Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, (MAPK 1), also known as ERK2, is an
enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecule ...
that in humans is encoded by the ''MAPK1''
gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b ...
.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the
MAP kinase
A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine (i.e., a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase). MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses ...
family. MAP kinases, also known as
extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as
proliferation
Proliferation may refer to:
Weapons
*Nuclear proliferation, the spread of nuclear weapons, material, and technology
*Chemical weapon proliferation, the spread of chemical weapons, material, and technology
* Small arms proliferation, the spread of ...
,
differentiation, transcription regulation and development. The activation of this
kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation, where the high-energy ATP molecule don ...
requires its
phosphorylation
In chemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology and could be driven by natural selection. Text was copied from this source, wh ...
by upstream
kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation, where the high-energy ATP molecule don ...
s. Upon activation, this kinase translocates to the
nucleus of the stimulated cells, where it
phosphorylates nuclear targets. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein, but differing in the
UTRs, have been reported for this gene. MAPK1 contains multiple amino acid sites that are phosphorylated and ubiquitinated.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of MAPK1 function. A conditional
knockout mouse line, called ''Mapk1
tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi''
was generated as part of the
International Knockout Mouse Consortium program—a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized
phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.
Twenty seven tests were carried out on
mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed.
No
homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and therefore none survived until
weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on
heterozygous mutant adult mice and males had decreased circulating
amylase
An amylase () is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin ') into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amount ...
levels.
Conditional deletion of ''Mapk1'' in B cells showed a role for MAPK1 in T-cell-dependent antibody production. A dominant gain-of-function mutant of ''Mapk1'' in transgenic mice showed a role for MAPK1 in T-cell development. Conditional inactivation of ''Mapk1'' in neural progenitor cells of the developing cortex lead to a reduction of cortical thickness and reduced proliferation in neural progenitor cells.
Interactions
MAPK1 has been shown to
interact with:
*
ADAM17,
*
CIITA,
*
DUSP1
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''DUSP1'' gene.
Function
The expression of DUSP1 gene is induced in human skin fibroblasts by oxidative/heat stress and growth factors. It specifies a prot ...
,
*
DUSP22,
*
DUSP3,
*
ELK1,
[
* RPS6KA1,][
* RPS6KA2,][
* ]RPS6KA3
protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 3, also s RPS6KA3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''RPS6KA3'' gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase con ...
,SORBS3
Vinexin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SORBS3'' gene.
Interactions
SORBS3 has been shown to interact with DLG5
Disks large homolog 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DLG5'' gene.
Function
This gene encodes ...
,[ and
* VAV1.]
Clinical significance
Mutations in MAPK1 are implicated in many types of cancer.
See also
* Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
References
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
MAP Kinase Resource
.
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Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases
EC 2.7.11
Moonlighting proteins
Genes mutated in mice