This is a list of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire. The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force.Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, ''A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk'', Pleager Security International, , 2009, p. 1. This was centralized by

Osman I Osman I or Osman Ghazi ( ota, عثمان غازى, translit= ʿOsmān Ġāzī; tr, I. Osman or ''Osman Gazi''; died 1323/4), sometimes transliterated archaically as Othman, was the founder of the Ottoman Empire (first known as the Ottoman Bey ...

from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

in the late 13th century.

Orhan I Orhan Ghazi ( ota, اورخان غازی; tr, Orhan Gazi, also spelled Orkhan, 1281 – March 1362) was the second bey of the Ottoman Beylik from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in Söğüt, as the son of Osman I. In the early stages of his r ...

organized a standing army paid by salary rather than

looting Looting is the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force, typically in the midst of a military, political, or other social crisis, such as war, natural disasters (where law and civil enforcement are temporarily ineffective), or rioting. ...

or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century. The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by

Safavid Persia Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia (), also referred to as the Safavid Empire, '. was one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often conside ...

and

Mughal India The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the d ...

. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder

artillery Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during si ...

. By the time of

Sultan Mehmed II Mehmed II ( ota, محمد ثانى, translit=Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; tr, II. Mehmed, ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( ota, ابو الفتح, Ebū'l-fetḥ, lit=the Father of Conquest, links=no; tr, Fâtih Su ...

, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world." The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing army.Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179–181. . The

Ottoman Classical Army Ottoman is the Turkish spelling of the Arabic masculine given name Uthman ( ar, عُثْمان, ‘uthmān). It may refer to: Governments and dynasties * Ottoman Caliphate, an Islamic caliphate from 1517 to 1924 * Ottoman Empire, in existence fro ...

was the military structure established by

Mehmed II Mehmed II ( ota, محمد ثانى, translit=Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; tr, II. Mehmed, ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( ota, ابو الفتح, Ebū'l-fetḥ, lit=the Father of Conquest, links=no; tr, Fâtih Su ...

. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by Sultan

Mahmud II Mahmud II ( ota, محمود ثانى, Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî, tr, II. Mahmud; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, ...

on 15 June 1826 by what is known as

Auspicious Incident The Auspicious Incident (or EventGoodwin, pp. 296–299.) (Ottoman Turkish: ''Vaka-i Hayriye'', "Fortunate Event" in Constantinople; ''Vaka-i Şerriyye'', "Unfortunate Incident" in the Balkans) was the forced disbandment of the centuries-old J ...

. By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.

Rise (1299–1453)

: : :

Classical Age (1453–1566)

Transformation (1566–1703)

*1568–1918

Russo-Turkish Wars The Russo-Turkish wars (or Ottoman–Russian wars) were a series of twelve wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in European histo ...

*1568–1570

Russo-Turkish War The Russo-Turkish wars (or Ottoman–Russian wars) were a series of twelve wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in European histo ...

*1570–1572 Russo-Crimean War *1570–1573 Ottoman–Venetian War *1571

Battle of Lepanto The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states (comprising Spain and its Italian territories, several independent Italian states, and the Soverei ...

*1574

Conquest of Tunis (1574) The conquest of Tunis in 1574 marked the conquest of Tunis by the Ottoman Empire over the Spanish Empire, which had seized the place a year earlier. The event virtually determined the supremacy in North Africa vied between both empires in favour ...

*1576 Moroccan Civil War *1578 Moroccan–Portuguese War *1578 Caucasian Campaign *1578–1590 Ottoman–Safavid War *1586–1589 Ottoman–Portuguese War *1585 Ottoman–Druze War *1589 Beylerbeyi Event *1590–1610

Celali rebellions The Celali rebellions ( tr, Celalî ayaklanmaları), were a series of rebellions in Anatolia of irregular troops led by bandit chiefs and provincial officials known as ''celalî'', ''celâli'', or ''jelālī'', against the authority of the Ottom ...

*1593–1606 Long War *1593–1617

Moldavian Magnate Wars The Moldavian Magnate Wars, or Moldavian Ventures, refer to the period at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century when the magnates of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth intervened in the affairs of Moldavia, clashi ...

*1594 Uprising in Banat *1596–1597 Serb uprising of 1596–1597 *1598

First Tarnovo Uprising The First Tarnovo uprising ( bg, Първо търновско въстание, ''Parvo tarnovsko vastanie'') was a Bulgarian uprising against Ottoman rule based in the former Bulgarian capital, Tarnovo, that broke out in 1598 and was severely ...

*1603–1612 Ottoman–Safavid War *1611 Epirus Revolt of 1611 *1611–1613 Ottoman–Druze War *1615–1618 Ottoman–Safavid War *1620–1621 Polish–Ottoman War *1622–1628

Abaza rebellion The Abaza rebellion is the name given to uprisings that occurred in the 17th century in the Ottoman Empire during the reigns of Mustafa I (1622–23) and Murat IV (1623–40). The name of the rebellion refers to Abaza Mehmet (or Abaza for short), ...

*1623–1639 Ottoman–Safavid War *1631–1635 Ottoman–Druze War *1633–1634 Polish–Ottoman War *1645–1669 Cretan War *1648 Atmeydanı Incident *1656 Çınar Incident *1658–1667 Druze power struggle *1663–1664 Austro-Turkish War *1666–1671 Polish–Cossack–Tatar War *1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War *1676–1681

*1683–1699

Great Turkish War The Great Turkish War (german: Großer Türkenkrieg), also called the Wars of the Holy League ( tr, Kutsal İttifak Savaşları), was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Pola ...

*1686 Second Tarnovo Uprising *1688 Chiprovtsi Uprising *1689 Karposh's Rebellion *1700–1721

Great Northern War The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swe ...

Old Regime (1703–1789)

*1703 1703 Edirne Incident *1703 Invasion of Georgia *1710–1711

*1713 Skirmish at Bender *1714–1718 Ottoman–Venetian War *1716–1718 Austro-Turkish War *1722-1730 Syunik rebellion *1726–1727 Ottoman–Hotaki War *1730 Patrona Halil *1730–1735 Ottoman–Safavid War *1732 Spanish reconquest of Oran *1735–1739

*1737–1739 Austro-Turkish War *1743–1746 Ottoman–Afsharid War *1768–1774

*1769–1772

Danish–Algerian War The Danish–Algerian War was a conflict lasting from 1769 to 1772 between Denmark–Norway and Deylik of Algiers which was a province of the Ottoman Empire, but it was mostly functionally independent. It is also known as the Algerian Expedition, ...

*1770 Orlov Revolt *1770 Invasion of Mani (1770) *1773–1775

Pugachev's Rebellion Pugachev's Rebellion (, ''Vosstaniye Pugachyova''; also called the Peasants' War 1773–1775 or Cossack Rebellion) of 1773–1775 was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine ...

*1775–1776 Ottoman–Zand War *1787–1791 Austro-Turkish War *1787–1792

Decline and modernization (1789–1908)

*1792–1802

French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Pruss ...

*1793–1795 Tripolitanian civil war *1798–1801

French campaign in Egypt and Syria The French campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, proclaimed to defend French trade interests, to establish scientific enterprise in the region. It was the p ...

*1798–1802

War of the Second Coalition The War of the Second Coalition (1798/9 – 1801/2, depending on periodisation) was the second war on revolutionary France by most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, N ...

*1801–1805 First Barbary War *1803–1815

Napoleonic Wars The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of Fre ...

** 1806–1812

** 1807–1809 Anglo-Turkish War *1803 Souliote War *1803 Invasion of Mani (1803) *1803–1807 Rise of Muhammad Ali *1804–1817 Serbian–Ottoman Wars *1804–1813

First Serbian Uprising The First Serbian Uprising ( sr, Prvi srpski ustanak, italics=yes, sr-Cyrl, Први српски устанак; tr, Birinci Sırp Ayaklanması) was an uprising of Serbs in the Sanjak of Smederevo against the Ottoman Empire from 14 February 1 ...

*1806

1806 Edirne Incident The 1806 Edirne Incident was an armed confrontation between the New Order Troops (''Nizam-i Djedid, Nizam-i Djedit)'' of Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Selim III, Sultan Selim III and a coalition of Balkans, Balkan magnates, Ottoman Ayan, Ayans, and the ...

*1807 Invasion of Mani (1807) *1807–1808 Ottoman coups of 1807–08 *1811–1818

Ottoman–Saudi War The Ottoman-Saudi War ( ar, الحرب العثمانية-السعودية, translit=al-ḥarb al-ʿUthmānīyah-al-Saʿūdīyah, ) also known as the Ottoman/Egyptian-Saudi War (1811–1818) was fought from early 1811 to 1818, between the Ot ...

*1815 Invasion of Mani (1815) *1815

Second Barbary War The Second Barbary War (1815) or the U.S.–Algerian War was fought between the United States and the North African Barbary Coast states of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers. The war ended when the United States Senate ratified Commodore Stephen ...

*1815–1817 Second Serbian Uprising *1821–1832

Greek War of Independence The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by ...

*1821 Wallachian Revolution of 1821 *1821–1823 Ottoman–Qajar War *1828–1829

*1829–1830 Revolt of Atçalı Kel Mehmet *1830–1903

French conquest of Algeria The French invasion of Algeria (; ) took place between 1830 and 1903. In 1827, an argument between Hussein Dey, the ruler of the Deylik of Algiers, and the French consul escalated into a blockade, following which the July Monarchy of France inva ...

*1831–1832 Great Bosnian uprising *1831–1833 Egyptian–Ottoman War *1833–1839

Albanian Revolts of 1833–39 Albanian may refer to: *Pertaining to Albania in Southeast Europe; in particular: **Albanians, an ethnic group native to the Balkans **Albanian language **Albanian culture **Demographics of Albania, includes other ethnic groups within the country ...

*1834

1834 Arab revolt in Palestine The Peasants' Revolt was a rebellion against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies in Palestine. While rebel ranks consisted mostly of the local peasantry, urban notables and Bedouin tribes also formed an integral part of the revolt, whi ...

*1835–1858 Libyan revolt *1838

1838 Druze revolt The 1838 Druze revoltGoren, Haim. ''Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East.'' p.95-96. was a Druze uprising in Syria against the authority of Ibrahim Pasha and effectively against the Egypt Eyalet, ruled by ...

*1839–1841 Egyptian–Ottoman War *1841

Cretan Revolt (1841) The Cretan Revolt of 1841 was one of many revolutions of the local Greeks to free themselves from the Ottoman Empire. It was part of what is known as the Eastern Question and more specifically the Egyptian-Ottoman War of 1839-1841, where Muhamm ...

*1843–1844

Albanian Revolt of 1843–44 The Albanian Revolt of 1843–1844, variously also known as the Revolt of 1844 or the Uprising of Dervish Cara ( sq, Kryengritja e Dervish Carës),Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung Volume 140 of Südosteuropäische Arb ...

*1847

Albanian Revolt of 1847 The Albanian Revolt of 1847 was a 19th-century uprising in southern Albania directed against Ottoman Tanzimat reforms which started in 1839 and were gradually being put in action in the regions of Albania. Background The primary aim of the Tanz ...

*1848 Wallachian Revolution of 1848 *1852–1878 Serbian–Ottoman Wars *1852–1862 Herzegovina Uprising (1852–1862) *1852–1853

Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) Montenegrin–Ottoman War may refer to: * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) *Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) Montenegrin–Ottoman War may refer to: * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) *Montenegr ...

*1853–1856

Crimean War The Crimean War, , was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Piedmont-Sardinia. Geopolitical causes of the war included the ...

*1854

Epirus Revolt of 1854 The 1854 revolt in Epirus was one of the most important of a series of Greek uprisings that occurred in the Ottoman Greece during that period. When the Crimean War (1854–1856) broke out, many Epirote Greeks, with tacit support from the Greek st ...

*1854 Macedonian Revolution of 1854 *1858

Battle of Grahovac The Battle of Grahovac took place in the eponymous village of Grahovac from 11 to 13 May 1858, when the Montenegrin Grand Duke Mirko Petrović-Njegoš led the army of Principality of Montenegro against the Ottomans, ending in a decisive Monte ...

*1858

Cretan Revolt (1858) Cretan Revolt may refer to one of the following uprisings in Crete: Under Venetian rule * Cretan Revolt (1212) of the Hagiostephanites family * Cretan Revolt (1217) of the Skordiles and Melissenos families * Cretan Revolt (1222) of the Melissenos f ...

*1860 Lebanon conflict *1861–1862

Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) Montenegrin–Ottoman War may refer to: * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) *Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) Montenegrin–Ottoman War may refer to: * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) * Monteneg ...

*1862 Zeitun Rebellion (1862) *1866–1869 Cretan Revolt (1866–69) *1875–1877 Herzegovina Uprising (1875–1877) *1876

April Uprising The April Uprising ( bg, Априлско въстание, Aprilsko vastanie) was an insurrection organised by the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire from April to May 1876. The regular Ottoman Army and irregular bashi-bazouk units brutally su ...

*1876 Razlovtsi insurrection *1876–1878

Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) Montenegrin–Ottoman War may refer to: *Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) *Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) Montenegrin–Ottoman War may refer to: * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) *Montenegri ...

*1876–1877 First Serbian–Ottoman War *1877–1878

*1877–1878 Second Serbian–Ottoman War *1878 Kumanovo uprising *1878 Epirus Revolt of 1878 *1878

Macedonian Revolution of 1878 The 1878 Macedonian rebellion ( el, Μακεδονική επανάσταση του 1878) was a Greek rebellion launched in opposition to the Treaty of San Stefano, according to which the bulk of Macedonia would be annexed to Bulgaria, and in fa ...

*1878

Cretan Revolt (1878) The Cretan revolt of 1878 was an insurrection of the Cretan people against the Ottoman occupation of the island. This insurrection is part of a larger movement for independence from the Ottoman Empire, which Crete was part of since the middle of ...

*1878

Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina The campaign to establish Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina lasted from 29 July to 20 October 1878 against the local resistance fighters supported by the Ottoman Empire. The Austro-Hungarian Army entered the country in two large mov ...

*1878–1879

Kresna–Razlog Uprising The Kresna–Razlog Uprising ( bg, Кресненско-Разложко въстание, ''Kresnensko-Razlozhko vastanie''; mk, Кресненско востание, ''Kresnensko vоstanie'', Kresna Uprising) named by the insurgents the Maced ...

*1892–1893 Ottoman–Qatari War *1893–1908

Macedonian Struggle The Macedonian Struggle ( bg, Македонска борба; el, Μακεδονικός Αγώνας; mk, Борба за Македонија; sr, Борба за Македонију; tr, Makedonya Mücadelesi) was a series of social, po ...

*1894 Sasun rebellion *1895–1896 Zeitun Rebellion (1895–96) *1896–1897 Macedonian Revolution of 1896–1897 *1897

Greco-Turkish War of 1897 The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897 ( or ), also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (, ''Mauro '97'') or the Unfortunate War ( el, Ατυχής πόλεμος, Atychis polemos), was a w ...

*1897-1898 Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) *1903

Theriso revolt The Theriso revolt ( el, Επανάσταση του Θερίσου) was an insurrection that broke out in March 1905 against the government of Crete, then an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty. The revolt was led by the Cretan politicia ...

*1903

Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, or simply the Ilinden Uprising of August–October 1903 ( bg, Илинденско-Преображенско въстание, Ilindensko-Preobrazhensko vastanie; mk, Илинденско востание, ...

*1904 Sasun Uprising *1905

Shoubak revolt The Shoubak revolts were a series of uprisings against Ottoman authority in the Transjordanian town of Shoubak that took place in 1900 and 1905. The second uprising started after the Ottoman forces started to put women of the town into forced la ...

*1906 Ottoman–Qajar War

Dissolution (1908–1922)

*1908

Young Turk Revolution The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) was a constitutionalist revolution in the Ottoman Empire. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), an organization of the Young Turks movement, forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the Ottoman Consti ...

*1909

31 March Incident The 31 March Incident ( tr, 31 Mart Vakası, , , or ) was a political crisis within the Ottoman Empire in April 1909, during the Second Constitutional Era. Occurring soon after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, in which the Committee of Union and Pr ...

*1909–1910 Hauran Druze Rebellion *1910 Albanian Revolt of 1910 *1910

Karak revolt The Karak revolt was an uprising against Ottoman authority in the Transjordanian town of Al-Karak, which erupted on 4 December 1910. The revolt came after Sami Pasha, the governor of Damascus, wanted to apply the same measures of conscription, ...

*1911

Albanian Revolt of 1911 The Albanian revolt of 1911 or the Malësori uprising of 1911 was one of many Albanian revolts in the Ottoman Empire and lasted from 24 March 1911 until 4 August 1911 in the region of Malësia. Background The main headquarters of the rebe ...

*1911–1912

Italo-Turkish War The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War ( tr, Trablusgarp Savaşı, "Tripolitanian War", it, Guerra di Libia, "War of Libya") was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 29 September 1911, to 18 October 1912. As a result o ...

*1912 Albanian Revolt of 1912 *1912–1918 Serbian–Ottoman Wars *1912–1913

First Balkan War The First Balkan War ( sr, Први балкански рат, ''Prvi balkanski rat''; bg, Балканска война; el, Αʹ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος; tr, Birinci Balkan Savaşı) lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and invo ...

*1913 Raid on the Sublime Porte *1913

Second Balkan War The Second Balkan War was a conflict which broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 ( O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies ...

*1914–1918

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...

*1917–1923

Russian Civil War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Russian Civil War , partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I , image = , caption = Clockwise from top left: {{flatlist, *Soldiers ...

*1918–1920 Armenian–Azerbaijani War *1919–1923

Turkish War of Independence The Turkish War of Independence "War of Liberation", also known figuratively as ''İstiklâl Harbi'' "Independence War" or ''Millî Mücadele'' "National Struggle" (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by th ...

Notes

References

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