Italy, up until the

Italian unification The unification of Italy ( it, Unità d'Italia ), also known as the ''Risorgimento'' (, ; ), was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single ...

in 1861, was a conglomeration of city-states, republics, and other independent entities. The following is a list of the various Italian states during that period. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the arrival of the Middle Ages (in particular from the

11th century The 11th century is the period from 1001 ( MI) through 1100 ( MC) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium. In the history of Europe, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. Th ...

), the Italian peninsula was divided into numerous states. Many of these states consolidated into major political units that balanced the power on the Italian peninsula: the Papal States, the Venetian Republic, the Republic of Florence, the

Duchy of Milan The Duchy of Milan ( it, Ducato di Milano; lmo, Ducaa de Milan) was a state in northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had been ruling the city sin ...

, the

Kingdom of Naples The Kingdom of Naples ( la, Regnum Neapolitanum; it, Regno di Napoli; nap, Regno 'e Napule), also known as the Kingdom of Sicily, was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was ...

and the

Kingdom of Sicily The Kingdom of Sicily ( la, Regnum Siciliae; it, Regno di Sicilia; scn, Regnu di Sicilia) was a state that existed in the south of the Italian Peninsula and for a time the region of Ifriqiya from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 un ...

. Unlike all the other Italian states, the republics of Venice and Genoa, thanks to their maritime powers, went beyond territorial conquests within the Italian peninsula, conquering various regions across the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

Archaic Italy

* Italic peoples: ** Latino-Faliscans: ***

Latins The Latins were originally an Italic tribe in ancient central Italy from Latium. As Roman power and colonization spread Latin culture during the Roman Republic. Latins culturally "Romanized" or "Latinized" the rest of Italy, and the word Latin ...

(

Roman Kingdom The Roman Kingdom (also referred to as the Roman monarchy, or the regal period of ancient Rome) was the earliest period of Roman history when the city and its territory were ruled by kings. According to oral accounts, the Roman Kingdom began wi ...

) **** Romans *** Falisci ** Osco-Umbrians, also called Sabellians: *** Umbrians **** Marsi **** Umbri **** Volsci *** Oscans **** Marrucini **** Osci ***** Aurunci *****

Ausones "Ausones" (; ), the original Greek form for the Latin "Aurunci", was a name applied by Greek writers to describe various Italic peoples inhabiting the southern and central regions of Italy. The term was used, specifically, to denote the partic ...

*****

Campanians {{Short description, Ancient Italic tribe The Campanians (also Campani) were an ancient Italic tribe, part of the Osci nation, speaking an Oscan language. Descending from the Apennines, the proto-Osci settled in the areas of present-day Campani ...

**** Paeligni ****

Sabines The Sabines (; lat, Sabini; it, Sabini, all exonyms) were an Italic people who lived in the central Apennine Mountains of the ancient Italian Peninsula, also inhabiting Latium north of the Anio before the founding of Rome. The Sabines divid ...

*** Samnitics ****

Bruttii The Bruttians (alternative spelling, Brettii) ( la, Bruttii) were an ancient Italic people. They inhabited the southern extremity of Italy, from the frontiers of Lucania to the Sicilian Straits and the promontory of Leucopetra. This roughly corresp ...

**** Frentani **** Lucani ****

Samnites The Samnites () were an ancient Italic people who lived in Samnium, which is located in modern inland Abruzzo, Molise, and Campania in south-central Italy. An Oscan-speaking people, who may have originated as an offshoot of the Sabines, they for ...

***** Pentri ***** Caraceni *****

Caudini The Caudini were a Samnite tribe that lived among the mountains ringing Campania and in the valleys of the Isclero and Volturnus rivers. Their capital was at Caudium, but it seems certain that the appellation was not confined to the citizens of C ...

*****

Hirpini The Hirpini (Latin: ') were an ancient Samnite tribe of Southern Italy. While generally regarded as having been Samnites, sometimes they are treated as a distinct and independent nation. They inhabited the southern portion of Samnium, in the more ...

*** Others **** Aequi ****

Fidenates Fidenae ( grc, Φιδῆναι) was an ancient town of Latium, situated about 8 km north of Rome on the ''Via Salaria'', which ran between Rome and the Tiber. Its inhabitants were known as Fidenates. As the Tiber was the border between Etru ...

**** Hernici **** Picentes **** Vestini ****

Sicels The Sicels (; la, Siculi; grc, Σικελοί ''Sikeloi'') were an Italic tribe who inhabited eastern Sicily during the Iron Age. Their neighbours to the west were the Sicani. The Sicels gave Sicily the name it has held since antiquity, bu ...

**** Venetics **** Ligures * Greek-speaking peoples of Southern Italy * Etruscans * Sardinians

Classical Italy

* Roman Republic * Roman Empire

Early Middle Ages

* Kingdom of Italy * Ostrogothic Kingdom *

Lombard Kingdom The Kingdom of the Lombards ( la, Regnum Langobardorum; it, Regno dei Longobardi; lmo, Regn di Lombard) also known as the Lombard Kingdom; later the Kingdom of (all) Italy ( la, Regnum totius Italiae), was an early medieval state established ...

* Duchy of Rome (under the Byzantine Empire) * Exarchate of Ravenna (under the Byzantine Empire) * Exarchate of Carthage (under the Byzantine Empire) * Thema of Sicily (under the Byzantine Empire) * Duchy of Benevento *

Duchy of Spoleto The Duchy of Spoleto (, ) was a Lombard territory founded about 570 in central Italy by the Lombard ''dux'' Faroald. Its capital was the city of Spoleto. Lombards The Lombards had invaded Italy in 568 AD and conquered much of it, establishing ...

* Papal States * Republic of Venice *

Duchy of Naples The Duchy of Naples ( la, Ducatus Neapolitanus, it, Ducato di Napoli) began as a Byzantine province that was constituted in the seventh century, in the reduced coastal lands that the Lombards had not conquered during their invasion of Italy in ...

* Kingdom of Italy (under the Carolingian Empire) * Catepanate of Italy (under the Byzantine Empire)

High Middle Ages

States in Central and Northern Italy

* Papal States * Republic of Venice * Republic of Genoa * Republic of Pisa * Republic of Florence * Republic of Lucca * Republic of Siena * Republic of Ancona * Republic of Noli *

Republic of Senarica Senarica is a village in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. With a population of fewer than 300 people, Senarica was an independent republic for about four centuries until the end of the eighteenth century. It was the smallest state to maintain ...

* Republic of Ragusa * Republic of San Marino

States in Southern Italy

* Principality of Benevento * Principality of Salerno * Catepanate of Italy (under the Byzantine Empire) * Principality of Capua * Duchy of Gaeta *

Duchy of Amalfi The Duchy of Amalfi () or the Republic of Amalfi was a ''de facto'' independent state centered on the Southern Italian city of Amalfi during the 10th and 11th centuries. The city and its territory were originally part of the larger ''ducatus Nea ...

* Duchy of Sorrento *

Emirate of Sicily The Emirate of Sicily ( ar, إِمَارَة صِقِلِّيَة, ʾImārat Ṣiqilliya) was an Islamic kingdom that ruled the island of Sicily from 831 to 1091. Its capital was Palermo (Arabic: ''Balarm''), which during this period became a ...

(under the

Fatimid Caliphate The Fatimid Caliphate was an Isma'ilism, Ismaili Shia Islam, Shi'a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries AD. Spanning a large area of North Africa, it ranged from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the ea ...

) * County of Sicily *

County of Apulia The County of Apulia and Calabria (), later the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria (), was a Norman state founded by William of Hauteville in 1042 in the territories of Gargano, Capitanata, Apulia, Vulture, and most of Campania. It became a duchy when ...

* Duchy of Apulia *

Duchy of Calabria The County of Apulia and Calabria (), later the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria (), was a Norman state founded by William of Hauteville in 1042 in the territories of Gargano, Capitanata, Apulia, Vulture, and most of Campania. It became a duchy wh ...

* Duchy of Apulia and Calabria *

States of the Holy Roman Empire

* Kingdom of Italy (also called Kingdom of Lombardy) *

Commune of Milan Milan, Italy is an ancient city in northern Italy first settled in about 400 BC by Celtic Insubres. The settlement was conquered by the Romans in 222 BC and renamed it Mediolanum. Diocletian divided the Roman Empire, choosing the eastern half for ...

* March of Tuscany *

March of Verona The March of Verona and Aquileia was a vast march (frontier district) of the Holy Roman Empire in the northeastern Italian peninsula during the Middle Ages, centered on the cities of Verona and Aquileia. Seized by King Otto I of Germany in 952, ...

March of Treviso The March of Treviso ( la, Marca trevisana, it, Marca trevigiana or ) was a medieval territory in Venetia, between the Garda and the Julian March. The territory corresponded roughly to the region around the city of Treviso, including Belluno, F ...

March of Ivrea The March of Ivrea was a large frontier county (march) in the northwest of the medieval Italian kingdom from the late 9th to the early 11th century. Its capital was Ivrea in present-day Piedmont, and it was held by a Burgundian family of margr ...

* March of Turin * March of Montferrat *

March of Genoa The March of Genoa or Eastern Liguria was created in 961 by the Emperor Otto I. It was originally called either the ''marca Obertenga'' after its first holder, Oberto I, or the ''marca Januensis'' after its original capital and chief city, Genoa. It ...

* Patriarchate of Aquileia (including March of Friuli and

March of Istria The March of Istria (or Margraviate of Istria ) was originally a Carolingian frontier march covering the Istrian peninsula and surrounding territory conquered by Charlemagne's son Pepin of Italy in 789. After 1364, it was the name of the Istria ...

) *

* Bishopric of Brixen * Bishopric of Trent * County of Savoy * County of Gorizia *

Marquisate of Saluzzo The Marquisate of Saluzzo () was a historical Italian state that included parts of the current region of Piedmont and of the French Alps. The Marquisate was much older than the Renaissance lordships, being a legacy of the feudalism of the High ...

Marquisate of Ceva The Marquisate of Ceva was a small independent state in north-western Italy, situated at the foot of the Apennines, with its seat at Ceva, in what is now a part of Piedmont. Establishment The marquisate was created in 1125 at the death of Bonifa ...

* Marquisate of Incisa * Marquisate of Finale

Sardinian Judicates

* Agugliastra *

Arborea Arborea is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Oristano, Sardinia, Italy, whose economy is largely based on agriculture and cattle breeding with production of vegetables, rice, fruit and milk (notably the local milk product Arborea). Histo ...

Cagliari Cagliari (, also , , ; sc, Casteddu ; lat, Caralis) is an Italian municipality and the capital of the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy. Cagliari's Sardinian name ''Casteddu'' means ''castle''. It has about 155,000 inhabitant ...

* Gallura * Logudoro

Late Middle Ages

Major States

* Papal States * Republic of Venice * Republic of Florence *

* Republic of Genoa

Minor States

* Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica * Duchy of Ferrara * Duchy of Modena and Reggio * Prince-Bishopric of Brixen * Prince-Bishopric of Trent *

* Marquisate of Montferrat * Rebel city-states in Papal States *

Marquisate of Mantua The Marquisate or Margraviate of Mantua was a margraviate in Lombardy, Northern Italy. Constituted by the Capitani del popol, an administrative title used in Italy during the Middle Ages. The Marquisate of Mantua began with Gianfrancesco I G ...

* Marquisate of Massa * Marquisate of Finale * Marquisate of Incisa *

* Marquisate of Fosdinovo *

Marquisate of Bastia A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman wi ...

* County of Savoy (raised to

Duchy of Savoy The Duchy of Savoy ( it, Ducato di Savoia; french: Duché de Savoie) was a country in Western Europe that existed from 1416. It was created when Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, raised the County of Savoy into a duchy for Amadeus VIII. The duc ...

in 1416) * County of Urbino (raised to Duchy of Urbino in 1443) * County of Mirandola *

Golden Ambrosian Republic , it, Aurea Repubblica Ambrosiana , era = Late Middle Ages , government_type = Directorial republic , p1 = Duchy of Milan , flag_p1 = Flag of the Duchy of Milan (1450).svg , s1 ...

* County of Guastalla * County of Nice (in personal union with Savoy) * County of Gorizia * County of Montechiarugolo *

County of Santa Fiora The County of Santa Fiora ( it, Contea di Santa Fiora), also known as State of Santa Fiora ( it, Stato di Santa Fiora, links=no) was a small historical state of southern Tuscany, in central Italy. Together with the county of Sovana, it was one of ...

* County of Asti * County of Masserano * County of Correggio * County of Pitigliano *

County of Novellara A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposesChambers Dictionary, L. Brookes (ed.), 2005, Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, Edinburgh in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French ...

* County of Tende *

County of Sovana A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposes Chambers Dictionary, L. Brookes (ed.), 2005, Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, Edinburgh in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French ...

* County of Scandiano * Republic of Lucca * Republic of Siena * Republic of Ancona * Republic of Noli *

* Republic of Cospaia * Republic of Ragusa * Republic of San Marino

After the Italian Wars

Itàlia - Fin dei Guèrras d'Itàlia (1559)

The Peace of Cateau Cambrésis ended the Italian Wars in 1559. The kingdoms of Sicily, Sardinia, Naples (inclusive of the

State of Presidi The State of the ''Presidi'' ( it, Stato dei Presidi,. In french: État des Présides. Dhondt uses "Tuscan ''presidia''". meaning "state of the garrisons") was a small territory in Italy between 1557 and 1801. It consisted of the remnants of t ...

) and the

were left under the control of Spanish Habsburgs. France was in control of several fortresses and in particular of the

. All the other Italian states remained independent, with the most powerful being the Venetian Republic, the Medici's Duchy of Tuscany, the Savoyard state, the Republic of Genoa, and the Papal States. The

Gonzaga Gonzaga may refer to: Places * Gonzaga, Lombardy, commune in the province of Mantua, Italy * Gonzaga, Cagayan, municipality in the Philippines *Gonzaga, Minas Gerais, town in Brazil *Forte Gonzaga, fort in Messina, Sicily People with the surna ...

in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties. Parts of the north of Italy remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire.

Major States

* Papal States * Republic of Venice *

Grand Duchy of Tuscany The Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( it, Granducato di Toscana; la, Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. In th ...

* Republic of Genoa *

Minor States

Duchy of Mantua The Duchy of Mantua was a duchy in Lombardy, northern Italy. Its first duke was Federico II Gonzaga, member of the House of Gonzaga that ruled Mantua since 1328. The following year, the Duchy also acquired the March of Montferrat, thanks to ...

Duchy of Parma and Piacenza The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza ( it, Ducato di Parma e Piacenza, la, Ducatus Parmae et Placentiae), was an Italian state created in 1545 and located in northern Italy, in the current region of Emilia-Romagna. Originally a realm of the Farnes ...

* Duchy of Ferrara * Kingdom of Sardinia (under Spanish rule) * Duchy of Modena and Reggio (In personal union with Ferrara) * Duchy of Urbino * Duchy of Castro (in personal union with Parma) * Prince-Bishopric of Brixen * Prince-Bishopric of Trent *

Principality of Piombino The Lordship of Piombino (''Signoria di Piombino''), and after 1594 the Principality of Piombino (''Principato di Piombino''), was a small state on the Italian peninsula centred on the city of Piombino and including part of the island of Elba. I ...

* Principality of Monaco * Marquisate of Montferrat (raised to

Duchy of Montferrat The Duchy of Montferrat was a state located in Northern Italy. It was created out of what was left of the medieval March of Montferrat after the last Palaeologus heir had died (1533) and the margraviate had been briefly controlled by the Emperor C ...

in 1574; in personal union with Mantua) *

Marquisate of Masserano A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman w ...

(raised to Principality of Masserano in 1598) *

Marquisate of Sabbioneta A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman w ...

(raised to

Duchy of Sabbioneta A duchy, also called a dukedom, is a medieval country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess, a ruler hierarchically second to the king or queen in Western European tradition. There once existed an important difference between " ...

in 1577) * Marquisate of Finale * Marquisate of Massa (raised to Principality of Massa in 1568) * Marquisate of Carrara (in personal union with Massa) *

Marquisate of Castiglione A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman wi ...

(raised to Principality of Castiglione in 1609) * Marquisate of Torriglia * Marquisate of Fosdinovo *

* County of Guastalla * County of Mirandola * County of Montechiarugolo * County of Correggio (raised to

Principality of Correggio A principality (or sometimes princedom) can either be a monarchy, monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a regnant-monarch with the title of prince and/or princess, or by a monarch with another title considered to ...

in 1616) *

* County of Pitigliano * County of Tende *

* Republic of Ancona * Republic of Lucca * Republic of Ragusa * Republic of San Marino * Republic of Noli *

* Republic of Cospaia *

Hospitaller Malta Hospitaller Malta, officially the Monastic State of the Order of Malta, and known within Maltese history as the Knights' Period ( mt, Żmien il-Kavallieri, "Time of the Knights"), was a polity which existed between 1530 and 1798 when the Mediter ...

After the Wars of Succession of the 18th century

Following the European wars of succession of the 18th century and the extinction of the House of Medici, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was ruled by the Habsburg-Lorraine. Some minor states in Central and Northern Italy, such as Parma and Mantua, passed to the Austrian monarchy. Southern Italy passed to a cadet branch of the

House of Bourbon The House of Bourbon (, also ; ) is a European dynasty of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France. Bourbon kings first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Spanis ...

, known as House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. While other states such as Genoa, Savoy, Modena and Lucca remained with their governments unchanged.

Major States

* Papal States * Republic of Venice *

(under the Austrian monarchy from 1714 to 1734; in personal union with Sicily under the

Bourbon-Two Sicilies The House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies is a cadet branch of the Spanish royal family, Spanish Bourbons that ruled Southern Italy and Sicily for more than a century in the 18th and 19th centuries. It descends from the Capetian dynasty in legitimate ma ...

thereafter) *

(under Habsburg-Lorraine after 1737) *

* Republic of Genoa *

(under Habsburg Monarchy)

Minor states

* Kingdom of Sardinia (under Austrian monarchy from 1714 to 1720; in personal union with Savoy thereafter) *

(under Savoy from 1714 to 1720; under Austrian monarchy from 1720 to 1734; in personal union with Naples under the Bourbon-Two Sicilies thereafter) *

(under Austrian Monarchy) *

(under Habsburg Monarchy from 1734 to 1748) * Duchy of Guastalla (in personal union with Parma from 1748) * Duchy of Modena and Reggio Italy 1796

* * Duchy of Massa and Carrara (in personal union with Modena from 1731) *

Duchy of Mirandola The Lordship, then County, Principality and finally Duchy of Mirandola ( it, Ducato della Mirandola) was a state which existed in Northern Italy from 1310 until 1711, centered in Mirandola in what is now the province of Modena, in Emilia-Romagn ...

(in personal union with Modena from 1710) * Prince-Bishopric of Brixen * Prince-Bishopric of Trent * Principality of Masserano * Principality of Torriglia *

* Principality of Monaco *

* Marquisate of Fosdinovo *

* Republic of Lucca * Republic of San Marino * Republic of Ragusa * Republic of Noli *

* Republic of Cospaia * City of Fiume and its District Their populations and other vital statistics stood as follows in the late 18th century:Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor, Vol. 3
Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonne comte de Las Cases. 1816. *

(including Sicily): 6,000,000 (400,000 in Naples), army of 60,000 to 80,0000, 2 ships of the lines and some frigates * Republic of Venice: 3,500,000 (140,000 in the city of Venice itself), standing army and navy of 30,000, 12-15 ships of at least 54 guns plus frigates and brigs * Kingdom of Sardinia: 2,900,000 (2,400,000 on the mainland and 500,000 on the island), 12-15 fortified cities and towns (largest being Turin at 80,000), standing army of 25,000, which could be raised to 50,000 in a time of war and 100,000 with militia * The Papal States: 2,400,000 (140,000 in the city of Rome), standing army of 6,000 to 7,000 * Austrian Lombardy (

, and minor territories): 1,100,000 (40,000 in the city of Milan itself) *

: 1,000,000 (80,000 in Florence), standing army of 6,000, navy of 3 frigates * Republic of Genoa: 500,000 (100,000 in the city of Genoa itself) *

Duchy of Parma The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza ( it, Ducato di Parma e Piacenza, la, Ducatus Parmae et Placentiae), was an Italian state created in 1545 and located in northern Italy, in the current region of Emilia-Romagna. Originally a realm of the Farnese ...

: 500,000 (40,000 in the city of Parma itself), standing army of 2,500 to 3,000 * Duchy of Modena: 350,000 (20,000 in the city of Modena itself), standing army of 5,000 to 6,000 * Republic of Lucca: 100,000 Total: 18.3 million

During Napoleonic times (1792–1815)

Sister republics of Revolutionary France

* Republic of Alba *

Anconine Republic The Anconine Republic ( it, Repubblica Anconitana) was a revolutionary municipality formed on 19 November 1797. It came about after a French victory at Ancona in February 1797, and the consequent occupation of the city.Philip's Atlas of World H ...

* Astese Republic * Republic of Bergamo *

Bolognese Republic The Bolognese Republic was proclaimed in 1796 in the Central Italian city of Bologna. History It was a French client republic established when Papal authorities escaped from the city of Bologna in June 1796. It was annexed by the Cispadane Repu ...

Republic of Brescia The Republic of Brescia ( it, Repubblica bresciana) was a temporary French client republic in Italy. Established March 18, 1797, in the wake of the French occupation of Brescia and Bergamo, it became part of the Cisalpine Republic November 20, 1797 ...

* Cisalpine Republic * Cispadane Republic *

Republic of Crema The so-called Republic of Crema ( it, Repubblica Cremasca) was a revolutionary municipality in Lombardy, which was created when the French army entered Crema on 28 March 1797. It ruled the local affairs of the city and its neighbourhood, which pr ...

* Italian Republic * Ligurian Republic * Jacobin State of Lucca * Parthenopean Republic *

Republic of Pescara Pescara (; nap, label= Abruzzese, Pescàrë; nap, label= Pescarese, Piscàrë) is the capital city of the Province of Pescara, in the Abruzzo region of Italy. It is the most populated city in Abruzzo, with 119,217 (2018) residents (and approxim ...

* Piedmontese Republic * Roman Republic *

Subalpine Republic The Subalpine Republic was a short-lived republic that existed between 1800 and 1802 on the territory of Piedmont during its military rule by Napoleonic France. History Piedmont was the main part of the Kingdom of Sardinia which, despite its n ...

* Tiberina Republic *

Transpadane Republic The Transpadane Republic ( it, Repubblica Transpadana) was a revolutionary, provisional and internationally unrecognized government established in Milan by General Napoleon Bonaparte. History On 10 May 1796, the French army defeated the Austria ...

In personal union with France

* Kingdom of Italy

Client states of the First French Empire

* Kingdom of Etruria *

Principality of Lucca and Piombino The Principality of Lucca and Piombino was created in July 1805 by Napoleon I for his beloved sister Elisa Bonaparte. It was a State located on the central Italian Peninsula (present-day Italy), reporting to the needs of Napoleonic France. Forma ...

* * Principality of Pontecorvo

Other states

* Kingdom of Sardinia *

* Principality of Elba (non-hereditary Monarchy under the exiled Emperor Napoleon) * Republic of San Marino * Republic of Cospaia

From the Restoration to the Unification

Following the defeat of Napoleon's France, the Congress of Vienna (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. The Congress also determined the end of two millenary republics: Genoa was annexed by the then Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia, and Venice was incorporated with Milan into a new kingdom of the Austrian Empire. At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the

Habsburgs The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...

, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present-day Italy and were the most powerful force against the Italian unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing in its domains on the Italian peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains. * Papal States * Kingdom of Sardinia *

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( it, Regno delle Due Sicilie) was a kingdom in Southern Italy from 1816 to 1860. The kingdom was the largest sovereign state by population and size in Italy before Italian unification, comprising Sicily and a ...

* Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (under Austrian Empire) *

Kingdom of Illyria The Kingdom of Illyria was a crown land of the Austrian Empire from 1816 to 1849, the successor state of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces, which were reconquered by Austria in the War of the Sixth Coalition. It was established according to th ...

(under Austrian Empire) *

* Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla * Duchy of Modena and Reggio * Duchy of Massa and Carrara *

Duchy of Lucca The Duchy of Lucca was a small Italian state existing from 1815 to 1847. It was centered on the city of Lucca. By the Congress of Vienna of 1815 the Duchy was to revert to Tuscany on the end of its Bourbon-Parma line of rulers or when the line wou ...

* Principality of Monaco * Republic of San Marino * Republic of Cospaia * Republic of San Marco * Roman Republic * United Provinces of Central Italy

Post-unification

* Kingdom of Italy *

Italian Regency of Carnaro The Italian Regency of Carnaro ( it, Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro), also known in Italian as (), was a self-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) led by Gabriele d'Annunzio between 1919 and 1920. ''Impresa di Fiume'' ...

Free State of Fiume The Free State of Fiume () was an independent free state that existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory of comprised the city of Fiume (today Rijeka, Croatia) and rural areas to its north, with a corridor to its west connecting it to the K ...

Italian Social Republic The Italian Social Republic ( it, Repubblica Sociale Italiana, ; RSI), known as the National Republican State of Italy ( it, Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia, SNRI) prior to December 1943 but more popularly known as the Republic of Salò ...

* Free Territory of Trieste '' Micronation'' *

Kingdom of Tavolara __NOTOC__ The Kingdom of Tavolara is a micronation on Tavolara Island, off the northeast coast of Sardinia. Set up by the Bertoleoni family, allegedly sanctioned by Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, it claims to be one of the smallest kingdoms i ...

Republic of Rose Island The Republic of Rose Island ( eo, Respubliko de la Insulo de la Rozoj; it, Repubblica dell'Isola delle Rose) was a short-lived micronation on a man-made platform in the Adriatic Sea, off the coast of the province of Rimini, Italy. It was ...

Italian Partisan Republics

The Italian Partisan Republics were the provisional state entities liberated by

Italian partisans The Italian resistance movement (the ''Resistenza italiana'' and ''la Resistenza'') is an umbrella term for the Italian resistance groups who fought the occupying forces of Nazi Germany and the fascist collaborationists of the Italian Social ...

from the rule and occupation of Nazi Germany and the

in 1944 during the Second World War. They were universally short-lived, with most of them being reconquered by the Wehrmacht within weeks of their formal establishments and re-incorporated into the Italian Social Republic. * Republic of Alba (10 October - 2 November) * Republic of Alto Monferrato (September - 2 December) *

Republic of Alto Tortonese A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...

(September - December) *

Republic of Bobbio The Republic of Bobbio was a short lived partisan state centered around the Italian city of Bobbio in Piacenza province. The republic extended for ~90 kilometers, from Val Trebbia to the Oltrepò Pavese. The small amount of fascist forces in th ...

(7 July - 27 August) *

Republic of the Cansiglio A republic () is a " state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th ...

(July - September) * (26 September - 10 October) * (2 February - March 1944) *

Republic of Oriental Friuli A republic () is a " state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th ...

(30 June - September) * Republic of Pigna (IM) (18 September 1944 - 8 October 1944) * Republic of the Langhe (September - November) * (17 June - 1º August) * Republic of Ossola (10 September - 23 October) * (26 June - 27 November) * Republic of the Ceno Valley (10 June - 11 July) * Republic of the Enza Valley and the Parma Valley (June - July) * Republic of the Maira Valley and the Varaita Valley (June - 21 August) * (15 June - 24 July) * Republic of the Lanzo Valley (25 June - September) * Republic of the Sesia Valley (11 June - 10 July) * Republic of Varzi (19/24 September - 29 November)

References

{{Risorgimento States * *Italy Historic states Italy

Archaic Italy

Classical Italy

Early Middle Ages

High Middle Ages

States in Central and Northern Italy

States in Southern Italy

States of the Holy Roman Empire

Sardinian Judicates

Late Middle Ages

Major States

Minor States

After the Italian Wars

Major States

Minor States

After the Wars of Succession of the 18th century

Major States

Minor states

During Napoleonic times (1792–1815)

Sister republics of Revolutionary France

In personal union with France

Client states of the First French Empire

Other states

From the Restoration to the Unification

Post-unification

Italian Partisan Republics

See also

References