Liuboml
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:''This page deals with a city in Ukraine. For the film named after this city, see
Luboml (film) ''Luboml: My Heart Remembers'' is a 2003 documentary film produced by Eileen Douglas and Ron Steinman and funded by The Aaron Ziegelman Foundation. It compiles survivor interviews, archival photographs and film footage to reconstruct a sense of li ...
.'' Liuboml ( uk, Любомль, Ljuboml’; russian: Любомль, Polish and german: Luboml, yi, ליבעוונע ''Libevne'') is a town located in the western part of
Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...
, in the
Volyn Oblast Volyn Oblast ( uk, Воли́нська о́бласть, translit=Volýnsʹka óblastʹ; also referred to as Volyn or Lodomeria) is an oblast (province) in northwestern Ukraine. Its administrative centre is Lutsk. Kovel is the westernmost town ...
(
province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions out ...
); close to the border with
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...
. It serves as the
administrative center An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located. In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ...
of
Liuboml urban hromada :''This page deals with a city in Ukraine. For the film named after this city, see Luboml (film).'' Liuboml ( uk, Любомль, Ljuboml’; russian: Любомль, Polish and german: Luboml, yi, ליבעוונע ''Libevne'') is a town located ...
(
district A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivision ...
). Population:


Overview

Liuboml is situated southeast of
Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officiall ...
and west of
Kyiv Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Ky ...
, in a historic region known as
Volhynia Volhynia (also spelled Volynia) ( ; uk, Воли́нь, Volyn' pl, Wołyń, russian: Волы́нь, Volýnʹ, ), is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between south-eastern Poland, south-western Belarus, and western Ukraine. The ...
; not far from the border with
Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...
to the north, and
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...
to the west. Because of its strategic location at the crossroads of Central and Eastern Europe, Liuboml had a long history of changing rule, dating back to the 11th century. The territory of Volhynia first belonged to
Kyivan Rus' Kievan Rusʹ, also known as Kyivan Rusʹ ( orv, , Rusĭ, or , , ; Old Norse: ''Garðaríki''), was a state in Eastern and Northern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical Atlas of ...
, then to the Kingdom of Poland, the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Crown of the Kingdom of ...
, the Russian Empire, interwar Poland, the USSR, and finally to sovereign Ukraine.


History

The settlement was first mentioned in written documents from the 13th century.Любомль // Советский энциклопедический словарь. редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. 4-е изд. М., «Советская энциклопедия», 1986. стр.734 Until the
Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government ...
of 1917, it was a settlement in Vladimir-Volynsky Uyezd of
Volhynian Governorate Volhynian Governorate or Volyn Governorate (russian: Волы́нская губе́рния, translit=Volynskaja gubernija, uk, Волинська губернія, translit=Volynska huberniia) was an administrative-territorial unit initially ...
of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...
; from 1921 to September 1939 it was an
administrative centre An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located. In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ...
of an urban county in the Wołyń Voivodeship of
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...
. A local newspaper is published here since 1939. Before the ensuing Holocaust, Luboml was a town with the highest percentage of Jews anywhere in the country by 1931, exceeding 94% of the total population of over 3,300 people. In
Yiddish Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ve ...
, the town was called ''Libivne''. During World War II, Liuboml was occupied twice. It remained under the German occupation from 25 June 1941 until 19 July 1944 in the years following the anti-Soviet
Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa (german: link=no, Unternehmen Barbarossa; ) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during the Second World War. The operation, code-named afte ...
. It was administered as a part of the Nazi German ''
Reichskommissariat Ukraine During World War II, (abbreviated as RKU) was the civilian occupation regime () of much of Nazi German-occupied Ukraine (which included adjacent areas of modern-day Belarus and pre-war Second Polish Republic). It was governed by the Reic ...
''. The entire Jewish community of Liuboml was annihilated in a mass shooting action conducted in 1942 on the outskirts of town in the deadliest phase of
the Holocaust The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europ ...
. The town's Jews along with refugees from western Poland estimated at around 4,500 people, were taken by the German ''
Einsatzgruppen (, ; also ' task forces') were (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–1945) in German-occupied Europe. The had an integral role in the im ...
'' aided by the local Ukrainian collaborators and
Auxiliary Police Auxiliary police, also called special police, are usually the part-time reserves of a regular police force. They may be armed or unarmed. They may be unpaid volunteers or paid members of the police service with which they are affiliated. The po ...
to nearby pits and shot. There were 51 known survivors from the virtually eradicated town. Liuboml was repopulated during the postwar repatriations. In January 1989 the population was 10 124 people.Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность городского населения союзных республик, их территориальных единиц, городских поселений и городских районов по полу
/ref>Любомль // Большой энциклопедический словарь (в 2-х тт.). / редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. том 1. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1991. стр.736


Historical and Cultural Heritage Monuments

The town's landmarks include St. George's Church, built in the 16th century in place of a 13th-century Orthodox church which previously occupied the site, and the Trinity Church, which goes back to 1412, but was subsequently rebuilt, with a belfry from 1640. Prior to Second World War, the grand synagogue was a dominant landmark as well, before its meticulous destruction.


Gallery

File:Luboml'_Gorodysche Zamchysche 02 (YDS_7186).jpg, Site of Ancient Settlement with the castle hill and fosse (“Fossia”) in the city centre, XIII-XIV cent. File: Luboml'_Gorodysche Zamchysche 01 (YDS_7181).jpg, Sign of Ancient Settlement of XIII-XIV cent. in the city centre File:Liuboml Volynska-archeological site Gord-Settlement-first&second.jpg, Ancient Settlement in hole “Shopy”, X cent. File:Liuboml Volynska-archeological site Gord-Settlement-first sign-2.jpg, Sign of Ancient Settlement in hole “Shopy”, X cent. File:Luboml' Georgiyivs'ka Tserkva 03 (YDS 7223).jpg, Saint George Church (1264), entrance view File:Luboml' Georgiyivs'ka Tserkva 01 (YDS 7179).jpg, Saint George Church (1264), side view File:Church of the Holy Trinity in Lyuboml with bell tower 2.JPG, Kostel of the Holy Trinity (1412) with bell tower (1764), complex File:Catholic church in Lyuboml. View from south side.JPG , Kostel of the Holy Trinity (1412), side view File:The bell tower of the church of the Holy Trinity in Lyuboml.JPG, Bell Tower (1764) of Kostel of the Holy Trinity, entrance view File:Luboml' Tserkva Rizdva Bogorodytsi 01 (YDS 7208).jpg, Nativity of Virgin Mary Church (wooden, 1884) File:Luboml' Tserkva Rizdva Bogorodytsi 03 (YDS 7211).jpg, Nativity of Virgin Mary Church, entrance view File:Luboml' Palats Branyts;kyh 01 (YDS 7241).jpg, Palace of polish counts Branicki (2nd half of XVIII cent) File: Luboml' Palats Branyts'kyh 03 (YDS 7238).jpg, Palace of polish counts Branicki, back view File:Синагога м. Любомль.jpg, Great Synagogue (1510) ruined in 1947 File:Luboml' Zabudova Tsentral'noui Ploschi 01 (YDS 7221).jpg, Historical central square buildings (faced) File:Luboml' Zabudova Tsentral'noui Ploschi 02 (YDS 7222).jpg, Historical market place buildings File:Пам’ятник Б. Хмельницькому у м. Любомль.JPG, Statue of Bohdan Khmelnytskiy


See also

* '' Luboml: My Heart Remembers'', a documentary film that describes Jewish life in Liuboml between the two World Wars and mourns the town's Jewish population, lost during
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
. * Sonia Orbuch A Jewish resistance fighter from Lubom


References


Luboml.org
website in remembrance of the vanished Jewish community. {{Authority control Cities in Volyn Oblast Ruthenian Voivodeship Volhynian Governorate Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939) Shtetls Cities of district significance in Ukraine Holocaust locations in Ukraine