The MP 18, manufactured by
Theodor Bergmann
Theodor Bergmann (May 21, 1850 in Sailauf – March 23, 1931 in Gaggenau)Erich Keyser; Heinz Stoob, ''Deutsches Städtebuch, Handbuch städtischer Geschichte'', Stuttgart, Kohlhammer Verlag, 1939. (page 239) was a German businessman a ...
''Abteilung Waffenbau'', was arguably the first
submachine gun
A submachine gun (SMG) is a magazine-fed, automatic carbine designed to fire handgun cartridges. The term "submachine gun" was coined by John T. Thompson, the inventor of the Thompson submachine gun, to describe its design concept as an autom ...
used in combat. It was introduced into service in 1918 by the
German Army
The German Army (, "army") is the land component of the armed forces of Germany. The present-day German Army was founded in 1955 as part of the newly formed West German ''Bundeswehr'' together with the ''Marine'' (German Navy) and the ''Luftwaf ...
during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
as the primary weapon of the ''
Sturmtruppen
''Sturmtruppen'' is a successful Italian series of anti-war comic books written and drawn by Bonvi, the artistic pseudonym of Franco Bonvicini. It started as four-frame comic strips back in 1968 and evolved into fully sized collector books by t ...
'', assault groups specialized in
trench combat. Although MP 18 production ended in the 1920s, its design formed the basis of most submachine guns manufactured between 1920 and 1960.
History
![Shoot'in MP18 theodor-Bergmann-Waffenbau](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Shoot%27in_MP18_theodor-Bergmann-Waffenbau.jpg)
What became known as the "
submachine gun
A submachine gun (SMG) is a magazine-fed, automatic carbine designed to fire handgun cartridges. The term "submachine gun" was coined by John T. Thompson, the inventor of the Thompson submachine gun, to describe its design concept as an autom ...
" had its genesis in the early 20th century and developed around the concepts of
fire and movement
Fire and movement, or fire and maneuver, is the basic modern military low-level unit tactic used to maneuver on the battlefield in the presence of the enemy, especially when under fire. It involves heavy use of all available cover, and highly-c ...
and
infiltration tactics
In warfare, infiltration tactics involve small independent light infantry forces advancing into enemy rear areas, bypassing enemy frontline strongpoints, possibly isolating them for attack by follow-up troops with heavier weapons. Soldiers ta ...
, specifically for the task of clearing trenches of enemy soldiers, an environment within which engagements were unlikely to occur beyond a range of a few feet.
In 1915, the German Rifle Testing Commission at
Spandau
Spandau () is the westernmost of the 12 boroughs () of Berlin, situated at the confluence of the Havel and Spree rivers and extending along the western bank of the Havel. It is the smallest borough by population, but the fourth largest by land ...
decided to develop a new weapon for trench warfare. An attempt to modify existing semi-automatic pistols (specifically the
Luger and
C96 Mauser) failed, as accurate aimed fire in full automatic mode was impossible due to their light weights and high rates of fire of 1,200 rounds per minute. The commission determined that a completely new kind of weapon was needed.
Hugo Schmeisser
Hugo Schmeisser (24 September 1884 – 12 September 1953) was a German developer of 20th century infantry weapons.
Schmeisser was born in Jena, Thuringia. His father, Louis Schmeisser (1848–1917), was one of the best-known weapons designers in ...
, working for the ''Bergmann Waffenfabrik'', was part of a team composed of
Theodor Bergmann
Theodor Bergmann (May 21, 1850 in Sailauf – March 23, 1931 in Gaggenau)Erich Keyser; Heinz Stoob, ''Deutsches Städtebuch, Handbuch städtischer Geschichte'', Stuttgart, Kohlhammer Verlag, 1939. (page 239) was a German businessman a ...
and a few other technicians. They designed a new type of weapon to fulfill the requirements, which was designated the ''Maschinenpistole'' 18/I. It is not clear whether the ''I'' stands for the number ''1'' or the letter ''I'', although its successor (the MP28) was designated the ''Maschinenpistole'' 28/II (suggesting the former).
Full-scale production began in early 1918. Though technically not the world's first submachine gun, being beaten by the double-barreled Italian
Villar Perosa
Villar Perosa ( Occitan ''Lhi Vialars''; French: ''Grand-Villars'') is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about southwest of Turin.
Villar Perosa borders the following municipal ...
of 1915, in modern usage of the term the MP 18 is considered the world's first submachine gun, since the Villar Perosa had been designed to be used as a
light machine gun
A light machine gun (LMG) is a light-weight machine gun designed to be operated by a single infantryman, with or without an assistant, as an infantry support weapon. LMGs firing cartridges of the same caliber as the other riflemen of the sam ...
on aircraft before it was adapted to infantry use as a single-barreled shoulder-fired weapon (the
Beretta SMG) in late 1918.
Service history
![France1918](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/France1918.jpg)
The MP 18 served in the final stages of World War I in 1918, especially in the ''
Kaiserschlacht'' offensive. More than 25,000 were produced, until the
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles (french: Traité de Versailles; german: Versailler Vertrag, ) was the most important of the peace treaties of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June ...
banned production of military SMGs in 1920.
The MP 18 proved to be an excellent weapon. Its concept was well-proven in trench fighting. The basic design directly influenced later submachine gun designs and showed its superiority over the regular infantry rifle in urban, mobile, and guerrilla warfare. The MP 18 served with German police and
paramilitary forces
A paramilitary is an organization whose structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces. Paramilitary units carr ...
after the end of the war. It was widely used in combat by the ''
Freikorps
(, "Free Corps" or "Volunteer Corps") were irregular German and other European military volunteer units, or paramilitary, that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries. They effectively fought as mercenary or private armies, regar ...
Von Epp'' against the
Spartacus League
The Spartacus League (German: ''Spartakusbund'') was a Marxism, Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during World War I. It was founded in August 1914 as the "International Group" by Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Clara Zetkin, ...
in Bavaria and by other ''Freikorps'' in Berlin, where its efficiency in urban combat was demonstrated.
During the failed
1924 coup in Estonia the MP18 was used to defend the Tallin barracks from Communist militants; some of which were armed with
Thompson submachineguns. This was possibly the first engagement where submachineguns were used on both sides.
All the limited conflicts between 1920 and 1940 saw an increasing use of this new class of weapons, first in South America during the
Chaco War
The Chaco War ( es, link=no, Guerra del Chaco, gn, Cháko Ñorairõ[Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, lin ...](_blank)
, and in China during the
Warlord Era and the
Japanese invasion, where its use by well-trained Chinese troops was costly for the invaders as in the
Battle of Shanghai
The Battle of Shanghai () was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Republic of China (ROC) and the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) of the Empire of Japan at the beginning of th ...
. It was also used during World War II by various partisans and resistance forces.
Since the treaty allowed the
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (german: link=no, Weimarer Republik ), officially named the German Reich, was the government of Germany from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is al ...
to keep a small quantity of submachine guns for police use, a few hundred MP 18.1s were modified to accept Schmeisser's original 20-round magazine design. This modification, conducted by
Haenel Waffenfabrik, required removal of the existing magazine well collar, and replacement with a different one. These weapons were overstamped with the date "1920" on the receiver and magazine well to show they were legitimate weapons owned by the Weimar Republic and not war bringbacks or clandestine weapons.
Bergmann sold the licence of the MP 18. 1 to
SIG
Sig used as a name may refer to:
* Sig (given name)
*Sig, Algeria, a city on the banks of the Sig River
*Sig Alert, an alert for traffic congestion in California, named after Loyd Sigmon
*Sig River, a river of Algeria also known as Mekerra
sig (l ...
Switzerland; the Swiss made model was known as the SIG Bergmann 1920. It existed in
.30 Luger and
7.63 mm Mauser. The Bergmann MP 18.1 represents a milestone both in terms of armament technology and warfare tactics. It opened the way for a whole new class of weapons and triggered the research for lighter automatic firearms to be used by mobile troops. Its first direct competitors did not see service in World War I, but most of them saw use in all the limited conflicts taking place in the inter-war period.
Evolution
![Pistolet-mitrailleur S](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Pistolet-mitrailleur_S.T.A._-_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_droit.jpg)
The French, despite being moderately interested by this class of armament because they had designed and introduced in service many semi-automatic and automatic weapons, immediately launched studies based on captured MP 18s. The design of the STA 1922 was adopted and the ''MAS 1924'' or ''9 mm STA Modèle 1924'' entered service and was used in
colonial conflicts in Morocco. Around 1,000 were produced and these rifles, as well as ex-German captured MP 18s,
saw limited service during World War II.
![Tsing Tao MP 18](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Tsing_Tao_MP_18.jpg)
China produced many copies of the SIG Bergmann at various factories, including the arsenals at Tsing Tao, Dagu, and Hanyang. The production was decentralized, and each factory's version exhibited differences from one another; the guns produced at Tsing Tao and Dagu had a bottom-mounted magazine. Large numbers of the Tsing Tao submachine gun were made, and use by Chinese Republican troops from the mid-1920s to the 1940s.
.During the 1920s Chicago gun dealer Vincent Daniels imported 7.65mm SIG Bergmann submachine guns and installed a two-position fire-selector behind the end cap of the receiver. This arrangement was somewhat similar to the later
Lanchester submachine gun. The guns were sold under the name "Daniels Rapid-Fire Carbine" and were bought by members of the
Northside Gang and the
Chicago Outfit
The Chicago Outfit (also known as the Outfit, the Chicago Mafia, the Chicago Mob, the Chicago crime family, the South Side Gang or The Organization) is an Italian-American organized crime syndicate or crime family based in Chicago, Illinois, tha ...
.
![MP18 yoav noBG](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/MP18_yoav_noBG.png)
The ''MP 28'' was produced by
C. G. Haenel
C.G. Haenel is a German weapon manufacturer located in Suhl, Germany.
History
The Prussian commissioner for firearms manufacturing, Carl Gottlieb Haenel, began producing bicycles and weapons in 1840 — a combination which was not uncommon at t ...
under the supervision of Schmeisser and was produced under license by
Etablissements Pieper in Belgium. It was copied by the
Second Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, King Alfonso XIII, and was di ...
under the codename ''Naranjero''. The ''Naranjero'' was chambered in
9mm Largo.
The Austrian Steyr
MP 34
The MP34 (''Maschinenpistole 34'', literally "Machine Pistol 34") is a submachine gun (SMG) that was manufactured by '' Waffenfabrik Steyr'' as Steyr-Solothurn S1-100 and used by the Austrian Army and Austrian Gendarmerie and subsequently by un ...
was created by a team of technicians led by
Louis Stange Louis may refer to:
* Louis (coin)
* Louis (given name), origin and several individuals with this name
* Louis (surname)
* Louis (singer), Serbian singer
* HMS ''Louis'', two ships of the Royal Navy
See also
Derived or associated terms
* Lewis (d ...
who designed a submachine gun for Rheinmetall in 1919 and used Bergmann's
MG 15
The MG 15 was a German 7.92 mm machine gun designed specifically as a hand-manipulated defensive gun for combat aircraft during the early 1930s. By 1941 it was replaced by other types and found new uses with ground troops.
History
The MG 1 ...
to design the
MG 30
The ''Maschinengewehr'' 30, or MG 30 was a German-designed machine gun that saw some service with various armed forces in the 1930s. It was also modified to become the standard German aircraft gun as the MG 15 and MG 17. It is most notable as th ...
. The SIG Bergmann 1920 was used by Finland, Japan, and Estonia and was the inspiration for the Estonian Tallinn 1923, the Japanese
Type 100 submachine gun
The was a Japanese submachine gun used during World War II and the only submachine gun produced by Japan in any quantity. It was made in two basic variants referred to by American and British observers as the Type 100/40 and the Type 100/44, the ...
and the Finnish
Suomi model 31, which in turn inspired Degtyarev for his PPD 34.
Emil Bergmann, Theodor Bergmann's son, designed the MP 32 that evolved into the MP 34 as adopted by Denmark before receiving the
MP35
The MP35 (''Maschinenpistole 35'', literally "Machine Pistol 35") was a submachine gun used by the Wehrmacht, Waffen-SS and German police both before and during World War II. It was developed in the early 1930s by Emil Bergmann (son of Theodor B ...
name when adopted by nascent ''
Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previous ...
'' in 1935. This submachine gun is often mistaken for the ''Mitraillette'' 34, an MP 28 made in Belgium by Pieper Bayard, former Bergmann licensed manufacturer or with the MP34 made by Steyr. It is easy to identify the Bergmann MP 32/34/35 or its final version 35/1 since the cocking lever works exactly like a rifle bolt.
In 1940, with a pressing need for individual automatic weapons, the British copied the MP 28 and developed the
Lanchester submachine gun
The Lanchester is a submachine gun (SMG) manufactured by the Sterling Armaments Company between 1941 and 1945. It is a copy of the German MP28/II and was manufactured in two versions, Mk.1 and Mk.1*; the latter was a simplified version of the ...
for the
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
. Solidly built with the use of
brass
Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), in proportions which can be varied to achieve different mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. It is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other with ...
for the magazine well, and a bayonet mount, it entered service in 1940. The magazine and the bolt of the MP 28 could be used in the Lanchester. The British
Sten
The STEN (or Sten gun) is a family of British submachine guns chambered in 9×19mm which were used extensively by British and Commonwealth forces throughout World War II and the Korean War. They had a simple design and very low production cost ...
used the side-mounted magazine configuration and a simplified version of the open-bolt firing operating system of the MP 28.
The
OVP 1918
The OVP was a submachine gun developed in Italy.
Development
The Italians were among the first armies ever to adopt a submachine gun, or more correctly, a light automatic gun firing a pistol cartridge. This was the Villar Perosa made by Offi ...
, an offspring of Revelli's Villar Perosa 1915, inspired Heinrich Vollmer for his telescopic bolt used in the VPM 1930,
EMP, MP 38,
MP 40
The MP 40 (''Maschinenpistole 40'') is a submachine gun chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge. It was developed in Nazi Germany and used extensively by the Axis powers during World War II.
Designed in 1938 by Heinrich Vollmer with in ...
and MP 41. The MP 18 remained in limited service with the German armed forces during the
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, specifically with the ''
Sicherheitsdienst
' (, ''Security Service''), full title ' (Security Service of the ''Reichsführer-SS''), or SD, was the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. Established in 1931, the SD was the first Nazi intelligence organization ...
'', later eastern foreign divisions of the Waffen SS and also with ''
Kriegsmarine
The (, ) was the navy of Germany from 1935 to 1945. It superseded the Imperial German Navy of the German Empire (1871–1918) and the inter-war (1919–1935) of the Weimar Republic. The was one of three official branches, along with the a ...
'' coastal artillery units.
The Soviet Union made a similar use of MP 28 design in their PDD-34 sub machine gun in 1934. Further development of the PPD-34 led to the simplified
PPD-40
The PPD (''Pistolet-Pulemyot Degtyaryova'', Russian: Пистоле́т-пулемёт ''Дегтярёва'', Degtyaryov's machine pistol) is a submachine gun originally designed in 1934 by Vasily Degtyaryov. The PPD had a conventional wooden sto ...
and
PPSh-41
The PPSh-41 () is a Soviet submachine gun designed by Georgy Shpagin as a cheaper and simplified alternative to the PPD-40. A common Russian nickname for the weapon is "''papasha''" (), meaning "daddy", and it was sometimes called the "burp gun" ...
.
Design details
The MP 18 was a heavy weapon, weighing over when fully loaded. The
receiver tube was very thick (around 3 mm), compared with later
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
submachine guns with half that thickness or less, such as the Sten gun or MP 40.
Though Schmeisser designed a conventional 20-round-capacity "box"
magazine
A magazine is a periodical publication, generally published on a regular schedule (often weekly or monthly), containing a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, purchase price, prepaid subscriptions, or by a combinatio ...
for the weapon, the testing commission, for practical reasons, insisted that the MP 18 be adapted to use the 32-round TM 08 Luger "snail" drum magazine that was widely used with the long-barreled version of the Luger pistol.
Like many other open-bolt designs, the MP 18 was prone to accidental discharge. If the buttstock of a loaded gun was given a hard knock while the bolt was fully forward, the gun could accidentally fire because of the bolt overcoming the action spring resistance and moving rearward enough to pick up a round, chamber it and fire. Soldiers liked to leave the bolt of their firearm in this closed or forward position, so dirt and debris would not enter the barrel and chamber. This "bolt-closure" practice acted as a dust cover for the weapon's chamber, preventing a
malfunction
A malfunction is a state in which something functions incorrectly or is obstructed from functioning at all.
Some types of malfunctions are:
*Malfunction (parachuting), malfunction of a parachute
*Sexual malfunction, also called "sexual dysfuncti ...
from occurring because of the presence of debris, but making accidental discharge more likely.
The German police asked for external safeties on their MP 18s, and universal bolt-locking safeties were added on all the submachine guns used by the police. Later submachine gun designs like the Sten and the MP 40 were modified to allow the cocking handle to be pushed inwards to lock the closed bolt to the tubular receiver casing. This design change prevented accidental discharges when the bolt was left forward and a loaded magazine was inserted.
Operation
The MP 18 submachine gun is a simple blowback operated weapon firing from the open bolt. The original MP 18.1 was designed to use the snail drum magazine of the Luger Artillery model pistol. This rotary design type of magazine holds 32 rounds of 9 mm Parabellum,
the user having to load the magazine with a proprietary loading tool. A special sleeve was required when the snail drum was used on the MP 18 to stop the snail drum from being inserted too far in the magazine well.
After 1920, the MP 18 was modified to use a straight magazine similar to those used in the later developed MP 40 submachine gun. The MP 18 could only fire in the fully automatic mode. Its successor, the MP 28/2, received a modified mechanism with a selector for single shot or fully automatic fire.
Users
*: MP-28 produced under license and adopted as MI-34 (''Mitraillette Modèle 1934'')
*:MP18,
MP-28
*:MP-28 adopted by the São Paulo police in 1934, and still in use in the late 70s The MP18 was used by the Pernambuco police, a MP18 with a 50-round magazine was borrowed by Lieutenant João Bezerra of the Alagoas police and used in the 1938 Angico Raid where
Lampião
"Captain" Virgulino Ferreira da Silva (), better known as Lampião (older spelling: ''Lampeão'', , meaning "lantern" or "oil lamp"), was probably the twentieth century's most successful traditional bandit leader. The banditry endemic to the Brazi ...
was killed
*: Some evidence that captured MP 18s in use with
Alberta Provincial Police
The Alberta Provincial Police (APP) was the provincial police service for the province of Alberta, Canada from 1917 to 1932. The APP was formed as a result of the Royal North-West Mounted Police (RNWMP) leaving the prairie provinces during the Fi ...
*: Used locally made versions of the MP 18, MP 28 and Swiss-made SIG Bergmann 1920 in
7.63×25mm Mauser
The 7.63×25mm Mauser (.30 Mauser Automatic) round was the original cartridge for the Mauser C96 service pistol. This cartridge headspaces on the shoulder of the case.Wilson, R. K. ''Textbook of Automatic Pistols'', p.247. Plantersville, SC: Smal ...
*:The MP18 was used to defend the Tallin barracks during the 1924 communist uprising
Estonian police purchased an unknown amount of guns from the Finnish Lindelöf factory
*: 1,523 SIG M/20s in
7.65×21mm Luger were bought between 1922 and 1940
During the Winter War, 171 MP-28s were bought from Belgium; but they did not arrive in time. These guns were later issued in the Continuation War to units in Lapland, home front troops and supply corps. The Leonard Lindelöf company started to manufacture licensed copies of the M/20 in 1922 it is estimated 60 or 70 guns were made in total; those were of inferior quality and the magazines were not interchangeable. The production suffered multiple delays, in 1925 the first guns were completed and small amounts were sold to police, coastal guard, local civil guard organizations and customs. 12 were acquired by the civil guard in 1932 as a pledge from a failed contract.
*
*:
**
**: Used by the police after WWI.
**
*: ex-Japanese Swiss-made guns
*
*: Used Swiss-made SIG M/20 in
7.63×25mm Mauser
The 7.63×25mm Mauser (.30 Mauser Automatic) round was the original cartridge for the Mauser C96 service pistol. This cartridge headspaces on the shoulder of the case.Wilson, R. K. ''Textbook of Automatic Pistols'', p.247. Plantersville, SC: Smal ...
and used against the Chinese
*: approx. 6 Bergmann MP-18s in the stock of the
Latvian Army
The Latvian Land Forces ( lv, Sauszemes spēki, SzS) together with the Latvian National Guard form the land warfare branch of the Latvian National Armed Forces. Since 2007, land forces are organized as a fully professional standing army.
Mission ...
by April 1936
*
*: SIG M/20 supplied by Japan
[ ]
*:MP28 used by KNIL
*: The Assault Group of the Norwegian Police Service acquired 26 SIG Bergmann 1920 submachine guns in 1937
*:Purchased a few MP 28s before the Chaco War,
later captured more from Bolivian forces
*: in 7.65mm
*: Small numbers of MP18 and MP28/II submachineguns were used by police units in the interwar years Large numbers of MP 28/II submachine guns were supplied to the
Iron Guard
The Iron Guard ( ro, Garda de Fier) was a Romanian militant revolutionary fascist movement and political party founded in 1927 by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu as the Legion of the Archangel Michael () or the Legionnaire Movement (). It was strongly ...
by the
Sicherheitsdienst
' (, ''Security Service''), full title ' (Security Service of the ''Reichsführer-SS''), or SD, was the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. Established in 1931, the SD was the first Nazi intelligence organization ...
, used by the army after the
Iron Guard Rebellion
*: Used by Reinsurance division (Security division) in Belorussia and Ukraine against pro-Soviet partisans
*:
Korean Liberation Army
The Korean Liberation Army, also known as the Korean Restoration Army established on September 17, 1940, in Chongqing, Chungking, China, was the armed force of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Its commandant was General Ji Cheo ...
used in
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance (Chinese term) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Th ...
received by
National Revolutionary Army
The National Revolutionary Army (NRA; ), sometimes shortened to Revolutionary Army () before 1928, and as National Army () after 1928, was the military arm of the Kuomintang (KMT, or the Chinese Nationalist Party) from 1925 until 1947 in China ...
*: MP 28s
produced under license
*:25 SIG Bergmanns in 7.65mm were trialed by the army, but were not adopted. The Zurich police adopted the SIG Bergmann in 9mm Parabellum.
*:The SIG Bergmann was adopted by police. It was also used for executions until the 1980s, when it was replaced by the MP5SD
Notes
Bibliography
*
Further reading
* Clinton Ezell, Edward. ''Small arms of the world'', Eleventh Edition, Arms & Armour Press, London, 1977
*
* de Vries, G.; Martens, B.J. The MP 38, 40, 40/1 and 41 Submachine gun, Propaganda Photos Series, Volume 2, Special Interest Publicaties BV, Arnhem, The Netherlands. First Edition 2001
* Gotz, Hans Dieter, ''German Military Rifles and Machine Pistols, 1871–1945'', Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1990.
* Günter Wollert; Reiner Lidschun; Wilfried Kopenhagen, ''Illustrierte Enzyklopädie der Schützenwaffen aus aller Welt: Schützenwaffen heute (1945-1985)'', Berlin : Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1988.
* Smith, W.H.B, ''Small arms of the world: the basic manual of military small arms'', Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1955.
External links
MP 18.1 Video, Informations and PicturesSmall Arms Review: The MP28,II Successor of the MP18,ILuger Artillery and Mauser Parabellum - Trommelmagazine useYouTube Animation showing mechanism of MP18.1
{{WWIIGermanInfWeapons
1918 establishments in Germany
1920s disestablishments in Germany
7.63×25mm Mauser submachine guns
7.65×21mm Parabellum submachine guns
9mm Parabellum submachine guns
Firearms by Hugo Schmeisser
Simple blowback firearms
Submachine guns of Germany
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1918
World War I German infantry weapons
Weapons of the Ottoman Empire
World War I submachine guns
World War II infantry weapons of China
World War II infantry weapons of Germany
World War II submachine guns