the first Universal Binary release of Mac OS X Server, version 10.4.7, supporting both PowerPC and Intel processors. At the same time Apple announced the release of the Intel-based

and Xserve systems.

Mac OS X Server 10.5 (Leopard Server)

Released: October 26, 2007 Tagline: Simply powerful. Leopard Server sold for $999 for an unlimited-client license.In depth with Lion OS X Server
– Anandtech, August 2, 2011 Mac OS X Server version 10.5.x ‘Leopard’ was the last major version of Mac OS X Server to support

PowerPC PowerPC (with the backronym Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC – Performance Computing, sometimes abbreviated as PPC) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) created by the 1991 Apple Inc., App ...

-based servers and workstations such as the Apple Xserve G5 and Power Mac G5. Features * RADIUS Server. Leopard Server includes

FreeRADIUS FreeRADIUS is a modular, high performance free RADIUS suite developed and distributed under the GNU General Public License, version 2, and is free for download and use. The FreeRADIUS Suite includes a RADIUS server, a BSD-licensed RADIUS client l ...

for network authentication. It ships with support for wireless access stations however can be modified into a fully functioning FreeRADIUS server. * Ruby on Rails. Mac OS X Server version 10.5 ‘Leopard’ was the first version to ship with Ruby on Rails, the server-side Web application framework used by sites such as GitHub.

Mac OS X Server 10.6 (Snow Leopard Server)

Released: August 28, 2009 Tagline: New features. New ways to collaborate. Simpler than ever. Snow Leopard Server sold for $499 and included unlimited client licenses. ''New Features'': * Full 64-bit operating system. On appropriate systems with 4 GB of RAM or more, Snow Leopard Server uses a 64-bit kernel to address up to a theoretical 16 TB of RAM. *

iCal Server macOS Server, formerly Mac OS X Server and OS X Server, is a discontinued series of Unix-like server operating systems developed by Apple Inc., based on macOS and later add-on software packages for the latter. macOS Server added serv ...

2 with improved CalDAV support, a new web calendaring application, push notifications and the ability to send email invitations to non-iCal users. * Address Book Server provides a central location for users to store and access personal contacts across multiple Macs and synchronized iPhones. Based on the CardDAV protocol standard. * Wiki Server 2, with server side

Quick Look Quick Look is a quick preview feature developed by Apple Inc. which was introduced in its operating system Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard. The feature was announced at the Worldwide Developers Conference on Jun. 11, 2007. While macOS's Finder has alway ...

and the ability to view wiki content on iPhone. * A new Mail server engine that supports push email so users receive immediate access to new messages. However, Apple's implementation of push email is not supported for Apple's iPhone. * Podcast Producer 2 with dual-source video support. Also includes a new Podcast Composer application to automate the production process, making it simple to create podcasts with a customized, consistent look and feel. Podcast Composer creates a workflow to add titles, transitions and effects, save to a desired format and share to wikis, blogs,

iTunes iTunes () is a software program that acts as a media player, media library, mobile device management utility, and the client app for the iTunes Store. Developed by Apple Inc., it is used to purchase, play, download, and organize digital mul ...

, iTunes U, Final Cut Server or Podcast Library. * Mobile Access Server enables iPhone and Mac users to access secured network services, including corporate websites, online business applications, email, calendars and contacts. Without requiring additional software, Mobile Access Server acts as a reverse proxy server and provides SSL encryption and authentication between the user's iPhone or Mac and a private network.

Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion Server)

Released: July 20, 2011 Tagline: The server for everyone. In releasing the developer preview of Mac OS X Lion in February 2011, Apple indicated that beginning with Lion, Mac OS X Server would be bundled with the operating system and would not be marketed as a separate product. However, a few months later, the company said it would instead sell the server components as a US$49.99 add-on to Lion, distributed through the Mac App Store (as well as Lion itself). The combined cost of an upgrade to Lion and the purchase of the OS X Server add-on, which costs approximately US$50, was nonetheless significantly lower than the retail cost of Snow Leopard Server (US$499). Lion Server came with unlimited client licenses as did Snow Leopard Server. Lion Server includes new versions of

, Wiki Server, and Mail Server. More significantly, Lion Server can be used for iOS mobile device management. Starting with Apple Mac OS X Server Version 10.7 “Lion,”

PostgreSQL PostgreSQL (, ), also known as Postgres, is a free and open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) emphasizing extensibility and SQL compliance. It was originally named POSTGRES, referring to its origins as a successor to the In ...

replaces MySQL as the database provided with Mac OS X Server, coinciding with

Oracle Corporation Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Austin, Texas. In 2020, Oracle was the third-largest software company in the world by revenue and market capitalization. The company sells da ...

’s acquisition of

Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems, Inc. (Sun for short) was an American technology company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services and created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, ZFS, the ...

and Oracle’s subsequent attempts to tighten MySQL’s licensing restrictions and to exert influence on MySQL’s previously open and independent development model.

OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion Server)

Released: July 25, 2012 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Like Lion, Mountain Lion had no separate server edition. An OS X Server package was available for Mountain Lion from the Mac App Store for US$19.99, which included a server management application called Server, as well as other additional administrative tools to manage client profiles and Xsan. Mountain Lion Server, like Lion Server, was provided with unlimited client licenses, and once purchased could be run on an unlimited number of systems.

OS X 10.9 (Mavericks Server)

Released: October 22, 2013 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. There is no separate server edition of Mavericks, just as there was no separate server edition of Mountain Lion. There is a package, available from the Mac App Store for $19.99, that includes a server management app called Server, as well as other additional administrative tools to manage client profiles and Xsan, and once purchased can be run on an unlimited number of machines. Those enrolled in the Mac or iOS developer programs are given a code to download OS X Server for free.

OS X 10.10 (Yosemite Server 4.0)

Released: October 16, 2014 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. There is no separate server edition of Yosemite, just as there was no separate server edition of Mavericks. There is a package, available from the Mac App Store for $19.99, that includes a server management app called Server, as well as other additional administrative tools to manage client profiles and Xsan, and once purchased can be run on an unlimited number of machines. Those enrolled in the Mac or iOS developer programs are given a code to download OS X Server for free.

OS X 10.11 (Server 5.0)

Released: September 16, 2015 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.0.3 of OS X Server operates with either OS X Yosemite 10.10.5 and OS X El Capitan 10.11.

OS X 10.11 (Server 5.1)

Released: March 21, 2016 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. OS X Server 5.1 requires 10.11.4 El Capitan, as previous versions of OS X Server won't work on 10.11.4 El Capitan.

macOS 10.12 (Server 5.2)

Released: September 20, 2016 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.2 of macOS Server operates with either OS X El Capitan 10.11 or macOS Sierra 10.12.

macOS 10.12 (Server 5.3)

Released: March 17, 2017 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.3 of macOS Server only operates on macOS Sierra (10.12.4) and later. For macOS Server 5.3.1:

macOS 10.13 (Server 5.4)

Released: September 25, 2017 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.4 of macOS Server only operates on macOS High Sierra (10.13) and later.

macOS 10.13.3 (Server 5.5)

Released: January 23, 2018 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.5 of macOS Server only operates on macOS High Sierra (10.13.3) and later.

macOS 10.13.5 (Server 5.6)

Released: April 24, 2018 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.6 of macOS Server only operates on macOS High Sierra (10.13.5) and later.

macOS 10.14 (Server 5.7)

Released: September 28, 2018 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.7 of macOS Server only operates on macOS Mojave (10.14) and later. With this version Apple stopped bundling open source services such as Calendar Server, Contacts Server, the Mail Server, DNS, DHCP, VPN Server, and Websites with macOS Server. Included services are now limited to Profile Manager, Open Directory and Xsan.

macOS 10.14 (Server 5.8)

Released: March 25, 2019 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.8 of macOS Server only operates on macOS Mojave (10.14.4) and later. Profile Manager supports new restrictions, payloads, and commands.

macOS 10.15 (Server 5.9)

Released: October 8, 2019 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.9 of macOS Server only operates on macOS Catalina (10.15) and later.

macOS 10.15 (Server 5.10)

Released: April 1, 2020 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.10 of macOS Server only operates on macOS Catalina (10.15) and later.

macOS 11 (Server 5.11)

Released: December 15, 2020 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.11 of macOS Server only operates on macOS Big Sur (11) and later.

macOS 11 (Server 5.11.1)

Released: May 2, 2021 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.11.1 of macOS Server only operates on macOS Big Sur (11) and later.

macOS 12 (Server 5.12)

Released: December 8, 2021 Tagline: Just like that, your Mac is a powerful server. Version 5.12 of macOS Server only operates on macOS Monterey (12). Future versions of macOS will not be supported.

Server administrator tools

* Beginning with the release of OS X 10.8 – Mountain Lion – there is only one Administrative tool – "Server.app". This application is purchased and downloaded via the Mac App Store. This application is updated independently of macOS, also via the Mac App Store. : This Server tool is used to configure, maintain and monitor one or more macOS Server installations. : One purchase allows it to be installed on any licensed macOS installation. * The following information applies only to versions of Mac OS X Server prior to Mountain Lion (10.8) :: Mac OS X Server comes with a variety of configuration tools that can be installed on non-server Macs as well: ::* Server Admin ::* Server Preferences (application) ::*

Server Assistant Server Assistant is the first program that is run after an install of Mac OS X Server macOS Server, formerly Mac OS X Server and OS X Server, is a discontinued series of Unix-like server operating systems developed by Apple Inc., bas ...

::*

Server Monitor Server Monitor is Apple Inc., Apple's remote server monitoring application, part of the discontinued Mac OS X Server. It communicates with the hardware monitoring daemon present on Mac servers. Server Monitor is also an Intelligent Platform Manage ...

::* System Image Utility ::* Workgroup Manager ::*

Xgrid Admin Xgrid is a proprietary program and distributed computing protocol developed by the Advanced Computation Group subdivision of Apple Inc that allows networked computers to contribute to a single task. It provides network administrators a method ...

System requirements

Technical specifications

File and print services * Mac ( AFP, AppleTalk PAP,

IPP IPP may refer to: Organisations * Independent Power Producer, electric power generator * India Pride Project, recovering stolen Indian artefacts * Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (Institute of Plant Protection), Italy * Max-Planck-Insti ...

) * Windows ( SMB/CIFS: Apple SMBX in Lion Server — previously

2, IPP) * Unix-like systems ( NFS, LPR/LPD, IPP) * Internet ( FTP, WebDAV) Directory services and authentication * Open Directory ( OpenLDAP, Kerberos, SASL) * Windows NT Domain Services (removed in Lion Server, previously

2) * Backup Domain Controller (BDC) * LDAP directory connector * Active Directory connector * BSD configuration files (/etc) * RADIUS Mail services * SMTP ( Postfix) *

POP Pop or POP may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Music * Pop music, a musical genre Artists * POP, a Japanese idol group now known as Gang Parade * Pop!, a UK pop group * Pop! featuring Angie Hart, an Australian band Albums * ''Pop'' (G ...

and IMAP ( Dovecot) *

SSL/TLS Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network. The protocol is widely used in applications such as email, instant messaging, and voice over IP, but its use in securi ...

encryption (

OpenSSL OpenSSL is a software library for applications that provide secure communications over computer networks against eavesdropping or need to identify the party at the other end. It is widely used by Internet servers, including the majority of HTT ...

) *

Mailing list A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients. The term is often extended to include the people subscribed to such a list, so the group of subscribers is re ...

s (

Mailman A mail carrier, mailman, mailwoman, postal carrier, postman, postwoman, or letter carrier (in American English), sometimes colloquially known as a postie (in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), is an employee of a post ...

) *

Webmail Webmail (or web-based email) is an email service that can be accessed using a standard web browser. It contrasts with email service accessible through a specialised email client software. Examples of webmail providers are 1&1 Ionos, AOL Mail, G ...

( RoundCube) * Junk mail filtering ( SpamAssassin) * Virus detection ( ClamAV) Calendaring *

( CalDAV, iTIP, iMIP) Web hosting *

Web server (2.2 and 1.3) * SSL/TLS (OpenSSL) * WebDAV * Perl (5.8.8), PHP (5.2), Ruby (1.8.6), Rails (1.2.3) * MySQL 5 (replaced by

in Lion Server) *

Capistrano John of Capistrano (''Italian'': San Giovanni da Capestrano, '' Hungarian'': Kapisztrán János, ''Polish'': Jan Kapistran, '' Croatian'': Ivan Kapistran) (24 June 1386 – 23 October 1456) was a Franciscan friar and Catholic priest from the It ...

, Mongrel Collaboration services * Wiki Server (

RSS RSS ( RDF Site Summary or Really Simple Syndication) is a web feed that allows users and applications to access updates to websites in a standardized, computer-readable format. Subscribing to RSS feeds can allow a user to keep track of many di ...

) * iChat Server 3 ( XMPP) Application servers * Apache Tomcat (6) * Java SE virtual machine * WebObjects deployment (5.4) * Apache Axis ( SOAP) Media streaming * QuickTime Streaming Server 6 (removed in Lion Server) * QuickTime Broadcaster 1.5 Client management * Managed Preferences *

* Software Update Server * Portable home directories * Profile Manager (new in Lion Server) Networking and VPN *

DNS The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and distributed naming system for computers, services, and other resources in the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It associates various information with domain names assigned to ...

server ( BIND 9) * DHCP server *

NAT Nat or NAT may refer to: Computing * Network address translation (NAT), in computer networking Organizations * National Actors Theatre, New York City, U.S. * National AIDS trust, a British charity * National Archives of Thailand * National As ...

server * VPN server ( L2TP/ IPSec, PPTP) * Firewall (

IPFW2 ipfirewall or ipfw is a FreeBSD IP, stateful firewall, packet filter and traffic accounting facility. Its ruleset logic is similar to many other packet filters except IPFilter. ipfw is authored and maintained by FreeBSD volunteer staff memb ...

) * NTP Distributed computing * Xgrid 2 High-availability features * Automatic recovery * File system journaling * IP

failover Failover is switching to a redundant or standby computer server, system, hardware component or network upon the failure or abnormal termination of the previously active application, server, system, hardware component, or network in a computer net ...

(dropped in OS X 10.7 and later) * Software RAID * Disk space monitor File systems * HFS+ (journaled, case sensitive and case insensitive) * FAT * NTFS (write support only available on Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server) * UFS (read-only) Management features * Server Assistant * Server Admin * Server Preferences * Server Status widget * Workgroup Manager * System Image Utility * Secure Shell (SSH2) * Server Monitor * RAID Utility * SNMPv3 (

Net-SNMP Net-SNMP is a suite of software for using and deploying the SNMP protocol (v1, v2c and v3 and the AgentX subagent protocol). It supports IPv4, IPv6, IPX, AAL5, Unix domain sockets and other transports. It contains a generic client library, a ...

)

Discontinuation

On April 21, 2022, Apple announced that they have discontinued macOS Server and that the most popular features (Caching Server, File Sharing Server, and Time Machine Server) are already bundled with every copy of macOS High Sierra and later, so customers will still have access to them. Existing macOS Server customers can still download and use the app with macOS Monterey.

References

External links

Apple – macOS ServerApple Introduces Mac OS X Server
– Apple press release
Major Mac OS X Server v10.1 Update Now Available
– Apple press release
Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Jaguar”, World’s Easiest-to-Manage UNIX-Based Server Software
– Apple press release
Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Panther”
– Apple press release
Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Tiger”
– Apple press release
Apple Announces New Mac OS X Server "Leopard" Features
– Apple press release
Apple Introduces Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard
– Apple press release {{DEFAULTSORT:macOS Server Server Software version histories Mobile device management