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This is a list of meteorology topics. The terms relate to
meteorology Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did no ...
, the
interdisciplinary Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several other fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, ec ...
scientific study of the
atmosphere An atmosphere () is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A ...
that focuses on
weather Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmosphere, the ...
processes and forecasting. (see also:
List of meteorological phenomena This glossary of meteorology is a list of terms and concepts relevant to meteorology and atmospheric science, their sub-disciplines, and related fields. A ...
)


A

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advection In the field of physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is al ...
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aeroacoustics Aeroacoustics is a branch of acoustics that studies noise generation via either turbulent fluid motion or aerodynamic forces interacting with surfaces. Noise generation can also be associated with periodically varying flows. A notable example of th ...
*
aerobiology Aerobiology (from Greek ἀήρ, ''aēr'', "air"; βίος, ''bios'', "life"; and -λογία, ''-logia'') is a branch of biology that studies organic particles, such as bacteria, fungal spores, very small insects, pollen grains and viruses, ...
*
aerography (meteorology) Aerography is the production of weather charts. The information is supplied by radiosonde observations, principally. ''Constant-pressure'' charts are routinely constructed at standard air pressures. Standard air pressures are 850, 700, 500, 400, ...
*
aerology Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of ...
*
air parcel In fluid dynamics, within the framework of continuum mechanics, a fluid parcel is a very small amount of fluid, identifiable throughout its dynamic history while moving with the fluid flow. As it moves, the mass of a fluid parcel remains constant, ...
(in meteorology) *
air quality index An air quality index (AQI) is used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become. AQI information is obtained by averaging readings from an air quality sensor, wh ...
(AQI) * airshed (in meteorology) *
American Geophysical Union The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members). AGU's ...
(AGU) *
American Meteorological Society The American Meteorological Society (AMS) is the premier scientific and professional organization in the United States promoting and disseminating information about the atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrologic sciences. Its mission is to advance th ...
(AMS) *
anabatic wind An anabatic wind, from the Greek '' anabatos'', verbal of ''anabainein'' meaning moving upward, is a warm wind which blows up a steep slope or mountain side, driven by heating of the slope through insolation.anemometer In meteorology, an anemometer () is a device that measures wind speed and direction. It is a common instrument used in weather stations. The earliest known description of an anemometer was by Italian architect and author Leon Battista Alberti ...
*
annular hurricane An annular tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that features a normal to large, symmetric eye surrounded by a thick and uniform ring of intense convection, often having a relative lack of discrete rainbands, and bearing a symmetric appearanc ...
*
anticyclone An anticyclone is a weather phenomenon defined as a large-scale circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from ...
(in meteorology) *
apparent wind Apparent wind is the wind experienced by a moving object. Definition of apparent wind The ''apparent wind'' is the wind experienced by an observer in motion and is the relative velocity of the wind in relation to the observer. The ''velocity ...
*
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory The Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), a federal research laboratory, is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), located in Miami in the Unite ...
(AOML) *
Atlantic hurricane season The Atlantic hurricane season is the period in a year from June through November when tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean, referred to in North American countries as hurricanes, tropical storms, or tropical depressions. In addition ...
* atmometer *
atmosphere An atmosphere () is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A ...
*
Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) is a standard experimental protocol for global atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). It provides a community-based infrastructure in support of climate model diagnosis, validation, intercomp ...
(AMIP) *
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility (ARM Climate Research Facility) is a multi-laboratory United States Department of Energy scientific user facility used for national and international global climate research efforts. ...
(ARM) * (atmospheric boundary layer BL
planetary boundary layer In meteorology, the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) or peplosphere, is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its behaviour is directly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface. On Ear ...
(PBL) *
atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary approach of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorol ...
*
atmospheric circulation Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth. The Earth's atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, bu ...
*
atmospheric convection Atmospheric convection is the result of a parcel-environment instability, or temperature difference layer in the atmosphere. Different lapse rates within dry and moist air masses lead to instability. Mixing of air during the day which expands the ...
*
atmospheric dispersion modeling Atmospheric dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere. It is performed with computer programs that include algorithms to solve the mathematical equations that govern the pollutant ...
*
atmospheric electricity Atmospheric electricity is the study of electrical charges in the Earth's atmosphere (or that of another planet). The movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electr ...
*
atmospheric icing Atmospheric icing occurs in the atmosphere when water droplets suspended in air freeze on objects they come in contact with. It is not the same as freezing rain, which is caused directly by precipitation. Icing conditions can be particularly dang ...
*
atmospheric physics Within the atmospheric sciences, atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere. Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using fluid flow equations, chem ...
*
atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure, also known as barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as , which is equivalent to 1013.25 millibars, ...
*
atmospheric sciences Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study ...
*
atmospheric stratification The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, known collectively as air, retained by Earth's gravity that surrounds the planet and forms its planetary atmosphere. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing f ...
*
atmospheric thermodynamics Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to- work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate. Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics, to des ...
*
atmospheric window An atmospheric window is a range of wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that can pass through the atmosphere of Earth. The optical, infrared and radio windows comprise the three main atmospheric windows. The windows provide direct channels ...
(see under
Threats A threat is a communication of intent to inflict harm or loss on another person. Intimidation is a tactic used between conflicting parties to make the other timid or psychologically insecure for coercion or control. The act of intimidation for co ...
)


B

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ball lightning Ball lightning is a rare and unexplained phenomenon described as luminescent, spherical objects that vary from pea-sized to several meters in diameter. Though usually associated with thunderstorms, the observed phenomenon is reported to last ...
*
balloon (aircraft) In aeronautics, a balloon is an unpowered aerostat, which remains aloft or floats due to its buoyancy. A balloon may be free, moving with the wind, or tethered to a fixed point. It is distinct from an airship, which is a powered aerostat tha ...
*
baroclinity In fluid dynamics, the baroclinity (often called baroclinicity) of a stratified fluid is a measure of how misaligned the gradient of pressure is from the gradient of density in a fluid. In meteorology a baroclinic flow is one in which the densi ...
* barotropity *
barometer A barometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis ...
("to measure atmospheric pressure") *
berg wind Berg wind (from Afrikaans ''berg'' "mountain" + ''wind'' "wind", i.e. a mountain wind) is the South African name for a katabatic wind: a hot dry wind blowing down the Great Escarpment from the high central plateau to the coast. Overview When ...
*
biometeorology Biometeorology is the interdisciplinary field of science that studies the interactions between the biosphere and the Earth's atmosphere on time scales of the order of seasons or shorter (in contrast with bioclimatology). Examples of relevant proc ...
*
blizzard A blizzard is a severe snowstorm characterized by strong sustained winds and low visibility, lasting for a prolonged period of time—typically at least three or four hours. A ground blizzard is a weather condition where snow is not falling ...
*
bomb (meteorology) Explosive cyclogenesis (also referred to as a weather bomb, meteorological bomb, explosive development, bomb cyclone, or bombogenesis) is the rapid deepening of an extratropical cyclonic low-pressure area. The change in pressure needed to clas ...
*
buoyancy Buoyancy (), or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of a partially or fully immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus the ...
*
Bureau of Meteorology The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM or BoM) is an executive agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas. It was established in 1906 under the Meteorology Act, and brought together ...
(in Australia)


C

* Canada Weather Extremes *
Canadian Hurricane Centre The Canadian Hurricane Centre (CHC; french: Centre canadien de prévision des ouragans) is an organisation that monitors and warns of the threat of tropical cyclones such as hurricanes and tropical storms. CHC is a division of the Meteorological Se ...
(CHC) *
Cape Verde-type hurricane A Cape Verde hurricane or Cabo Verde hurricane is an Atlantic hurricane that originates at low-latitude in the deep tropics from a tropical wave that has passed over or near the Cape Verde islands after exiting the coast of West Africa. The avera ...
*
capping inversion A capping inversion is an elevated inversion layer that caps a convective planetary boundary layer. The boundary layer is the part of the atmosphere which is closest to the ground. Normally, the sun heats the ground, which in turn heats th ...
(in meteorology) (see "severe thunderstorms" in paragraph 5) *
carbon cycle The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major compon ...
*
carbon fixation Biological carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the process by which inorganic carbon (particularly in the form of carbon dioxide) is converted to organic compounds by living organisms. The compounds are then used to store energy and as ...
*
carbon flux The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major componen ...
*
carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide ( chemical formula CO) is a colorless, poisonous, odorless, tasteless, flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. It is the simpl ...
(see under Atmospheric presence) *
ceiling balloon A ceiling balloon also called a pilot balloon or pibal, is used by meteorologists to determine the height of the base of clouds above ground level during daylight hours. In the past, and sometimes today, a theodolite was used to track the ball ...
("to determine the height of the base of clouds above ground level") *
ceilometer A ceilometer is a device that uses a laser or other light source to determine the height of a cloud ceiling or cloud base. Ceilometers can also be used to measure the aerosol concentration within the atmosphere. A ceilometer that uses laser light ...
("to determine the height of a cloud base") *
celestial coordinate system Astronomical coordinate systems are organized arrangements for specifying positions of satellites, planets, stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects relative to physical reference points available to a situated observer (e.g. the true hor ...
*
celestial equator The celestial equator is the great circle of the imaginary celestial sphere on the same plane as the equator of Earth. This plane of reference bases the equatorial coordinate system. In other words, the celestial equator is an abstract proj ...
* celestial horizon (rational horizon) *
celestial navigation Celestial navigation, also known as astronavigation, is the practice of position fixing using stars and other celestial bodies that enables a navigator to accurately determine their actual current physical position in space (or on the surface o ...
(astronavigation) *
celestial pole The north and south celestial poles are the two points in the sky where Earth's axis of rotation, indefinitely extended, intersects the celestial sphere. The north and south celestial poles appear permanently directly overhead to observers a ...
*
Celsius The degree Celsius is the unit of temperature on the Celsius scale (originally known as the centigrade scale outside Sweden), one of two temperature scales used in the International System of Units (SI), the other being the Kelvin scale. The d ...
*
Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms The Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS) was established at the University of Oklahoma in 1989 as one of the first eleven National Science Foundation Science and Technology Centers. Located at the National Weather Center in Norman, ...
(CAPS) (in Oklahoma in the US) *
Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change The Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based in Tempe, Arizona. It is seen as a front group for the fossil fuel industry, and as promoting climate change denial. The Center produces a w ...
(based in Arizona in the US) * (Central America Hurricane of 1857: see)
SS Central America SS ''Central America'', known as the Ship of Gold, was a sidewheel steamer that operated between Central America and the East Coast of the United States during the 1850s. She was originally named the SS ''George Law'', after George Law of ...
(Ship of Gold) *
Central Florida Tornado of February 2007 The 2007 Groundhog Day tornado outbreak was a localized but devastating tornado event that took place in central Florida early on February 2, 2007. Early morning temperatures had risen well above average for the season; combined with increased m ...
*
Certified Consulting Meteorologist Certified Consulting Meteorologist (CCM) is the title of a person designated by the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and CCM Board to possess the attributes of Knowledge, Experience, and Character as these pertain to the field of meteorology ...
*
chaos theory Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics focused on underlying patterns and deterministic laws of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, and were once thought to hav ...
(see "butterfly effect" under
Chaotic dynamics Chaotic was originally a Danish trading card game. It expanded to an online game in America which then became a television program based on the game. The program was able to be seen on 4Kids TV (Fox affiliates, nationwide), Jetix, The CW4Kids ...
) * (Chapman cycle: see) ozone-oxygen cycle * chemtrail theory *
Chicago Climate Exchange The Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) was a voluntary, legally binding greenhouse gas reduction and trading system for emission sources and offset projects in North America and Brazil. CCX employed independent verification, included six greenhous ...
(CCX) *
chinook wind Chinook winds, or simply Chinooks, are two types of prevailing warm, generally westerly winds in western North America: Coastal Chinooks and interior Chinooks. The coastal Chinooks are persistent seasonal, wet, southwesterly winds blowing in from ...
(see "inversion smog" under Chinooks and health) *
Henry Helm Clayton Henry Helm Clayton (1861–1946) was an American meteorologist and weather forecaster. Biography Clayton was born on March 12, 1861, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.clear-air turbulence In meteorology, clear-air turbulence (CAT) is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual clues, such as clouds, and is caused when bodies of air moving at widely different speeds meet. The atmospheric region most suscept ...
(CAT) *
climate Climate is the long-term weather pattern in an area, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorologi ...
*
climate change In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to ...
*
Climate Diagnostics Center The Earth System Research Laboratories (ESRL) is an alliance of four NOAA scientific labs, all located in the David Skaggs Research Center on the Department of Commerce campus in Boulder, Colorado. Organized under NOAA’s Office of Oceanic and ...
(in the US) *
climate engineering Climate engineering (also called geoengineering) is a term used for both carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM), also called solar geoengineering, when applied at a planetary scale.IPCC (2022Chapter 1: Introduction and ...
* (climate forcing: see)
radiative forcing Radiative forcing (or climate forcing) is the change in energy flux in the atmosphere caused by natural or anthropogenic factors of climate change as measured by watts / metre2. It is a scientific concept used to quantify and compare the extern ...
* Climate Group * climate house *
climate model Numerical climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the important drivers of climate, including atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the c ...
* climate modeller * Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) (in the US) * Climate Outreach and Information Network (COIN) (British charity) * (climate parameters, forcings and feedbacks: see)
parametrization (climate) Parameterization in a weather or climate model in the context of numerical weather prediction is a method of replacing processes that are too small-scale or complex to be physically represented in the model by a simplified process. This can be contr ...
*
Climate Prediction Center The Climate Prediction Center (CPC) is a United States federal agency that is one of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, which are a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. CPC is hea ...
(CPC) * (climate science: see)
climatology Climatology (from Greek , ''klima'', "place, zone"; and , '' -logia'') or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years. This modern field of stu ...
*
climate sensitivity Climate sensitivity is a measure of how much Earth's surface will cool or warm after a specified factor causes a change in its climate system, such as how much it will warm for a doubling in the atmospheric carbon dioxide () concentration. In te ...
* (climate simulation: see)
climate model Numerical climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the important drivers of climate, including atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the c ...
* climate surprise * (climate techno-fix: see)
climate engineering Climate engineering (also called geoengineering) is a term used for both carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM), also called solar geoengineering, when applied at a planetary scale.IPCC (2022Chapter 1: Introduction and ...
* (climate theory: see)
Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (; ; 18 January 168910 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, historian, and political philosopher. He is the principal ...
(see "climate theory" in paragraph 3 under
Political views An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones." Formerly applied pri ...
) * (climate variability: see)
climate change In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to ...
* (climate warming: see)
global warming In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to ...
* (climate weapon: see)
Weather modification Weather modification is the act of intentionally manipulating or altering the weather. The most common form of weather modification is cloud seeding, which increases rain or snow, usually for the purpose of increasing the local water supply. W ...
(see under In the military) *
climateprediction.net climate''prediction''.net (CPDN) is a volunteer computing project to investigate and reduce uncertainties in climate modelling. It aims to do this by running hundreds of thousands of different models (a large climate ensemble) using the donate ...
(CPDN) (distributed computing project) *
climatic determinism Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories. Jared Diamond, Jeffrey Herbst, ...
(equatorial paradox) (see also
environmental determinism Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories. Jared Diamond, Jeffrey Herbst ...
) *
Climatic Regions of India The climate of India consists of a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography. Based on the Köppen climate classification, Köppen system, India hosts six major climate, climatic sub types, ranging ...
* Climatic Research Unit (at the University of East Anglia in the UK) * (climatic zone: see)
clime The climes (singular ''clime''; also ''clima'', plural ''climata'', from Greek κλίμα ''klima'', plural κλίματα ''klimata'', meaning "inclination" or "slope") in classical Greco-Roman geography and astronomy were the divisions of ...
*
climatology Climatology (from Greek , ''klima'', "place, zone"; and , '' -logia'') or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years. This modern field of stu ...
*
clime The climes (singular ''clime''; also ''clima'', plural ''climata'', from Greek κλίμα ''klima'', plural κλίματα ''klimata'', meaning "inclination" or "slope") in classical Greco-Roman geography and astronomy were the divisions of ...
(climatic zone) *
Clinton Foundation The Clinton Foundation (founded in 2001 as the William J. Clinton Presidential Foundation, and renamed in 2013 as the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation) is a nonprofit organization under section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. tax code. It was es ...
(see under Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI)) *
cloud In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may ...
*
cloud albedo Cloud albedo is a measure of the albedo or reflectivity of a cloud. Clouds regulate the amount of solar radiation absorbed by a planet and its solar surface irradiance. Generally, increased cloud cover correlates to a higher albedo and a lower ab ...
("a measure of the reflectivity of a cloud") *
cloud base A cloud base (or the base of the cloud) is the lowest altitude of the visible portion of a cloud. It is traditionally expressed either in metres or feet above mean sea level or above a planetary surface, or as the pressure level corresponding to ...
("the lowest altitude of the visible portion of a cloud") *
cloud chamber A cloud chamber, also known as a Wilson cloud chamber, is a particle detector used for visualizing the passage of ionizing radiation. A cloud chamber consists of a sealed environment containing a supersaturated vapour of water or alcohol. An ...
(Wilson chamber) ("for detecting ... ionizing radiation") *
cloud condensation nuclei Cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs), also known as cloud seeds, are small particles typically 0.2 µm, or one hundredth the size of a cloud droplet. CCNs are a unique subset of aerosols in the atmosphere on which water vapour condenses. This c ...
(CCNs) (see under Phytoplankton role) *
cloud cover Cloud cover (also known as cloudiness, cloudage, or cloud amount) refers to the fraction of the sky obscured by clouds on average when observed from a particular location. Okta is the usual unit for measurement of the cloud cover. The cloud c ...
* cloud feedback *
cloud forcing In meteorology, cloud forcing, cloud radiative forcing (CRF) or cloud radiative effect (CRE) is the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud-free conditions. Much of the interest in cloud forcing r ...
(see "greenhouse effect" in paragraph 2) *
cloud forest A cloud forest, also called a water forest, primas forest, or tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF), is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud ...
* (cloud formation: see) nephology *
cloud physics Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of atmospheric clouds. These aerosols are found in the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere, which collectively make up the greatest p ...
*
cloud seeding Cloud seeding is a type of weather modification that aims to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which alter the microphysica ...
*
cloud street Horizontal convective rolls, also known as horizontal roll vortices or cloud streets, are long rolls of counter-rotating air that are oriented approximately parallel to the ground in the planetary boundary layer. Although horizontal convectiv ...
* cloud suck *
cloudburst A cloudburst is an extreme amount of precipitation in a short period of time, sometimes accompanied by hail and thunder, which is capable of creating flood conditions. Cloudbursts can quickly dump large amounts of water, e.g. 25 mm of prec ...
(see "destruction" in paragraph 2 and see "Mumbai" in paragraph 3) *
CloudSat CloudSat is a NASA Earth observation satellite, which was launched on a Delta II rocket on April 28, 2006. It uses radar to measure the altitude and properties of clouds, adding to information on the relationship between clouds and climate in ord ...
("a NASA environmental satellite") *
coefficient of haze The coefficient of haze (also known as smoke shade) is a measurement of visibility interference in the atmosphere. One way to measure this is to draw about 1000 cubic feet of air sample through an air filter and obtain the radiation intensity throu ...
(in meteorology) *
cold-core low A cold-core low, also known as an upper level low or cold-core cyclone, is a cyclone aloft which has an associated cold pool of air residing at high altitude within the Earth's troposphere, without a frontal structure. It is a low pressure syste ...
*
cold weather boot Bunny boots or Mickey Mouse boots (depending on the version) are the most common nicknames for the Extreme Cold Vapor Barrier Boots (Types I and II) used by the United States Armed Forces. These large, bulbous, waterproof rubber boots can be worn ...
* cold weather rule (cold weather law) (for public utility companies) * (coldest place on earth: see)
climate of Antarctica The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on Earth. The continent is also extremely dry (it is a desert), averaging of precipitation per year. Snow rarely melts on most parts of the continent, and, after being compressed, becomes the glacier ic ...
(see under
Temperature Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses quantitatively the perceptions of hotness and coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied o ...
) *
coldest temperature achieved on Earth The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is at the then-Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983 by ground measurements. On 10 August 2010, satellite observations showed a surface temperature ...
*
Colorado low A Colorado low is a low-pressure area that forms in southeastern Colorado or northeastern New Mexico, typically in the winter. After forming, the system moves across the Great Plains. Colorado lows can produce heavy wintry precipitation, and ha ...
*
Community Climate System Model The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is a coupled general circulation model (GCM) developed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Energy (DoE), ...
*
continental climate Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm summers and cold winters). They tend to occur in the middle latitudes (40 to 55 north), within large landmasses where prevailing winds blow overland bringing so ...
*
contrail Contrails (; short for "condensation trails") or vapor trails are line-shaped clouds produced by aircraft engine exhaust or changes in air pressure, typically at aircraft cruising altitudes several miles above the Earth's surface. Contrails ar ...
*
controlled airspace Controlled airspace is airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control (ATC) services are provided. The level of control varies with different classes of airspace. Controlled airspace usually imposes higher weather minimums tha ...
*
controlled atmosphere A controlled atmosphere is an agricultural storage method in which the concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, as well as the temperature and humidity of a storage room are regulated. Both dry commodities and fresh fruit and vegetab ...
(for agricultural storage) *
convection Convection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously due to the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy). When the cause of the c ...
(see under
Atmospheric convection Atmospheric convection is the result of a parcel-environment instability, or temperature difference layer in the atmosphere. Different lapse rates within dry and moist air masses lead to instability. Mixing of air during the day which expands the ...
) *
convective available potential energy In meteorology, convective available potential energy (commonly abbreviated as CAPE), is the integrated amount of work that the upward (positive) buoyancy force would perform on a given mass of air (called an air parcel) if it rose vertically thro ...
(CAPE) (in meteorology) * convective condensation level (CCL) *
convective inhibition Convective inhibition (CIN or CINH) is a numerical measure in meteorology that indicates the amount of energy that will prevent an air parcel from rising from the surface to the level of free convection. CIN is the amount of energy required to o ...
(CIN) *
convective instability In meteorology, convective instability or stability of an air mass refers to its ability to resist vertical motion. A ''stable'' atmosphere makes vertical movement difficult, and small vertical disturbances dampen out and disappear. In an ''uns ...
*
convective temperature The convective temperature (CT or Tc) is the approximate temperature that air near the surface must reach for cloud formation without mechanical lift. In such case, cloud base begins at the convective condensation level (CCL), whilst with mechanica ...
(Tc) * Cooperative Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Terrestrial Applications (CIASTA) *
Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research The Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research is designed to be a focal point for interactions between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and the Arctic research community t ...
*
Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratical ...
(CICOR) *
Cooperative Institute for Climate Applications and Research The Cooperative Institute for Climate Applications and Research (CICAR) was a major collaborative relationship between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and Earth Institute, ...
(CICAR) *
Cooperative Institute for Climate Science The Cooperative Institute for Climate Science (CICS) fosters research collaborations between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) a ...
(CICS) *
Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research The Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, formerly known as the Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, fosters research collaborations between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of O ...
(CILER) *
Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies The Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) is a research institute of the University of Miami located in its Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) in Miami, Florida. CIMAS brings together the Univer ...
(CIMAS) *
Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies The Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies is a research organization created in 1978 by a cooperative agreement between the University of Oklahoma (OU) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). CIMMS p ...
(CIMMS) *
Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies __NOTOC__ The Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) is a research institute where scientists study the use of data from geostationary and polar orbit weather satellites to improve forecasts of weather (including trop ...
(CIMSS) *
Cooperative Institute for Precipitation Systems The Cooperative Institute for Precipitation Systems (CIPS) is a collaborative project headed by Saint Louis University to promote understanding of significant precipitation events. It originally focused on the Midwestern United States but expanded ...
(CIPS) *
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) is a research institute that is sponsored jointly by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and the Un ...
(CIRES) *
Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere The Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) is a scientific research institution at Colorado State University (CSU) that operates under a cooperative agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Off ...
(CIRA) *
corona (meteorology) In meteorology, a corona (plural ''coronae'') is an optical phenomenon produced by the diffraction of sunlight or moonlight (or, occasionally, bright starlight or planetlight) by individual small water droplets and sometimes tiny ice crystals o ...
*
COSMIC Cosmic commonly refers to: * The cosmos, a concept of the universe Cosmic may also refer to: Media * ''Cosmic'' (album), an album by Bazzi * Afro/Cosmic music * "Cosmic", a song by Kylie Minogue from the album '' X'' * CosM.i.C, a member of ...
(Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) * Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope (CAT) *
Cosmic Background Explorer The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE ), also referred to as Explorer 66, was a NASA satellite dedicated to cosmology, which operated from 1989 to 1993. Its goals were to investigate the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB or CMBR) of t ...
(COBE) ("to investigate the cosmic background radiation" etc.) *
cosmic microwave background experiments This list is a compilation of experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation anisotropies and polarization since the first detection of the CMB by Penzias and Wilson in 1964. There have been a variety of experiments to ...
*
cosmic microwave background radiation In Big Bang cosmology the cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR) is electromagnetic radiation that is a remnant from an early stage of the universe, also known as "relic radiation". The CMB is faint cosmic background radiation filling all space ...
(CMB) (CMBR) (CBR) (MBR) *
cosmic noise Cosmic noise, also known as galactic radio noise, is not actually sound, but a physical phenomenon derived from outside of the Earth's atmosphere. It can be detected through a radio receiver, which is an electronic device that receives radio waves ...
*
cosmic ray Cosmic rays are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the Sun, from outside of the Solar System in our own ...
(see under
Lightning Lightning is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge during which two electrically charged regions, both in the atmosphere or with one on the ground, temporarily neutralize themselves, causing the instantaneous release of an average ...
) * Cosmochemical Periodic Table of the Elements in the Solar System *
cosmochemistry Cosmochemistry (from Greek κόσμος ''kósmos'', "universe" and χημεία ''khemeía'') or chemical cosmology is the study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions. This is done ...
*
cumulonimbus cloud Cumulonimbus (from Latin ''cumulus'', "heaped" and ''nimbus'', "rainstorm") is a dense, towering vertical cloud, typically forming from water vapor condensing in the lower troposphere that builds upward carried by powerful buoyant air currents. ...
(see under Effects) * (cumulonimbus with mammatus: see)
mammatus cloud Mammatus (also called mamma or mammatocumulus, meaning "mammary cloud") is a cellular pattern of pouches hanging underneath the base of a cloud, typically a cumulonimbus raincloud, although they may be attached to other classes of parent cloud ...
* (cumulonimbus with pileus: see) pileus (meteorology) * cumulus castellanus cloud *
cumulus cloud Cumulus clouds are clouds which have flat bases and are often described as "puffy", "cotton-like" or "fluffy" in appearance. Their name derives from the Latin ''cumulo-'', meaning ''heap'' or ''pile''. Cumulus clouds are low-level clouds, gener ...
*
cumulus congestus cloud Cumulus congestus clouds, also known as towering cumulus, are a form of cumulus that can be based in the low or middle height ranges. They achieve considerable vertical development in areas of deep, moist convection. They are an intermediate stage ...
* cumulus humilis cloud * cumulus mediocris cloud * (cup anemometer: see)
anemometer In meteorology, an anemometer () is a device that measures wind speed and direction. It is a common instrument used in weather stations. The earliest known description of an anemometer was by Italian architect and author Leon Battista Alberti ...
(see under Cup anemometers) * current solar income *
cyclogenesis Cyclogenesis is the development or strengthening of cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere (a low-pressure area). Cyclogenesis is an umbrella term for at least three different processes, all of which result in the development of some sort of cycl ...
*
cyclone In meteorology, a cyclone () is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from above (opposite to an an ...
* cyclone furnace (a type of coal combustor) * (cyclone preparedness: see) hurricane preparedness * cyclonic separation (method of removing particles from an air or gas stream)


D

* D region (in the atmosphere) * Darrieus wind turbine * dawn * dBZ (meteorology) * degree (temperature) * deicing * dendroclimatology ("extracting past climate information from information in trees") * density altitude * Denver Convergence Vorticity Zone (DCVZ) * deposition (physics) * (depression [meteorology]: see) low pressure area * derecho (see also List of derecho events) * dew * dew point (dewpoint, Td) * dew point depression * disdrometer * downwelling * drizzle * drought * dry-bulb temperature * dry line (dew point line) * dry punch * dry season * dusk


E

* Earth's atmosphere * Earth's magnetic field * Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) * economics of global warming * Emagram * effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans (see also Hurricane Katrina effects by region) * effect of sun angle on climate * Enhanced Fujita scale (EF scale) * eolian processes * equator (see under equator#Equatorial seasons and climate, Equatorial seasons and climate) * equilibrium level (EL) * equivalent potential temperaturбe * equivalent temperature * European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) * European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) * European emission standards (for motor vehicles) * European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) * European windstorm * evaporation * evaporative cooler * evaporative cooling * evaporite (a mineral sediment resulting from evaporation of saline water) * evapotranspiration (ET) (sum of evaporation and plant transpiration) * exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) (exhaust gas recycling) * exosphere (layer of atmosphere) * extratropical cyclone (mid-latitude cyclone) * extreme weather * extremes on Earth


F

* fire whirl * firestorm * fog * forensic meteorology * free convective layer (FCL) * freezing rain * (front [meteorology]: see) surface weather analysis * frontogenesis * frontolysis * frost * frost creep (frost heave) * frost flowers (frost castles) (ice castles) (ice ribbons) (ice blossoms) * frost heaving (frost heave) * frost law * frost line * (frost point: see) dew point (dewpoint) * frostbite * Fujita scale (F scale) (for measuring tornadoes) * fulgurite * (full lunar eclipse: see) lunar eclipse * full-spectrum light * funnel cloud (related to a tornado)


G

* galactic cosmic ray (GCR) * gale * gale warning * Galileo thermometer (Galilean thermometer) * Galveston, Texas (see under Galveston, Texas#Hurricane of 1900 and recovery, Hurricane of 1900 and recovery) * Galveston Hurricane of 1900 (in the US) * gas balloon (see under gas balloon#History, History) * gas flare (flare stack) * (gas warfare: see) chemical warfare * Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) * glossary of climate change * glossary of environmental science * glossary of tornado terms * glossary of tropical cyclone terms * glossary of wildfire terms * gustnado


Ge-Gk

* geomagnetic storm * (geomagnetism: see) Earth's magnetic field * geospatial technology (Spatial Information Technology) * Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) (a program of the US) * geostatistics * geostrophic wind * Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) * Global Forecast System (GFS) *
global warming In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to ...
* greenhouse effect * greenhouse gas (GHG) * growing degree day (GDD) * growing season * gust front


H

* hail * halo (optical phenomenon) * haze * heat * (heat budget: see) radiation budget * (heat equator: see) thermal equator * (heat lightning: see) lightning * heat wave * heating degree day (HDD) * (Heaviside layer) Kennelly–Heaviside layer (E region) (in the atmosphere) * Heavy snow warning * heliostat * High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) * high pressure area * High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector * high-altitude airship (HAA) * hodograph * humid continental climate * humid subtropical climate * (humidex) heat index (HI) * humidity * HurriQuake nail (for resisting hurricanes and earthquakes) * (hydrologic cycle) water cycle * hydrological phenomenon * hydrology * hydrosphere * hygrometer (different from hydrometer) * hypercane ("hypothetical class of hurricane")


I

* ice * Ice Accretion Indicator * ice age * ice storm * Ice Storm Warning * illuminance * impact winter * impluvium (hydrology), impluvium * in situ (see under in situ#Earth and atmospheric sciences, Earth and atmospheric sciences) * incidental radiator * India Meteorological Department * Indian summer * infrared (IR) radiation (see under infrared#Meteorology, Meteorology) * insolation * instrument meteorological conditions (IMG) * instrumental temperature record * intentional radiator * International Meteorological Organization (IMO) * International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) * International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) * Inversion (meteorology), inversion * Invest (meteorology) * ion wind (ion wind) (coronal wind) * ionosonde (chirpsounder) * ionosphere * ionospheric reflection * ionospheric sounding * iron cycle * irradiance * irradiation * isobar (meteorology), isobar * isochoric process, isochore (in a thermodynamics, thermodynamic diagram) * isodrosotherm * isogon (meteorology) * (isogram) contour line (level set) (isarithm) * isohel * isohume * isohyet * isohypse (in topography) * isotherm (contour line), isotherm


K

* katabatic wind


L

* Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) * lake effect snow (a snowsquall) * (lake surge: see) storm surge * land hemisphere * land lighthouse * landspout * lapse rate * Lemon technique * lenticular cloud * level of free convection (LFC) * life zone * lifted condensation level (LCL) * lifted index (LI) * lightning * lightning detection * lightning prediction system * lightning rod (lightning protector) (lightning finial) * lightning safety * (lightning storm) thunderstorm (T-storm) (electrical storm) * lightvessel (lightship) * line echo wave pattern (LEWP) * line source ("a source of air, noise, water contamination or electromagnetic radiation") * (list of all-time high and low temperatures by state: see) U.S. state temperature extremes * list of basic earth science topics * list of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes * list of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes * list of cloud types * list of coastal weather stations of the United Kingdom * list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions * list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita * list of Earth observation satellites * list of lighthouses and lightvessels * list of meteorological phenomena * list of most polluting power stations * list of named tropical cyclones * list of Northern Indian Ocean tropical cyclone seasons (see also :North Indian cyclone seasons) * List of derecho events * list of notable tropical cyclones * list of power outages * list of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences * list of Solar Cycles (list of sunspot cycles) * list of tornado-related deaths at schools * list of weather instruments * list of weather records * Little Ice Age (LIA) * Local storm report * low pressure area (see same for "low-pressure cell") * (lowest elevations: see) list of places on land with elevations below sea level * (luminous pollution) light pollution (photopollution) * lunar phase


M

* Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) * magnetic storm (geomagnetic storm) * magnetopause * magnetosheath * magnetosphere * marine west coast climate (maritime climate) (oceanic climate) * Mars Climate Orbiter * Mars Radiation Environment Experiment (Martian Radiation Experiment) (MARIE) * maximum parcel level (MPL) * maximum sustained wind * Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) * mean radiant temperature (MRT) * Mediterranean climate * medium Earth orbit (MEO) (intermediate circular orbit) (ICO) * megathermal (macrothermal) * melting * mercury (element) (see "Clean Air Act" under mercury (element)#United States, United States) * mercury-in-glass thermometer * mesopause * mesoscale convective complex (MCC) * mesoscale convective system (MCS) * mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) * mesoscale meteorology * mesocyclone * mesohigh * mesolow * mesonet * mesosphere * mesothermal (in climatology) * mesovortex * Met Office (previously Meteorological Office) (the UK's national weather service) * meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina * Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) *
meteorology Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did no ...
* metrology * 1997 Miami Tornado, Miami Tornado (of May 12, 1997) * Miami tornadoes of 2003 * microclimate * microscale meteorology * Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006 * middle latitudes * midnight * millimeter cloud radar (millimeter wave cloud radar) (MMCR) * misoscale meteorology * mist * mixed layer * mixing ratio * moisture * molecular-scale temperature * moonlight


N

* NASA Clean Air Study * NASA Earth Observatory * NASA World Wind (virtual globe) * National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (in the US) * National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) (in the US) * National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) (in the US) * National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) (in the US) * National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) (in the US) * (National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service: see) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (in the US) * National Geomagnetism Program (in the US) * National Hurricane Center (NHC) (in the US) * National Map (in the US) * National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (in the US) * (National Severe Storms Forecast Center [NSSFC]: renamed) Storm Prediction Center (SPC) (in the US) * National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) (in the US) * National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) (in the US) * National Solar Observatory (in the US) * National Weather Association (NWA) (in the US) * National Weather Center (NWC) (in the US) * National Weather Service bulletin for New Orleans region (at 10:11 a.m., August 28, 2005) * National Weather Service (NWS) * nautical almanac * nephology * nephoscope * night sky * nimbus cloud * nitrogen cycle * (nitrogen pollution: see) eutrophication (see under eutrophication#Atmospheric deposition, Atmospheric deposition) * NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards (NWR) (of the US) * noctilucent cloud * North Atlantic tropical cyclone * North Pole * numerical weather prediction


O

* observational astronomy (see "light pollution" in places) * observatory (see also list of observatories) * ocean heat content (OHC) * Ocean Prediction Center (OHC) * occultation * oceanic climate * Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) * 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak * orographic lift * outflow boundary * oxygen * oxygen cycle * ozone * ozone depletion * ozone depletion potential (ODP) * ozone layer (ozonosphere layer) * ozone-oxygen cycle


P

* Pacific decadal oscillation * paleoclimatology * paleomagnetism * paleotempestology * parts-per notation * photovore *
planetary boundary layer In meteorology, the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) or peplosphere, is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its behaviour is directly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface. On Ear ...
(PBL) * pluvial lake * pneumonia front * polar circle * polar climate * polar easterlies * polar high * polar ice cap * (polar light: see) aurora (astronomy) * polar low * (polar mesospheric cloud) noctilucent cloud * polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) * polar night * polar region * (polar reversal) magnetic polarity reversal * polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) (nacreous cloud) * polar vortex * Polarization (waves) (see under Sky polarization, Polarization effects in everyday life) * pole shift theory * positive streamer * post-glacial rebound * potential evaporation * potential temperature * precipitation * pressure gradient * pressure gradient force (PGF) * pyrocumulus


Q

* Quantitative precipitation estimation * Quantitative precipitation forecast * Quasi-geostrophic equations


R

* radiance * radiant barrier * radiant energy * radiation * radiation budget * radiation hormesis * radiation poisoning (radiation sickness) * radiative cooling *
radiative forcing Radiative forcing (or climate forcing) is the change in energy flux in the atmosphere caused by natural or anthropogenic factors of climate change as measured by watts / metre2. It is a scientific concept used to quantify and compare the extern ...
* radiological weapon (radiological dispersion device [RDD]) * radiosonde * radius of outermost closed isobar * rain * rain fade (fading of signal by rain or snow) * rain gauge * rain sensor * rain shadow * rainbow * rainforest * rarefaction * RealClimate (commentary site on climate science) * RealSky (digital photographic sky atlas) * relative humidity * relative pressure * (relief precipitation: see) orographic lift * research balloon * resistance thermometer (resistance temperature detector) (RTD) * rime (frost)


S

* Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale * satellite temperature measurements * (Sea Islands Hurricane) 1893 Sea Islands Hurricane * sea level * (sea level pressure)
atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure, also known as barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as , which is equivalent to 1013.25 millibars, ...
* sea surface temperature (SST) * severe weather * severe weather terminology (United States) * Skew-T log-P diagram * sky * skyglow * smoke * snow * Solar and Heliospheric Observatory * solar azimuth angle * solar cell * solar thermal collector, solar collector * solar constant * solar cycle * solar eclipse * solar flare (see under solar flare#Hazards, Hazards) * solar furnace * solar greenhouse (technical) * solar heating * solar maximum * Solar Maximum Mission * solar minimum * solar mirror * solar proton event * solar radiation (solar irradiance) * (solar storm) geomagnetic storm * solar thermal collector * solar thermal energy * solar updraft tower * solar variation * solar wind * Sunroom, solarium * space geostrategy (astrostrategy) (geostrategy in space) * Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) * space weather * (specific humidity: see) humidity (see under Specific humidity, Specific Humidity) * squall * squall line * (standard atmospheric pressure)
atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure, also known as barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as , which is equivalent to 1013.25 millibars, ...
(standard atmosphere) * standard conditions for temperature and pressure * storm * storm cellar * storm chasing * storm drain (storm sewer) (stormwater drain) * storm-scale * storm surge * storm tide * storm track * storm warning (see same for "storm watch") * storm scale * stormwater * stratopause * stratosphere * Stüve diagram * subarctic * subarctic climate * subtropical cyclone (see same for "subtropical depression" and for "subtropical storm") * subtropics (see same for "subtropical" and for "subtropical climate") * sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) * sudden stratospheric warming * sun * sun dog (sundog) (parhelion) * sunlight * sunshower * sunspot (see under "Significant events") * supercell * surface temperature inversion * surface weather analysis * surface weather observation * synoptic scale meteorology


T

* teleconnection * temperature * temperature extremes * (temperature inversion) inversion (meteorology) * temperature record * temperature record of the past 1000 years * tephigram * The Weather Channel (TWC) * The Weather Network * thermal equator * thermodynamic temperature * thermometer * thunder * thundersnow * thunderstorm (electrical storm) * TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) * Tornado warning, TOR * tornado * tornado climatology * tornado intensity * tornado warning * tornado watch * tornado emergency * tornadogenesis * torr (symbol: Torr) (millimetre of mercury) (mmHg) * Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) * tropical climate * tropical cyclogenesis * tropical cyclone (tropical storm) (typhoon) (hurricane) * Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) * tropical cyclone observation * tropical cyclone prediction model * tropical cyclone rainfall climatology * tropical cyclone scales * Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere program (TOGA) * tropical rain belt * Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) * Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (in Indonesia) * (Tropical Research Institute) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) (in Panama) * Tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) * tropical wave (African easterly wave) * tropopause * troposphere * Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) * tropospheric ozone * tsunami * Tsunami PTSD Center (Tsunami Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Center) * tsunami warning system * typical meteorological year


U

* U.S. state temperature extremes * ultraviolet * United States temperature extremes * urban heat island (UHI) * UV index


V

* vapor pressure * virtual temperature * vorticity


W

* waterspout * water vapor *
weather Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmosphere, the ...
* weather forecasting * weather front * weather lore * Weather Modification Operations and Research Board (US) * Weather Prediction Center (WPC) * weather radar * weather satellite * wet-bulb potential temperature * wet-bulb temperature * wind * wind chill * wind direction * wind gradient * wind profiler * wind shear * wind speed * windcatcher * Windscale fire * winter storm * Winter Storm Warning * Winter Weather Advisory * World Asthma Day * World Climate Change Conference, Moscow * World Climate Conference * World Climate Programme * World Climate Report * World Climate Research Programme * World Meteorological Organization (WMO) * World Solar Challenge


Z

* Zonal wavenumber {{Index footer Meteorology, * Meteorology lists, Indexes of science articles, Meteorology topics ca:Fenomen meteorològic de:Portal:Wetter und Klima/Themenliste fr:Glossaire de la météorologie id:Fenomena meteorologi nl:Weer en klimaat van A tot Z nn:Vêrfenomen