As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true,
logic is of essential importance to
rationality.
Arguments may be logical if they are "conducted or assessed according to strict principles of
validity", while they are rational according to the broader requirement that they are based on
reason
Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, ...
and
knowledge.
Logic and rationality have each been taken as fundamental concepts in
philosophy. They are not one of the same thing. Philosophical
rationalism in its most extreme form is the doctrine that knowledge can ultimately be founded on pure reason, while
logicism
In the philosophy of mathematics, logicism is a programme comprising one or more of the theses that — for some coherent meaning of 'logic' — mathematics is an extension of logic, some or all of mathematics is reducible to logic, or some or all ...
is the doctrine that mathematical concepts, among others are reducible to pure logic.
Forms of reasoning
Deductive reasoning concerns the
logical consequence of given premises. On a narrow conception of logic, logic concerns just deductive reasoning, although such a narrow conception controversially excludes most of what is called informal logic from the discipline. Other forms of reasoning are sometimes also taken to be part of logic, such as
inductive reasoning and
abductive reasoning, which are forms of reasoning that are not purely deductive, but include
material inference. Similarly, it is important to distinguish deductive validity and inductive validity (called "strength"). An inference is deductively valid
if and only if there is no possible situation in which all the premises are true but the conclusion false. An inference is inductively strong if and only if its premises give some degree of probability to its conclusion.
The notion of deductive validity can be rigorously stated for systems of formal logic in terms of the well-understood notions of
semantics. Inductive validity, on the other hand, requires us to define a reliable generalization of some set of observations. The task of providing this definition may be approached in various ways, some less formal than others; some of these definitions may use logical association
rule induction, while others may use
mathematical models of probability such as
decision trees. For the most part this discussion of logic deals only with deductive logic.
Abductive reasoning is a form of
inference which goes from an observation to a
theory which accounts for the observation, ideally seeking to find the simplest and most likely explanation. In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do not guarantee the conclusion. One can understand abductive reasoning as "inference to the best explanation".
Critical thinking
Critical thinking, also called critical analysis, is clear, rational thinking involving
critique
Critique is a method of disciplined, systematic study of a written or oral discourse. Although critique is commonly understood as fault finding and negative judgment,Rodolphe Gasché (2007''The honor of thinking: critique, theory, philosophy''p ...
.
Dialectic
Dialectic is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments. It has been the object of study since ancient times, but only recently has it been the subject of attempts at formalisation.
Illogical thinking and irrational processes
Illogicality in terms of thinking processes are, as defined by researchers such as
Aaron T. Beck
Aaron Temkin Beck (July 18, 1921 – November 1, 2021) was an American psychiatrist who was a professor in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. , cognitive distortions that cause abnormal functioning. The state of
depression often feeds off of
illogical thinking and results in victims being mired in self-defeating conclusions. Patients seeking psychological help may suffer from problems of
over-generalization, becoming mired in general, negative conclusions on the basis of essentially insignificant life events.
Cognitive behavioral therapy can assist individuals in recognizing their own habits of faulty logic and slanted interpretations of past experiences.
On the other hand, depression in the sense of "Weltschmerz" in its non-aesthetically realistic and non-positivistic nature is intrinsically logical and rational. Some philosophers assert that the question of value of life has not been answered in psychologically pleasing way without embracing circular reasoning fallacy.
In the socio-political context, the ability to amalgamate disparate, conflicting interests and passions into an illogical synthesis has been labeled as a possible strength, albeit one with concurrent weaknesses, by literary publications such as ''
Blackwood's Magazine
''Blackwood's Magazine'' was a British magazine and miscellany printed between 1817 and 1980. It was founded by the publisher William Blackwood and was originally called the ''Edinburgh Monthly Magazine''. The first number appeared in April 1817 ...
'':
See also
*
Alogia
*
Dysrationalia
References
{{Reflist
Bibliography
*Robert Hanna, 2009. Rationality and Logic. MIT Press.
Logic
Reasoning