''Livistona'' is a genus of

palm Palm most commonly refers to: * Palm of the hand, the central region of the front of the hand * Palm plants, of family Arecaceae **List of Arecaceae genera * Several other plants known as "palm" Palm or Palms may also refer to: Music * Palm (ba ...

s, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia,

Australasia Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically, physiogeographically, philologically, and ecologi ...

, and the Horn of Africa. They are

fan palm Fan palm as a descriptive term can refer to any of several different kinds of palms (Arecaceae) in various genera with leaves that are palmately lobed (rather than pinnately compound). Most are members of the subfamily Coryphoideae, though a few ...

s, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. '' L. speciosa'', locally called ''kho'', gives its name to Khao Kho District in

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

Taxonomy

The genus was established by Robert Brown in his ''

Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae ''Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen'' (Prodromus of the Flora of New Holland and Van Diemen's Land) is a flora of Australia written by botanist Robert Brown and published in 1810. Often referred to as ''Prodromus Flora Novae ...

'' (1810) to accommodate his descriptions of two species collected during an expedition to Australia. The names published by Brown were '' Livistona humilis'' and '' L. inermis'', describing material he had collected in the north of Australia, a partial taxonomic revision in 1963 nominated the first of these as the

lectotype In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the ...

. His collaborator

Ferdinand Bauer Ferdinand Lucas Bauer (20 January 1760 – 17 March 1826) was an Austrian botanical illustrator who travelled on Matthew Flinders' expedition to Australia. Biography Early life and career Bauer was born in Feldsberg in 1760, the youngest son ...

, the botanist and master illustrator, produced artworks to accompany Brown's descriptions, but these were not published until 1838. In 1983 a species of palm from

Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...

was formally transferred to the genus by

John Dransfield John Dransfield (born 1945) is an honorary research fellow and former head of palm research at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom, as well as being an authority on the phylogenetic classification of palms. Dransfield has written o ...

and

Natalie Whitford Uhl Natalie Whitford Uhl (1919–2017) was an American botanistIPNI: Natalie Whitf ...

. The Australian members of the genus were subjected to a taxonomic revision by

Tony Rodd Anthony Norman Rodd, known as Tony Rodd, (born 1940) is an Australian botanist. Names published (incomplete list) * ''Livistona fulva'' Rodd 1998. Revision of ''Livistona'' (Arecaceae) in Australia. ''Telopea'' 8(1): 103. * '' Livistona kimbe ...

in 1998. Rodd added five new Australian species, increasing the size of the genus. Another species was described from Vietnam in 2000. In 2009

John Leslie Dowe John Leslie Dowe is an Australian botanistIPNI: John Leslie Dowe
''The Interna ...

published the latest monograph on the genus. Along with the Indonesian botanist Johanis P. Mogea and Anders Sánchez Barfod from Denmark, he had described five new species in the previous years, further swelling the genus. For much of the history of the genus, the species of the genus ''

Saribus ''Saribus'' is a genus of palms (family Arecaceae), native to Southeast Asia, Papuasia and Pacific Islands. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. '' Livistona'' is ...

'' were classified within the genus ''Livistona''.

Phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

studies using DNA comparisons of numerous species in the different genera in the

Trachycarpeae Trachycarpeae is a Tribe (biology), tribe of palms in subfamily Coryphoideae of the plant family Arecaceae. It has the widest distribution of any tribe in Coryphoideae and is found on all continents (except Antarctica), though the greatest concen ...

tribe of palms, however, found that the species from the

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New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...

and other surrounding regions were more closely related to '' Pholidocarpus'', ''

Licuala ''Licuala'' is a genus of palms, in the tribe Trachycarpeae, commonly found in tropical forests of southern China, Southeast Asia, the Himalayas, New Guinea and the western Pacific Ocean islands. Description and uses ''Licuala'' spp. are fa ...

'' and '' Johannesteijsmannia'' than they were to ''Livistona'', which advocated separating the two groups taxonomically. The genus was thus revised again by Christine D. Bacon and William J. Baker in 2011, with ''Saribus'' split off and combined with '' Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi'', decreasing the genus again.

Etymology

Robert Brown named the genus ''Livistona'' after Patrick Murray (1634–1671), Baron of Livingston, a botanist and horticulturist, who was largely responsible for establishing the

botanical gardens A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms ''botanic'' and ''botanical'' and ''garden'' or ''gardens'' are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word ''botanic'' is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens, an ...

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian on the southern shore of t ...

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...

. Brown's praise for the early horticulturist begins, "''… in memoriam viri nobilis Patricii Murray Baronis de Livistone,''", and the Latinised name of the genus is evidently derived from the name of the family's seat.

Distribution

The genus has a disjunct distribution, which is split into three contiguous areas. The range of '' Livistona carinensis'' in Africa is very far away from that of the other species in the genus. In 1983

and

Natalie Whitford Uhl Natalie Whitford Uhl (1919–2017) was an American botanistIPNI: Natalie Whitf ...

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

, including areas between it and the rest, but that prehistoric

climate change In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to ...

split them. Later DNA evidence of a mass of ancient extinctions between ''L. carinensis'' and the rest is thought to corroborate the theory. The recognition of ''Saribus'' has split the remaining distribution into a group of species found in Australia and southern

, and another group of species in

East East or Orient is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth. Etymology As in other languages, the word is formed from the fac ...

and

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainlan ...

Species

The classification of the genus has been the subject of a number of recent revisions which have reduced the number of species since the 2009 monograph. The following is an uncritical list of species: * '' Livistona alfredii'' F.Muell. - Australia:

Western Australia Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...

* '' Livistona australis'' ( R.Br.) Mart. – Cabbage-tree palm - Australia:

New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , establishe ...

Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada * Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory * Victoria, Seychelle ...

* '' Livistona benthamii'' F.M.Bailey - Australia: Queensland,

Northern Territory The Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. The Northern Territory shares its borders with Western Aust ...

;

* '' Livistona boninensis'' ( Becc.) Nakai -

Bonin Islands The Bonin Islands, also known as the , are an archipelago of over 30 subtropical and tropical islands, some directly south of Tokyo, Japan and northwest of Guam. The name "Bonin Islands" comes from the Japanese word ''bunin'' (an archaic read ...

* '' Livistona carinensis'' ( Chiov.)

J.Dransf. John Dransfield (born 1945) is an honorary research fellow and former head of palm research at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom, as well as being an authority on the phylogenetic classification of palms. Dransfield has written o ...

& N.W.Uhl -

Djibouti Djibouti, ar, جيبوتي ', french: link=no, Djibouti, so, Jabuuti officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red ...

Yemen Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, north and ...

* ''

Livistona chinensis ''Livistona chinensis'', the Chinese fan palm or fountain palm, is a species of subtropical palm tree of east Asia. It is native to southern Japan, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands, southeastern China and Hainan. In Japan, two notable populations occ ...

'' ( Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. – Chinese fan palm - Japan: South and Ryukyu Islands, China:

Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...

Hainan Hainan (, ; ) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. , the largest and most populous island in China,The island of Taiwan, which is slightly l ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

; naturalized in

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...

, New Caledonia,

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state ...

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Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

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Bermuda ) , anthem = "God Save the King" , song_type = National song , song = "Hail to Bermuda" , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , mapsize2 = , map_caption2 = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = , es ...

Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and unincorporated ...

, and various island in the

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by t ...

* '' Livistona concinna'' Dowe & Barfod - Australia: Queensland * '' Livistona decora'' ( W.Bull) Dowe - Australia: Queensland * '' Livistona drudei'' F.Muell. ex Drude - Australia: Queensland * '' Livistona eastonii'' C.A.Gardner, known as darngarna on the

Mitchell Plateau Mitchell River National Park is a national park in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, northeast of Perth. The park adjoins the northern boundary of the Prince Regent National Park. The nearest towns are Derby, to the southwest, as wel ...

- Australia: Western Australia * '' Livistona endauensis''

& K.M.Wong - Peninsular Malaysia * '' Livistona exigua''

Brunei Brunei ( , ), formally Brunei Darussalam ( ms, Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: , ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its South China Sea coast, it is completely surrounded by t ...

* '' Livistona fulva''

Rodd Rodd is a surname and may refer to: * Anthony N. Rodd (born 1940), Australian botanist * Brent Clements Rodd (1809–1898), Australian lawyer and landowner * Edward Hearle Rodd (1810–1880), British ornithologist * Francis Rodd, 2nd Baron Rennell ...

- Australia: Queensland * '' Livistona halongensis'' T.H.Nguyên & Kiew -

Ha Long Bay Ha may refer to: Agencies and organizations * Health authority * Hells Angels Motorcycle Club * Highways Agency (now ''National Highways''), UK government body maintaining England's major roads * Homelessness Australia, peak body organisation ...

Islands in

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...

* '' Livistona humilis'' R.Br. - Australia: Northern Territory * '' Livistona inermis'' R.Br. - Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland * '' Livistona jenkinsiana'' Griff. -

Bhutan Bhutan (; dz, འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, Druk Yul ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan,), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is situated in the Eastern Himalayas, between China in the north and India in the south. A mountainou ...

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (, ) is a state in Northeastern India. It was formed from the erstwhile North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares ...

Assam Assam (; ) is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur ...

;

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

, Thailand, China:

Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the C ...

* '' Livistona lanuginosa''

- Australia: Queensland * '' Livistona lorophylla'' Becc.. - Australia: Northern Territory, Western Australia * '' Livistona mariae'' F.Muell. – three subspecies Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland * '' Livistona muelleri'' F.M.Bailey - Australia: Queensland; New Guinea * '' Livistona nasmophila'' Dowe & D.L.Jones - Australia: Western Australia * '' Livistona nitida''

– Carnarvon Fan Palm - Australia: Queensland * '' Livistona saribus'' ( Lour.) Merr. ex A. Chev. -

Indochina Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula or Indochina, is the continental portion of Southeast Asia. It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west an ...

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and ea ...

, Java,

; naturalized in

Polynesia Polynesia () "many" and νῆσος () "island"), to, Polinisia; mi, Porinihia; haw, Polenekia; fj, Polinisia; sm, Polenisia; rar, Porinetia; ty, Pōrīnetia; tvl, Polenisia; tkl, Polenihia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, made up of ...

, China: Guangdong, Yunnan * ''

Livistona speciosa ''Livistona speciosa'' is a species of fan palm in the family Arecaceae. Description and distribution It is a tall palm that can reach 25 m in length and a diameter of 30 cm. It has large fan-shaped leaves. ''Livistona speciosa'' is native ...

'' Kurz - Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia,

Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...

, southern China * '' Livistona tahanensis'' Becc. - Pahang in Malaysia * '' Livistona victoriae'' Rodd - Australia: Western Australia, Northern Territory Livistona humilis Bauer in Martius Historia naturalis palmarum plate 110

Livistona humilis Bauer in Martius Historia naturalis palmarum plate 110

;Formerly placed here * '' Pholidocarpus kingianus'' ( Becc.) Ridl. (''Livistona kingiana'') * ''

Pritchardia gaudichaudii The genus ''Pritchardia'' (family Arecaceae) consists of between 24 and 40 species of fan palms (subfamily Coryphoideae) found on tropical Pacific Ocean islands in Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Tuamotus, and most diversely in Hawaii. The generic name ho ...

'' ( Mart.) H.Wendl. (''Livistona gaudichaudii'') * '' Pritchardia martii'' ( Gaudich.) H.Wendl. (''Livistona martii'') * ''

Saribus brevifolius ''Saribus brevifolius'' is a species of palm tree in the genus '' Saribus'', which has only been found in the Kawe and Gag Islands in the archipelago of the Raja Ampat Islands, which lie off the north-west tip of the Bird's Head Peninsula in In ...

'' (Dowe & Mogea) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona brevifolia'') * ''

Saribus chocolatinus ''Saribus chocolatinus'' is a species of palm tree in the genus ''Saribus'', which is native to Papua New Guinea. It is a fan palm. It is known as ''manganau'' in the Kamiali (Lababia) dialect of the Kala language. Taxonomy ''Saribus chocolatinu ...

'' (Dowe) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona chocolatina'') * ''

Saribus merrillii ''Saribus'' is a genus of palms (family Arecaceae), native to Southeast Asia, Papuasia and Pacific Islands. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. '' Livistona'' is ...

'' ( Becc.) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona merrillii'', ''L. whitfordii'', ''L. blancoi'') * ''

Saribus papuanus ''Saribus'' is a genus of palms (family Arecaceae), native to Southeast Asia, Papuasia and Pacific Islands. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. '' Livistona'' is ...

'' ( Becc.)

Kuntze Kuntze is a surname of German origin. People with that name include: * Carl Kuntze (1922-2006), Dutch rower who competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics * Edward J. Kuntze (1826-1870), Prussian-born American sculptor * Otto Kuntze (1843-1907), German ...

- (''Livistona papuana'') * ''

Saribus rotundifolius ''Saribus rotundifolius'', also known as the footstool palm, is a common fan palm found in Southeast Asia. It is a member of the genus ''Saribus''. Common names It is called ''anáhaw'' or ''luyong'' in Filipino. In Malay the palm is known as ...

'' ( Lam.) Blume (''Livistona rotundifolia'', ''L. altissima, ''L. microcarpa, ''L. mindorensis'') * ''

Saribus surru ''Saribus'' is a genus of palms (family Arecaceae), native to Southeast Asia, Papuasia and Pacific Islands. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. '' Livistona'' is ...

'' ( Dowe & Barfod) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona surru'') * ''

Saribus tothur ''Saribus'' is a genus of palms (family Arecaceae), native to Southeast Asia, Papuasia and Pacific Islands. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. '' Livistona'' is ...

'' (Dowe & Barfod) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona tothur'') * ''

Saribus woodfordii ''Saribus woodfordii'' is a species of fan palm which is native to an area from southeastern Papua New Guinea to the Solomon Islands. Taxonomy ''S. woodfordii'' was first collected in 1897 or 1898 on the island of Makira, also known as San Cris ...

'' ( Ridl.) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona woodfordii'', ''L. beccariana'')

Ecology

''Livistona'' species are used as food plants by the

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ...

e of some Lepidoptera species. In Australia the species '' Cephrenes trichopepla'' and ''C. augiades sperthias'' have been recorded on a number of different ''Livistona'' species, in Asia '' Elymnias hypermnestra'' and likely ''

Gangara thyrsis ''Gangara thyrsis'', commonly known as the giant redeye, is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae. It breeds on a number of palm species. Range It is found in Sri Lanka and India. Description The male and female are dark chocolate b ...

'' feed on ''Livistona''. A number of other Lepidoptera which do not naturally occur to the native range of the genus ''Livistona'' have been recorded feeding on these palms, including '' Batrachedra arenosella'' (recorded on ''L. subglobosa''), ''Brassolis astyra astyra'', '' Opsiphanes cassina'', ''O. invirae'' and '' Paysandisia archon''. ''P. archon'' is a giant day-flying moth of which the caterpillars known to attack the piths of a number of these palm species, along with many other genera, at least in Europe, where neither the moth nor palms are native. It can kill the palm. It prefers genera of palm with more hairy trunks like '' Trachycarpus'', '' Trithrinax'' or '' Chamaerops''.

References

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q132836 Arecaceae genera