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A historical sovereign state is a
state State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, United States * ''Our S ...
that once existed, but has since been dissolved due to conflict, war, rebellion, annexation, or uprising. This page lists
sovereign state A sovereign state or sovereign country, is a political entity represented by one central government that has supreme legitimate authority over territory. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined ter ...
s,
countries A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, while th ...
,
nation A nation is a community of people formed on the basis of a combination of shared features such as language, history, ethnicity, culture and/or society. A nation is thus the collective Identity (social science), identity of a group of people unde ...
s, or
empire An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...
s that have ceased to exist as political entities, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature. The most recent sovereign states to cease to exist within each continent are: * Africa: The
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Muammar Gaddafi became the ''de facto'' leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état. After the king had fled the country, the Revolutionary Comm ...
, which was overthrown in a civil war in 2011 to form the State of Libya. * Asia: The
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was a presidential republic that ruled Afghanistan from 2004 to 2021. The state was established to replace the Afghan interim (2001–2002) and transitional (2002–2004) administrations, which were forme ...
, which was overthrown by the
Taliban The Taliban (; ps, طالبان, ṭālibān, lit=students or 'seekers'), which also refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a Deobandi Islamic fundamentalist, militant Islamist, jihadist, and Pasht ...
in 2021 after a 20-year long armed conflict to form the
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is border ...
. * Europe:
Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro ( sr, Cрбија и Црна Гора, translit=Srbija i Crna Gora) was a country in Southeast Europe located in the Balkans that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yug ...
was dissolved in 2006, which later formed the modern separate countries of
Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...
and Serbia, as well as the partially recognized state of
Kosovo Kosovo ( sq, Kosova or ; sr-Cyrl, Косово ), officially the Republic of Kosovo ( sq, Republika e Kosovës, links=no; sr, Република Косово, Republika Kosovo, links=no), is a international recognition of Kosovo, partiall ...
since 2008, which is claimed by Serbia. Russia annexed four oblasts of Ukraine following disputed referendums in 2022. * North America: The Duvalier dynasty of Haiti, which was removed in 1986 to form the
Republic of Haiti Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and s ...
. * South America: The
Republic of Venezuela The Republic of Venezuela was a democratic republic first established in 1958, and replaced in 1999 by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Venezuela saw ten years of military dictatorship from 1948 to 1958. After the 1948 Venezuelan cou ...
, which was reformed in 1999 into the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.


Criteria for inclusion

The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to that of the
list of states with limited recognition A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have ''de facto'' control of thei ...
. To be included here, a polity must have claimed statehood and either: * had de facto control over a territory, a population, a government, a capacity to enter into relations with other states, or * have been recognised as a state by at least one other state. For purposes of this list, the cutoff between medieval and early modern states is the
fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople, also known as the Conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city fell on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun o ...
in 1453.


Ancient and medieval states

* List of Copper Age states * List of Bronze Age states * List of Classical Age states *
List of Iron Age states The Iron Age is an archaeological age, the last of the three-age system of Old World prehistory. It follows the Bronze Age, in the Ancient Near East beginning c. 1200 BC, and in Europe beginning after c. 800 BC. It is taken to end with the be ...
*
List of states during Late Antiquity Late Antiquity is a historiographical term for the historical period from c. 200 AD to c. 700 AD, which marks the transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Precise boundaries for the period are a matter of debate, but histori ...
* List of states during the Middle Ages


Modern states and territories by geography


Africa


Morocco (Maghreb al-Aqsa)

*
Idrisid dynasty The Idrisid dynasty or Idrisids ( ar, الأدارسة ') were an Arab Muslim dynasty from 788 to 974, ruling most of present-day Morocco and parts of present-day western Algeria. Named after the founder, Idris I, the Idrisids were an Alid an ...
(788–974) *
Almoravid dynasty The Almoravid dynasty ( ar, المرابطون, translit=Al-Murābiṭūn, lit=those from the ribats) was an imperial Berber Muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day Morocco. It established an empire in the 11th century that ...
(1040–1147) *
Almohad Caliphate The Almohad Caliphate (; ar, خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or or from ar, ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ, translit=al-Muwaḥḥidūn, lit=those who profess the unity of God) was a North African Berber Muslim empire f ...
(1121–1269) *
Marinid Sultanate The Marinid Sultanate was a Berber Muslim empire from the mid-13th to the 15th century which controlled present-day Morocco and, intermittently, other parts of North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia) and of the southern Iberian Peninsula (Spain) a ...
(1244–1465) *
Wattasid dynasty The Wattasid dynasty ( ber, Iweṭṭasen; ar, الوطاسيون, ''al-waṭṭāsīyūn'') was a ruling dynasty of Morocco. Like the Marinid dynasty, its rulers were of Zenata Berber descent. The two families were related, and the Marinids ...
(1472–1549) *
Saadi Sultanate The Saadi Sultanate (also rendered in English as Sa'di, Sa'did, Sa'dian, or Saadian; ar, السعديون, translit=as-saʿdiyyūn) was a state which ruled present-day Morocco and parts of West Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was l ...
(1510–1649) *
Republic of Salé The Republic of Salé was a city state at Salé (modern Morocco), during the 17th century. Located at the mouth of the Bou Regreg river, it was founded by Moriscos from the town of Hornachos, in Western Spain. Moriscos were the descendants of ...
(1627–1668) *
'Alawi dynasty The Alawi dynasty ( ar, سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين, translit=sulālat al-ʿalawiyyīn al-fīlāliyyīn) – also rendered in English as Alaouite, Alawid, or Alawite – is the current Moroccan royal family and reigning d ...
(1631–1912) * Republic of the Rif (1921–1926)


Egypt, Sudan and Libya

* Kingdom of Kush (1070 BC–550 AD) *
Makuria Makuria (Old Nubian: , ''Dotawo''; gr, Μακουρία, Makouria; ar, المقرة, al-Muqurra) was a Nubian kingdom located in what is today Northern Sudan and Southern Egypt. Makuria originally covered the area along the Nile River from t ...
(5th century–Late 15th/16th century) *
Alodia Alodia, also known as Alwa ( grc-gre, Aρουα, ''Aroua''; ar, علوة, ''ʿAlwa''), was a medieval kingdom in what is now central and southern Sudan. Its capital was the city of Soba, located near modern-day Khartoum at the confluence of t ...
(6th century–) *
Ayyubid dynasty The Ayyubid dynasty ( ar, الأيوبيون '; ) was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin ...
(1171–1260a/1341) * Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) *
Egypt Eyalet The Eyalet of Egypt (, ) operated as an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 to 1867. It originated as a result of the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottomans in 1517, following the Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17) and the a ...
(1517–1867) *
Kingdom of Fazughli The kingdom of Fazughli was a precolonial state in what is now southeastern Sudan and western Ethiopia. Oral traditions assert its establishment to refugees from the Nubian kingdom of Alodia, after its capital Soba had fallen to Arabs or the Fu ...
(–1685) *
Sultanate of Sennar The Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar (after its capital Sennar) or Blue Sultanate due to the traditional Sudanese convention of referring to black people as blue () was a monarchy in what is now Sudan, northwestern E ...
(1504–1821) *
Sultanate of Darfur The Sultanate of Darfur was a pre-colonial state in present-day Sudan. It existed from 1603 to October 24, 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr and again from 1898 to 1916, when it was conquered by the British and integra ...
(1603–1874/1898–1916) *
Mahdist State The Mahdist State, also known as Mahdist Sudan or the Sudanese Mahdiyya, was a state based on a religious and political movement launched in 1881 by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah (later Muhammad al-Mahdi) against the Khedivate of Egypt, which had ...
(1885–1899) *
Sultanate of Egypt The Sultanate of Egypt () was the short-lived protectorate that the United Kingdom imposed over Egypt between 1914 and 1922. History Soon after the start of the First World War, Khedive Abbas II of Egypt was removed from power by the British ...
(1914–1922) *
Tripolitanian Republic Tripolitanian Republic (Arabic: , ''al-Jumhuriyat at-Trabulsiya''), was an Arab republic that declared the independence of Tripolitania from Italian Libya after World War I. Background Tripolitania had been an Ottoman possession since the 16th ce ...
(1918–1922) *
Kingdom of Egypt The Kingdom of Egypt ( ar, المملكة المصرية, Al-Mamlaka Al-Miṣreyya, The Egyptian Kingdom) was the legal form of the Egyptian state during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's reign, from the United Kingdom's recog ...
(1922–1953) *
Emirate of Cyrenaica The Emirate of Cyrenaica ( ar, إمارة برقة) came into existence when Sayyid Idris unilaterally proclaimed Cyrenaica an independent Senussi emirate on 1 March 1949, backed by the United Kingdom. Sayyid Idris proclaimed himself Emir of Cyr ...
(1949–1951) *
Kingdom of Libya The Kingdom of Libya ( ar, المملكة الليبية, lit=Libyan Kingdom, translit=Al-Mamlakah Al-Lībiyya; it, Regno di Libia), known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa which ca ...
(1951–1969) * Republic of Egypt (1953–1958) *
Republic of the Sudan Sudan ( or ; ar, السودان, as-Sūdān, officially the Republic of the Sudan ( ar, جمهورية السودان, link=no, Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa. It shares borders with the Central African Republic t ...
(1956–1969) *
United Arab Republic The United Arab Republic (UAR; ar, الجمهورية العربية المتحدة, al-Jumhūrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1971. It was initially a political union between E ...
(1958–1971) *
Democratic Republic of the Sudan On May 25, 1969, several young officers calling themselves the Free Officers Movement (after the Egyptian officers who instigated the Egyptian revolution of 1952) seized power in Sudan and started the Nimeiri era in the history of Sudan. At ...
(1969–1985) *
Libyan Arab Republic Muammar Gaddafi became the '' de facto'' leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état. After the king had fled the country, the Revolutionary Co ...
(1969–1977) *
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Muammar Gaddafi became the ''de facto'' leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état. After the king had fled the country, the Revolutionary Comm ...
(1977–2011) *
National Transitional Council The National Transitional Council of Libya ( ar, المجلس الوطني الإنتقالي '), sometimes known as the Transitional National Council, was the ''de facto'' government of Libya for a period during and after the Libyan Civil War ...
(2011–2012)


Algeria (Central Maghreb)

* Emirate of Tlemcen (757-790) *
Rustamid dynasty The Rustamid dynasty () (or ''Rustumids'', ''Rostemids'') was a ruling house of Ibāḍī imāms of Persian descent centered in Algeria. The dynasty governed as a Muslim theocracy for a century and a half from its capital Tiaret (present day ...
(761–909) *
Aghlabid dynasty The Aghlabids ( ar, الأغالبة) were an Arab dynasty of emirs from the Najdi tribe of Banu Tamim, who ruled Ifriqiya and parts of Southern Italy, Sicily, and possibly Sardinia, nominally on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph, for about a cen ...
(800–909) *
Fatimid Caliphate The Fatimid Caliphate was an Ismaili Shi'a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries AD. Spanning a large area of North Africa, it ranged from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east. The Fatimids, a dyn ...
(909–1171) *
Zirid dynasty The Zirid dynasty ( ar, الزيريون, translit=az-zīriyyūn), Banu Ziri ( ar, بنو زيري, translit=banū zīrī), or the Zirid state ( ar, الدولة الزيرية, translit=ad-dawla az-zīriyya) was a Sanhaja Berber dynasty from ...
(972–1148) *
Hafsid dynasty The Hafsids ( ar, الحفصيون ) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berber descentC. Magbaily Fyle, ''Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa'', (University Press of America, 1999), 84. who ruled Ifriqiya (western ...
(1229–1574) *
Kingdom of Tlemcen The Kingdom of Tlemcen or Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen ( ar, الزيانيون) was a Berber kingdom in what is now the northwest of Algeria. Its territory stretched from Tlemcen to the Chelif bend and Algiers, and at its zenith reached Sijilm ...
(1235–1556) *
Kingdom of Kuku The Kingdom of Kuku (''Kingdom of Koukou'') was a Kabyle Berber kingdom. It was established around 1515 CE and ruled by the Ath l-Qadi dynasty until 1632 or 1638 CE. Ahmed ou el Khadi (Ou l-Qadi) is acknowledged as the founder. References B ...
(1515–1638) * Kingdom of Beni Abbas (1510–1871) *
Sultanate of Tuggurt The Sultanate of Tuggurt was a state that extended over Tuggurt, the oases of the neighbouring region and the Oued Righ valley between the fifteenth century and 1881. It was governed by sultans of the Banu Djellab dynasty. Background The cit ...
(?–1871) *
Regency of Algiers The Regency of Algiers ( ar, دولة الجزائر, translit=Dawlat al-Jaza'ir) was a state in North Africa lasting from 1516 to 1830, until it was conquered by the French. Situated between the regency of Tunis in the east, the Sultanate ...
(1516–1830) * Emirate of Abdelkader (1832–1847)


Comoro Islands

*
State of the Comoros The history of the Comoros extends to about 800–1000 AD when the archipelago was first inhabited. The Comoros have been inhabited by various groups throughout this time. France colonised the islands in the 19th century, and they became independe ...
(1963–1978) * Ali Soilih Regime (1976–1978) * Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros (1978–2001) * State of Anjouan (1997–2002), (2007–2008)


Madagascar

* Kingdom of Antankarana – made a French protectorate in 1843, annexed in 1895 * Kingdom of Antongil (1773–1786) * Kingdom of Boina (–1840) * Kingdom of Menabe (–1834) *
Kingdom of Imerina The Merina Kingdom, or Kingdom of Madagascar, officially the Kingdom of Imerina (–1897), was a pre-colonial state off the coast of Southeast Africa that, by the 19th century, dominated most of what is now Madagascar. It spread outward from I ...
(1540–1897) * Kingdom of Tamatave (1712–1828) * Kingdom of Tanibe (1822–1828) *
Malagasy Republic The Malagasy Republic ( mg, Repoblika Malagasy, french: République malgache) was a state situated in Southeast Africa. It was established in 1958 as an autonomous republic within the newly created French Community, became fully independent in ...
(1958–1975) *
Democratic Republic of Madagascar The Democratic Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblika Demokratika Malagasy, french: République démocratique de Madagascar) was a socialist state that existed on the island of Madagascar from 1975 to 1992. History Establishment (1975) ...
(1975–1992) *
Third Republic of Madagascar The Third Republic of Madagascar (officially called the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, french: République de Madagascar) refers to the 18-year-long period in Malagasy history after the dissolution of the socialist regime ...
(1992–2010)


Sub-Saharan Africa

*
Kanem–Bornu Empire The Kanem–Bornu Empire existed in areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon and Chad. It was known to the Arabian geographers as the Kanem Empire from the 8th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu (the B ...
(–1380) *
Bornu Empire Bornu may refer to: * Bornu Empire, a historical state of West Africa * Borno State Borno State is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria, bordered by Yobe to the west, Gombe to the southwest, and Adamawa to the south while i ...
(–1893) *
Shilluk Kingdom The Shilluk Kingdom, dominated by the Shilluk people, was located along the left bank of the White Nile river in what is now South Sudan and southern Sudan. Its capital and royal residence was in the town of Fashoda. According to Shilluk folk hi ...
(15th century–1861) *
Wadai Empire The Wadai Sultanate ( ar, سلطنة وداي ''Saltanat Waday'', french: royaume du Ouaddaï, Fur: ''Burgu'' or ''Birgu''; 1501–1912) was an African sultanate located to the east of Lake Chad in present-day Chad and the Central African Republ ...
(1501–1912) * Kingdom of Baguirmi (1480/1522–1897) *
Central African Empire From 4 December 1976 to 21 September 1979, the Central African Republic was officially known as the Central African Empire (french: Empire centrafricain), after military dictator (and president at the time) Marshal Jean-Bédel Bokassa declared ...
(1976–1979)


Horn of Africa

*
Kingdom of Aksum The Kingdom of Aksum ( gez, መንግሥተ አክሱም, ), also known as the Kingdom of Axum or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom centered in Northeast Africa and South Arabia from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. Based primarily in wha ...
( BCE– CE) *
Medri Bahri Medri Bahri ( ti, ምድሪ ባሕሪ, English: Land of the Sea Kingdom), also known as Mereb Melash, was an Eritrean kingdom emerged in 1137 until conquest by the Ethiopian Empire in 1879. It was situated in modern-day Eritrea, and was ruled by ...
(–1879) *
Adal Sultanate The Adal Sultanate, or the Adal Empire or the ʿAdal or the Bar Saʿad dīn (alt. spelling ''Adel Sultanate, ''Adal ''Sultanate'') () was a medieval Sunni Muslim Empire which was located in the Horn of Africa. It was founded by Sabr ad-Din II ...
(1415–1559) *
Imamate of Aussa The Imamate of Aussa also spelled Imamate of Awsa was a medieval Harari imamate in present-day eastern Ethiopia with its capital in Asaita. It was carved out of the Sultanate of Harar and the Adal Sultanate. History This polity was marred with ...
(16th century–1750) *
Aussa Sultanate The Sultanate of Aussa was a kingdom that existed in the Afar Region in eastern Ethiopia in the 18th and 20th centuries. It was considered to be the leading monarchy of the Afar people, to whom the other Afar rulers nominally acknowledged prima ...
(1734–1936) *
Isaaq Sultanate The Isaaq Sultanate ( so, Saldanadda Isaaq, Wadaad writing, Wadaad: , ar, السلطنة الإسحاقية) was a Somali people, Somali kingdom that ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries. It spanned the territorie ...
(1750–1884) *
Habr Yunis Sultanate The Habr Yunis Sultanate ( so, Saldanadda Habar Yoonis, ar, سلطنة هبر يونس) was a Somali kingdom that ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the 18th century. It spanned the territories of the Habr Yunis clan which is part of the ...
(–1907) *
Ajuran Sultanate The Ajuran Sultanate ( so, Saldanadda Ajuuraan, ar, سلطنة الأجورانية), also natively referred-to as Ajuuraan, and often simply Ajuran, was a Somali Empire in the Middle Ages in the Horn of Africa that dominated the trade in the ...
(13th century–17th century) *
Sultanate of Hobyo The Sultanate of Hobyo ( so, Saldanadda Hobyo, ar, سلطنة هوبيو), also known as the Sultanate of Obbia,''New International Encyclopedia'', Volume 21, (Dodd, Mead: 1916), p.283. was a 19th-century Somali kingdom in present-day northeast ...
(1878–1925) *
Majeerteen Sultanate The Majeerteen Sultanate ( so, Suldanadda Majeerteen 𐒈𐒚𐒐𐒆𐒖𐒒𐒖𐒆𐒆𐒖 𐒑𐒖𐒃𐒜𐒇𐒂𐒜𐒒, lit=Boqortooyada Majerteen, ar, سلطنة مجرتين), also known as Majeerteen Kingdom or Majeerteenia and Migiu ...
(–1924) *
Sultanate of the Geledi The Sultanate of the Geledi ( so, Saldanadda Geledi, ar, سلطنة غلدي) also known as the Gobroon Dynasty Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-state Over 150 Years - Virginia Luling (2002) Page 229 was a Somali kingdom that ruled parts of th ...
(17th century–1910) * Sultanate of Bale (13th century–c. 1320) * Kingdom of Simien *
Kingdom of Kaffa The Kingdom of Kaffa was a kingdom located in what is now Ethiopia from 1390 to 1897, with its first capital at Bonga. The Gojeb River formed its northern border, beyond which lay the Gibe kingdoms; to the east the territory of the Konta and Ku ...
(–1897) *
Hadiya Sultanate The Hadiya Sultanate (r. ~13th century – 15th century) was a medieval kingdom located in southwestern Ethiopia, south of the Abbay River and west of Shewa. It was ruled by the Hadiya people, who spoke the Cushitic Hadiyya language. The histori ...
(13th century–15th century) * Welayta Kingdom (–1894) * Kingdom of Janjero (c.15th century–1894) *
Kingdom of Gumma The Kingdom of Gumma was a kingdom in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 18th century. Its eastern border was formed by the bend of the Didessa River, which separated it from (proceeding downstream to upstream) Limmu-Ennarea to the ...
(–1902) *
Kingdom of Gomma The Kingdom of Gomma was a kingdom in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 18th century. It was based in Agaro. Location Gomma shared its northern border with Limmu-Ennarea, its western border with Gumma, its southern border with G ...
(– 1886) *
Kingdom of Gera The Kingdom of Gera was a kingdom in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the late 19th century. It shared its northern border with the Kingdom of Gumma, its eastern border with the Kingdom of Gomma, and was separated from the Kingdom of K ...
(–1887) *
Kingdom of Jimma The Kingdom of Jimma ( om, Mootummaa Jimmaa) was an Oromo kingdom in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 18th century. It shared its western border with Limmu-Ennarea, its eastern border with the Sidamo Kingdom of Janjero, and ...
(1790–1932) *
Ennarea Ennarea, also known as E(n)narya or In(n)arya ( Gonga: Hinnario), was a kingdom in the Gibe region in what is now western Ethiopia. It became independent from the kingdom of Damot in the 14th century and would be the most powerful kingdom in t ...
(14th century–) * Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (1801–1891) *
Emirate of Harar The Emirate of Harar was a Muslim kingdom founded in 1647 when the Harari people refused to accept Imām ʿUmardīn Ādan as their ruler and broke away from the Imamate of Aussa to form their own state under `Ali ibn Da`ud. Prior to its invasio ...
(1647–1887) *
State of Somaliland The State of Somaliland (, ) was a short-lived independent country in the territory of present-day unilaterally declared Republic of Somaliland. It existed on the territory of former British Somaliland for five days between 26 June 1960 and 1 ...
(1960) *
Somali Republic The Somali Republic ( so, Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed; it, Repubblica Somala; ar, الجمهورية الصومالية, Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmālīyyah) was a sovereign state composed of Somalia and Somaliland, following the unification o ...
(1960–1969) *
Somali Democratic Republic The Somali Democratic Republic ( so, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya Soomaaliyeed; ar, الجمهورية الديمقراطية الصومالية, ; it, Repubblica Democratica Somala) was the name that the socialist military government gave to Som ...
(1969–1991) *
Ethiopian Empire The Ethiopian Empire (), also formerly known by the exonym Abyssinia, or just simply known as Ethiopia (; Amharic and Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ , , Oromo: Itoophiyaa, Somali: Itoobiya, Afar: ''Itiyoophiyaa''), was an empire that historic ...
(1270–1974) * Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (1974–1987) *
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) () was a socialist state that existed in Ethiopia and present day Eritrea from 1987 to 1991. The PDRE was established in February 1987 as a Marxist-Leninist one-party state upon the adoption o ...
(1987–1991)


Western Africa

*
Emirate of Trarza The Emirate of Trarza was a precolonial state in what is today southwest Mauritania. It has survived as a traditional confederation of semi-nomadic peoples to the present day. Its name is shared with the modern Region of Trarza. The population, a ...
(1640–1902) * Emirate of Tagant * Emirate of Brakna *
Mali Empire The Mali Empire ( Manding: ''Mandé''Ki-Zerbo, Joseph: ''UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century'', p. 57. University of California Press, 1997. or Manden; ar, مالي, Māl ...
() *
Bamana Empire The Bamana Empire (also Bambara Empire or Ségou Empire, bm, italics=no, ߓߊ߲ߓߊߙߊ߲߫ ߝߊ߯ߡߟߊ, Banbaran Fāmala) was a large West African state based at Ségou, now in Mali. This state was established after the fall of the Mali Emp ...
(1712–1861) *
Khasso Khasso or Xaaso was a West African kingdom of the 17th to 19th centuries, occupying territory in what is today Senegal and the Kayes Region of Mali. Over two thousand years ago, it was part of Serer territory. From the 17th to 19th centuries, its c ...
(17th century–19th century) *
Sultanate of Agadez The Sultanate of Agadez (also known as Tenere Sultanate of Aïr, Sultanate of Aïr, or Asben") was a Berber kingdom centered in the city of Agadez in the Aïr Mountains, located at the southern edge of the Sahara desert in north-central Niger. I ...
(1449–1900) *
Songhai Empire The Songhai Empire (also transliterated as Songhay) was a state that dominated the western Sahel/Sudan in the 15th and 16th century. At its peak, it was one of the largest states in African history. The state is known by its historiographical ...
(–1591) * Mossi States ** Gurunsi (–1899) ** Gwiriko Kingdom (1714–1897) **
Liptako Liptako is an historic region of West Africa. It today falls in eastern Burkina Faso, southwestern Niger and a small portion of southeast central Mali. A hilly region beginning on the right back of the Niger river, Liptako is usually associat ...
(1718–1897, fully disestablished 1963) **
Tenkodogo Tenkodogo is the capital city of Boulgou Province and the Centre-Est Region of Burkina Faso with a population of 61,936 (2019). Economy The villages surrounding Tenkodogo are primarily based around animal husbandry. The main market takes place ...
(–1897) ** Wogodogo (1182?–1897) **
Yatenga Yatenga is one of the provinces of Burkina Faso, located in the Nord Region of the country. In modern Yatenga, the most prominent city is Ouahigouya (also known as Waiguya). This city served as the capital of the kingdom of Yatenga, a powerful ki ...
(?–1895) ** Bilanga ** Bilayanga ** Bongandini ** Con ** Macakoali ** Piela ** Nungu (1204–1895) * Zabarma Emirate (1860–1897) *
Sokoto Caliphate The Sokoto Caliphate (), also known as the Fulani Empire or the Sultanate of Sokoto, was a Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa. It was founded by Usman dan Fodio in 1804 during the Fulani jihads after defeating the Hausa Kingdoms in the Fu ...
(1804–1903) *
Sultanate of Damagaram The Sultanate of Damagaram was a Muslim pre-colonial state in what is now southeastern Niger, centered on the city of Zinder. History Rise The Sultanate of Damagaram was founded in 1731 (near Mirriah, modern Niger) by Muslim Kanouri ari ...
(1731–1851) * Empire of Great Fulo (Denanke Kingdom) (1490–1776) *
Imamate of Futa Toro The Imamate of Futa Toro () (1776-1861) was a West African theocratic monarchy of the Fula-speaking people ('' Fulɓe'' and Toucouleurs) in the middle valley of the Senegal River. The region is known as Futa Toro. Origins Futa Toro is a stri ...
(1725–1861) *
Jolof Empire Jolof (french: Djolof or ') may refer to either of * Jolof Empire, a West African successor state to the Mali Empire in modern Senegal from the 14th to 16th centuries * Kingdom of Jolof, a rump survival of the earlier empire from the 16th to the 19 ...
(1350–1549) *
Kingdom of Jolof The Kingdom of Jolof ( ar, جولوف), also known as Wolof and Wollof, was a West African rump state located in what is today the nation of Senegal. For nearly two hundred years, the Wolof rulers of the Jolof Empire collected tribute from vassal ...
(1549–1875) *
Kingdom of Sine The Kingdom of Sine (also: ''Sin, Siine'' or Siin in the Serer-Sine language) was a post-classical Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal. The inhabitants are called ''Siin-Siin'' or ''Sine-Sine'' (a Sere ...
(c. 1520–1867, fully disestablished 1969) *
Kingdom of Saloum The Kingdom of Saloum (Serer language: ''Saluum'' or ''Saalum'') was a Serer/ Wolof kingdom in present-day Senegal. Its kings may have been of Mandinka/Kaabu origin. The capital of Saloum was the city of Kahone. It was a sister kingdom of S ...
(1494–1864, fully disestablished 1969) *
Kingdom of Baol The Kingdom of Baol or Bawol in central Senegal was one of the kingdoms that arose from the split-up of the Empire of Jolof (Diolof) in 1555. The ruler ( Teigne or Teen) reigned from a capital in Diourbel. The Kingdom encompassed a strip of l ...
(1555–1895) * Kingdom of Cayor (1549–1879) * Kingdom of Waalo (1287–1855) *
Bundu Bundu may refer to: * Bundu (state), a former state in what is now Senegal * Also known as the place where Aditya Kumar (BE/10023/12) was born and brought up * Bundu, India, a town in Jharkhand, India ** Bundu block, the larger administrative ...
(?–1858) * National Revolutionary Council of the Gambia (30 July 1981 – 5 August 1981) * Kaabu (1537–1867) *
Imamate of Futa Jallon The Imamate of Futa Jallon or Jalon ( ar, إمامة فوتة جالون; fuf, Fuuta Jaloo or ' ) was a West African theocratic state based in the Fouta Djallon highlands of modern Guinea. The state was founded around 1727 by a Fulani jihad a ...
(1725–1912) *
Toucouleur Empire The Tidjaniya Caliphate ( ar, الخلافة التجانية; also known as the Tijaniyya Jihad state or the Segu Tukulor or the Toucouleur Empire) (1861–1890) was founded in the mid-nineteenth century by Elhadj Oumar Foutiyou Tall of the T ...
(1861–1890) *
Wassoulou Empire The Wassoulou Empire, sometimes referred to as the Mandinka Empire, was a short-lived (1878–1898) empire of West Africa built from the conquests of Malinke ruler Samori Ture and destroyed by the French colonial army. In 1864, Toucouleur ...
(1878–1898) *
Kong Empire The Kong Empire (1710–1898), also known as the Wattara Empire or Ouattara Empire for its founder, was a pre-colonial African Muslim state centered in northeastern Ivory Coast that also encompassed much of present-day Burkina Faso. It was fo ...
(1710–1898) *
Kingdom of Dagbon The Kingdom of Dagbon is one of the oldest and most organised traditional kingdoms in Ghana founded by the Dagomba people (Dagbamba) in the 11th century. During its rise, it comprised, at various points, the Northern, Upper West, Upper East and ...
(–1899?) *
Ashanti Empire The Asante Empire ( Asante Twi: ), today commonly called the Ashanti Empire, was an Akan state that lasted between 1701 to 1901, in what is now modern-day Ghana. It expanded from the Ashanti Region to include most of Ghana as well as parts of ...
(1670/1701–1902) * Bonoman (11th century–20th century) *
Gyaaman Gyaman (also spelled Jamang, Gyaaman) was a medieval Akan people state, located in what is now the Bono region of Ghana and Ivory Coast. Gyaman was founded by the Bono people, a branch of the Akan, in the late 15th century. The Bono then proceed ...
(–1895) *
Denkyira Denkyira was a powerful nation of Akan people that existed before the 1620s, in what is now modern-day Ghana. Like all Akans, they originated from Bono state. Before 1620, Denkyira was called Agona. The ruler of the Denkyira was called Denkyir ...
(–1701) *
Mankessim Kingdom The Mankessim Kingdom (1252–1844) was a pre-colonial African state in modern-day Ghana. It is regarded as the heartland of the Fante people, and operated as capital of the Fante Confederacy in the 19th century. The town of Mankessim still ex ...
(1252–1844) *
Fante Confederacy The Fante Confederacy refers either to the alliance of the Fante states in existence at least since the sixteenth century, or it can also refer to the modern Confederation formed in 1868. The Confederation is seen as one of the first and most prom ...
(16th century–1873) *
Kingdom of Whydah The Kingdom of Whydah ( known locally as; ''Glexwe'' / ''Glehoue'', but also known and spelt in old literature as; ''Hueda'', ''Whidah,'' ''Ajuda'', ''Ouidah'', ''Whidaw,'' ''Juida'', and ''Juda'' ( yo, Igelefe; french: Ouidah) was a kingdom on ...
*
Kingdom of Dahomey The Kingdom of Dahomey () was a West African kingdom located within present-day Benin that existed from approximately 1600 until 1904. Dahomey developed on the Abomey Plateau amongst the Fon people in the early 17th century and became a region ...
(–1904) *
Oyo Empire The Oyo Empire was a powerful Yoruba empire of West Africa made up of parts of present-day eastern Benin and western Nigeria (including Southwest zone and the western half of Northcentral zone). It grew to become the largest Yoruba-speaking ...
(–1896) *
Kingdom of Benin The Kingdom of Benin, also known as the Edo Kingdom, or the Benin Empire ( Bini: ') was a kingdom within what is now southern Nigeria. It has no historical relation to the modern republic of Benin, which was known as Dahomey from the 17th c ...
(1180–1897) *
Kingdom of Nri The Kingdom of Nri () was a medieval polity located in what is now Nigeria. The kingdom existed as a sphere of religious and political influence over a third of Igboland, and was administered by a priest-king called an '' Eze Nri''. The ''Eze Nri ...
(10th century?–1911) *
Aro Confederacy The Aro Confederacy (1690–1902) was a political union orchestrated by the Aro people, Igbo subgroup, centered in Arochukwu in present-day southeastern Nigeria. Their influence and presence was all over Eastern Nigeria, lower Middle Belt, a ...
(1690–1902) * Kwararafa () *
Thomas Sankara Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara (; 21 December 1949 – 15 October 1987) was a Burkinabé military officer, Marxist–Leninist revolutionary, and Pan-Africanist, who served as President of Burkina Faso from his coup in 1983 to his deposition an ...
's
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; , ff, 𞤄𞤵𞤪𞤳𞤭𞤲𞤢 𞤊𞤢𞤧𞤮, italic=no) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of , bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to ...
government (1984–1987) * People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea (1979–1984) * Republic of Maryland (1854–1857) *
Dominion of Ghana Ghana was the first African country colonised by European powers to achieve independence under majority rule. During the first three years after independence, from 1957 to 1960, a Westminster system of government was in place and the British mo ...
(1957–1960) * First Republic of Ghana (1960–1966) * Second Republic of Ghana (1966–1979) *
Third Republic of Ghana The Republic of Ghana is named after the medieval West African Ghana Empire. The empire became known in Europe and Arabia as the Ghana Empire after the title of its Emperor, the Ghana. The Empire appears to have broken up following the 10 ...
(1979–1993) *
Republic of Dahomey The Republic of Dahomey (french: République du Dahomey; ), simply known as Dahomey, was established on 4 December 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Prior to attaining autonomy, it had been French Dahomey, part of t ...
(1958–1975) *
People's Republic of Benin The People's Republic of Benin (french: République populaire du Bénin; sometimes translated as Benin Popular Republic or Popular Republic of Benin) was a socialist state located in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent, which would becom ...
(1975–1990) *
Republic of Benin Benin ( , ; french: Bénin , ff, Benen), officially the Republic of Benin (french: République du Bénin), and formerly Republic of Dahomey, Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burki ...
(September 19, 1967 – September 20, 1967) *
Biafra Biafra, officially the Republic of Biafra, was a partially recognised secessionist state in West Africa that declared independence from Nigeria and existed from 1967 until 1970. Its territory consisted of the predominantly Igbo-populated for ...
(1967–1970) * Federation of Nigeria (1960–1963) *
First Nigerian Republic The First Republic was the republican government of Nigeria between 1963 and 1966 governed by the first republican constitution. The country's government was based on a federal form of the Westminster system. The period between 1 October 1960 ...
(1963–1966) * Federal Republic of Nigeria (first junta) (1966–1979) *
Second Nigerian Republic The Second Nigerian Republic was a brief formation of the Nigerian state which succeeded the military governments formed after the overthrow of the first republic. Background Contested elections and political turbulence in the Western region en ...
(1979–1983) * Federal Republic of Nigeria (second junta) (1983–1999)


African Great Lakes

*
Buganda Buganda is a Bantu kingdom within Uganda. The kingdom of the Baganda people, Buganda is the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day East Africa, consisting of Buganda's Central Region, including the Ugandan capital Kampala. The 14 m ...
(14th century–1894, still exists as traditional kingdom) *
Bunyoro Bunyoro or Bunyoro-Kitara is a Bantu kingdom in Western Uganda. It was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Central and East Africa from the 13th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by the King (''Omukama'') of Bunyoro-Kitara. The curre ...
(13th century–1897, still exists as traditional kingdom) *
Ankole Ankole ( Runyankore: ''Nkore''), was a traditional Bantu kingdom in Uganda and lasted from the 15th century until 1967. The kingdom was located in south-western Uganda, east of Lake Edward. History Ankole Kingdom is located in the South-Weste ...
(1478–1901, fully disestablished 1967) *
Toro Kingdom Tooro is a Bantu kingdom located within the borders of Uganda. The current Omukama of Toro is King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV. King Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV took to the throne of Tooro kingdom in 1995 at the age of just thr ...
(1830–1876, still exists as traditional kingdom) *
Busoga Busoga ( Lusoga: Obwakyabazinga bwa Busoga) is a kingdom and one of four constitutional monarchies in present-day Uganda. The kingdom is a cultural institution which promotes popular participation and unity among the people of the region throu ...
(?–1906, still exists as traditional kingdom) *
Kingdom of Rwanda The Kingdom of Rwanda was a kingdom in East Africa which grew to be ruled by a Tutsi monarchy. It was later annexed under German and Belgian colonial rule while retaining some of its autonomy. The Tutsi monarchy was abolished in 1961 after e ...
(11th century–1885, fully disestablished 1962) *
Kingdom of Burundi The Kingdom of Burundi (french: Royaume du Burundi) or Kingdom of Urundi (''Royaume d'Urundi'') was a Bantu kingdom in the modern-day Republic of Burundi. The Ganwa monarchs (with the title of '' mwami'') ruled over both Hutus and Tutsis. Creat ...
(1680–1890/1962–1966) * Kingdom of Karagwe * Uganda (monarchy in The Commonwealth) (1962–1963) * First Republic of Uganda (1962–1971) * Second Republic of Uganda (1971–1979) * Third Republic of Uganda (1979–1986)


Eastern Africa

* Pate Sultanate (1203–1870) * Malindi Kingdom (9th century–15th century) * Mombasa Sultanate (1502–1887, fully disestablished 1963) * Witu Sultanate (–1905/1923) *
Kilwa Sultanate The Kilwa Sultanate ( fa, پادشاهی کیلوا) was a sultanate, centered at Kilwa (an island off modern-day, Kilwa District in Lindi Region of Tanzania), whose authority, at its height, stretched over the entire length of the Swahili ...
(957–1513) * Kingdom of Maravi (–1891) *
Sultanate of Zanzibar The Sultanate of Zanzibar ( sw, Usultani wa Zanzibar, ar, سلطنة زنجبار , translit=Sulṭanat Zanjībār), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was a state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. The Sul ...
(pre–1503/4, 1856–1890, 1963–1964) *
Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi ...
(1963–1964) *
People's Republic of Zanzibar The People's Republic of Zanzibar () was an African state founded in 1964, consisting of the islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago. It existed for less than a year before it merged with Tanganyika to create the United Republic of Tanganyika and Z ...
(1964) * Tanganyika (1961–1962) *
People's Republic of Mozambique The People's Republic of Mozambique (Portuguese: ''República Popular de Moçambique'') was a socialist state that existed in present day Mozambique from 1975 to 1990. The People's Republic of Mozambique was established when the country gained ...
(1975–1990)


Central Africa

*
Kingdom of Loango The Kingdom of Loango (also ''Lwããgu'') was a pre- colonial African state, during approximately the 16th to 19th centuries in what is now the western part of the Republic of the Congo, Southern Gabon and Cabinda. Situated to the north of the ...
() * Yaka Kingdom (17th century–18th century) *
Anziku Kingdom The Anziku Kingdom, also called the Teke Kingdom, the Tyo Kingdom or Tio Kingdom, was a pre-colonial West Central African state of modern Republic of Congo, Gabon and Democratic Republic of Congo. Origins The word Anziku comes from the KiKongo p ...
(?–19th century) *
Kingdom of Kongo The Kingdom of Kongo ( kg, Kongo dya Ntotila or ''Wene wa Kongo;'' pt, Reino do Congo) was a kingdom located in central Africa in present-day northern Angola, the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of the ...
(1390–1914) *
Kuba Kingdom The Kuba Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the Bakuba or Bushongo, is a traditional kingdom in Central Africa. The Kuba Kingdom flourished between the 17th and 19th centuries in the region bordered by the Sankuru, Lulua, and Kasai rivers ...
(1625–1884) *
Kingdom of Luba The Kingdom of Luba or Luba Empire (1585–1889) was a pre-colonial Central African state that arose in the marshy grasslands of the Upemba Depression in what is now southern Democratic Republic of Congo. Origins and foundation Archaeologi ...
(1585–1889) *
Kingdom of Lunda The Nation of Lunda (c. 1665 – c. 1887) was a confederation of states in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, north-eastern Angola, and north-western Zambia, its central state was in Katanga. Origin Initially, the core of what would ...
(–1887) *
Yeke Kingdom The Yeke Kingdom (also called the ''Garanganze'' or ''Garenganze'' kingdom) of the Garanganze people in Katanga, DR Congo, was short-lived, existing from about 1856 to 1891 under one king, Msiri, but it became for a while the most powerful st ...
(1856–1891) *
Kingdom of Ndongo The Kingdom of Ndongo, formerly known as Angola or Dongo, was an early-modern African state located in what is now Angola. The Kingdom of Ndongo is first recorded in the sixteenth century. It was one of multiple vassal states to Kongo, thoug ...
(16th century–1671) * Kasanje Kingdom (1620–1910) *
Kingdom of Matamba The Kingdom of Matamba (1631–1744) was an African state located in what is now the Baixa de Cassange region of Malanje Province of modern-day Angola. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonisation attempts and was only i ...
(1631–1744) *
Mbunda Kingdom The Mbunda Kingdom ( Mbunda: ''Chiundi ca Mbunda'' or ''Vumwene vwa Chiundi'' or Portuguese: ''Reino dos Bundas'') was an African kingdom located in west central Africa, what is now south-east Angola. At its greatest extent, it reached from Mit ...
(1700–1914) * Chokwe Kingdom * Kazembe Kingdom *
People's Republic of the Congo The People's Republic of the Congo (french: République populaire du Congo) was a Marxist–Leninist socialist state that existed in the Republic of the Congo from 1969 to 1992. The People's Republic of the Congo was founded in December 196 ...
(1969–1992) * Congo-Léopoldville (1960–1971) *
International Association of the Congo The International Association of the Congo (french: Association internationale du Congo), also known as the International Congo Society, was an association founded on 17 November 1879 by Leopold II of Belgium to further his interests in the Cong ...
(1879–1885) *
Congo Free State ''(Work and Progress) , national_anthem = Vers l'avenir , capital = Vivi Boma , currency = Congo Free State franc , religion = Catholicism (''de facto'') , leader1 = Leopo ...
(1885–1908) *
Republic of Zaire Zaire (, ), officially the Republic of Zaire (french: République du Zaïre, link=no, ), was a Congolese state from 1971 to 1997 in Central Africa that was previously and is now again known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Zaire was, ...
(1971–1997)


Southern Africa

*
Kingdom of Mapungubwe The Kingdom of Mapungubwe (or Maphungubgwe) (c. 1075–c. 1220) was a medieval state in South Africa located at the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo rivers, south of Great Zimbabwe. The name is derived from either TjiKalanga and Tshivenda. ...
(c. 1075–c. 1220) * Kingdom of Barotseland *
Kingdom of Mutapa The Kingdom of Mutapa – sometimes referred to as the Mutapa Empire, Mwenemutapa, ( sn, Mwene we Mutapa, pt, Monomotapa) – was an African kingdom in Zimbabwe, which expanded to what is now modern-day Mozambique. The Portuguese term ''Mon ...
(1430–1760) *
Kingdom of Zimbabwe The Kingdom of Zimbabwe (c. 1220–1450) was a medieval Shona ( Karanga) kingdom located in modern-day Zimbabwe. Its capital, today's Masvingo (meaning fortified), which is commonly called Great Zimbabwe, is the largest stone structure in p ...
(1220–1450) *
Kingdom of Butua The Kingdom of Butua or Butwa (c. 1450–1683) was a pre-colonial African state located in what is now southwestern Zimbabwe. Butua was renowned as the source of gold for Arab The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, ...
(1450–) * Rozvi Empire (1660–1889) * Kingdom of Mthwakazi (1823–1894) * Ndebele Kingdom *
Gaza Empire The Gaza Empire (1824–1895) was an African empire established by general Soshangane and was located in southeastern Africa in the area of southern Mozambique and southeastern Zimbabwe. The Gaza Empire, at its height in the 1860s, covered ...
(1824–1895) *
Mthethwa Empire The Mthethwa Paramountcy, sometimes referred to as the ''Mtetwa'' or Mthethwa Empire, was a Southern African state that arose in the 18th century south of Delagoa Bay and inland in eastern southern Africa. "Mthethwa" means "the one who rules". ...
(–1817) *
Zulu Kingdom The Zulu Kingdom (, ), sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand, was a monarchy in Southern Africa. During the 1810s, Shaka established a modern standing army that consolidated rival clans and built a large following ...
(1816–1897) * Potchefstroom Republic (1830) * Winburg Republic (1836) * Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom (1838) * Andries-Ohringstad Republic (1845) * Zoutpansberg Republic (1857) *
South African Republic The South African Republic ( nl, Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, abbreviated ZAR; af, Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek), also known as the Transvaal Republic, was an independent Boer Republic in Southern Africa which existed from 1852 to 1902, when it ...
(Transvaal) (1856–1877, 1881–1902) *
Orange Free State The Orange Free State ( nl, Oranje Vrijstaat; af, Oranje-Vrystaat;) was an independent Boer sovereign republic under British suzerainty in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeat ...
(1854–1902) *
Griqualand East Griqualand East (Afrikaans: ''Griekwaland-Oos''), officially known as New Griqualand (Dutch: ''Nieuw Griqualand''), was one of four short-lived Griqua states in Southern Africa from the early 1860s until the late 1870s and was located between ...
(1862-1874) * Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888) *
Natalia Republic The Natalia Republic was a short-lived Boer republic founded in 1839 after a Voortrekker victory against the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River. The area was previously named ''Natália'' by Portuguese sailors, due to its discovery on Christma ...
(1839–1843) * State of Goshen (1882–1883) * Republic of Stellaland (1882–1885) * United States of Stellaland (1883–1885) * Republic of Upingtonia (1885–1887) *
Union of South Africa The Union of South Africa ( nl, Unie van Zuid-Afrika; af, Unie van Suid-Afrika; ) was the historical predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape, Natal, Tra ...
(1910–1961) *
Rhodesia and Nyasaland The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, also known as the Central African Federation or CAF, was a colonial federation that consisted of three southern African territories: the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia and the B ...
(1953–1963) * South African Federation (1961–1994) **
Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana (, meaning "gathering of the Tswana people"), officially the Republic of Bophuthatswana ( tn, Riphaboliki ya Bophuthatswana; af, Republiek van Bophuthatswana), was a Bantustan (also known as "Homeland"; an area set aside for mem ...
(1977–1994) **
Ciskei Ciskei (, or ) was a Bantustan for the Xhosa people-located in the southeast of South Africa. It covered an area of , almost entirely surrounded by what was then the Cape Province, and possessed a small coastline along the shore of the Indi ...
(1981–1994) **
Transkei Transkei (, meaning ''the area beyond he riverKei''), officially the Republic of Transkei ( xh, iRiphabliki yeTranskei), was an unrecognised state in the southeastern region of South Africa from 1976 to 1994. It was, along with Ciskei, a Ban ...
(1976–1994) **
Venda Venda () was a Bantustan in northern South Africa, which is fairly close to the South African border with Zimbabwe to the north, while to the south and east, it shared a long border with another black homeland, Gazankulu. It is now part of the ...
(1979–1994) * (1965–1979) * (1979) *
People's Republic of Angola The People's Republic of Angola () was the self-declared socialist state which governed Angola from its independence in 1975 until 25 August 1992, during the Angolan Civil War. History The regime was established in 1975, after Portuguese An ...
(1975–1992)


Asia


Central Asia

*
Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, ...
(1206–1368) *
Chagatai Khanate The Chagatai Khanate, or Chagatai Ulus ( xng, , translit=Čaɣatay-yin Ulus; mn, Цагаадайн улс, translit=Tsagaadain Uls; chg, , translit=Čağatāy Ulusi; fa, , translit=Xânât-e Joghatây) was a Mongol and later Turkicized kh ...
(1225–1680) *
Kart dynasty The Kart dynasty, also known as the Kartids ( fa, آل کرت), was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Tajik origin closely related to the Ghurids, that ruled over a large part of Khorasan during the 13th and 14th centuries. Ruling from their capital ...
(1244–1381) *
Uzbek Khanate The Uzbek Khanate ( uz, Oʻzbek xonligi or ''Oʻzbek ulusi / Ўзбек хонлиги or Ўзбек Улуси''), also known as the Abulkhair Khanate was a Shaybanid state preceding the Khanate of Bukhara. During the few years it existed, the ...
(1428–1471) *
Nogai Horde The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghuds cons ...
(1440–1634) *
Kazakh Khanate The Kazakh Khanate ( kk, Қазақ Хандығы, , ), in eastern sources known as Ulus of the Kazakhs, Ulus of Jochi, Yurt of Urus, was a Kazakh state in Central Asia, successor of the Golden Horde existing from the 15th to 19th century ...
(1465–1848) *
Khanate of Bukhara The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro) ( fa, , Khānāt-e Bokhārā; ) was an Uzbek state in Central Asia from 1500 to 1785, founded by the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, a branch of the Shaybanids. From 1533 to 1540, Bukhara briefly became its ...
(1506–1785) *
Dzungar Khanate The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate, was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyzstan in the south, and from t ...
(1634–1755) *
Khanate of Kokand The Khanate of Kokand ( fa, ; ''Khānneshin-e Khoqand'', chg, ''Khoqand Khānligi'') was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, ...
(1709–1868) *
Emirate of Bukhara The Emirate of Bukhara ( fa, , Amārat-e Bokhārā, chg, , Bukhārā Amirligi) was a Muslim polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land ...
(1785–1873) *
Alash Autonomy The Alash Autonomy ( kk, Алаш Автономиясы; Alaş Avtonomiasy, italic=no, ; russian: Алашская автономия, italic=no, ) was a Kazakh provisional government, or proto-state, located mainly in Central Asia, and partly ...
(1917–1918) *
Turkestan Autonomy kk, Түркістан автономиясы ky, Түркестан автономиясы tg, Мухторияти Туркистонrussian: Туркестанская автономия , conventional_long_name = Turkestan Autonomy , commo ...
(1917–1918) *
Khanate of Khiva The Khanate of Khiva ( chg, ''Khivâ Khânligi'', fa, ''Khânât-e Khiveh'', uz, Xiva xonligi, tk, Hywa hanlygy) was a Central Asian polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm in Central Asia from 1511 to 1920, except fo ...
(1511–1920) * Karakorum Government, Confederated Republic of Altai (1917–1920) * 'Second' Confederated Republic of Altai, Second Confederated Republic of Altai (1921–1922) * Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925) * Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925) * First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934) * Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)


East Asia

* Liao dynasty (916–1125) * Khamag Mongol (10th century–1206) * Northern Fujiwara (1087–1189) * Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasty (1115–1234) * Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333) * Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) * Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1573) * Ming dynasty (1368–1644) * Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683) * Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China (based on mainland China 1912–1949; Republic of China retreat to Taiwan, continued existence on Taiwan since 1949 – internationally recognized until 1971) * Azuchi–Momoyama period, Azuchi–Momoyama (1568–1600) * Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868) * Jaxa (state), Jaxa (1665–1674) * Republic of Ezo (1869) * Republic of Formosa (1895) * Hunan Soviet in a continental Chinese province (1927) * Chinese Soviet Republic, Jiangxi Soviet (1931–1937) * People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934) * Autumn Harvest Uprising, Hunan Soviet (1927) * Guangzhou Uprising, Guangzhou Commune (1927) * Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934) * Occupation of Japan, Allied Occupied Japan (1945–1952) * Communist-controlled China (1927–1949), Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949) * Manchukuo (1932–1945) * Qing dynasty (1636–1912) * East Hebei Autonomous Government (1935–1938) * Mengjiang, Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (1939–1945) * Great Way Government, Shanghai Great Way Government (1937–1938) * Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940), Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940) * Reformed Government of the Republic of China (1938–1940) * Wang Jingwei regime, Reorganized National Government of China (1940–1945) * Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1919) * Bogd Khanate of Mongolia, People's Republic of Mongolia (1921–1924) * Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992) * Inner Mongolian People's Republic (1945) * Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879) * Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–1864) * 5th Dalai Lama, Tibet under Ganden Phodrang government (1644–1720) * Tibet (1912–1951), Tibet (1912–1951) * History of Tibet, Tibetan states (900–1240, 1300–1620) * Tibetan Empire (618–842) * Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944) * Uryankhay Republic (1911–1914) * Uryankhay Krai (1914)


Korean Peninsula

* Gojoseon (Unknown(2333BC?)–108 BC) * Jin (Korean state), Jin (4th century BCE–2nd century BCE) * Goguryeo (37 BC–668 AD) * Baekje (18 BC–660 AD) * Gaya confederacy (42-562) * Silla (57 BC-935 AD) * Balhae (698-926) * Goryeo (918-1392) * Joseon (1392–1897) * Korean Empire (1897–1910) * Korean People's Association in Manchuria (1929–1931) * Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919–1945) * People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946) * First Republic of Korea (1948–1960) * Second Republic of Korea (1960–1961) * Supreme Council for National Reconstruction (1961–1963) * Third Republic of Korea (1963–1972) * Fourth Republic of Korea (1972–1981) * Fifth Republic of Korea (1981–1987)


West Asia


= Afghanistan

= * Hotak dynasty (1709–1738) * Durrani Empire (1747–1826) * Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926) * Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973) * Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) * Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) * Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2002) * Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004) *
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was a presidential republic that ruled Afghanistan from 2004 to 2021. The state was established to replace the Afghan interim (2001–2002) and transitional (2002–2004) administrations, which were forme ...
(2004–2021) * Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan (1980) * Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan (1996) * Islamic Emirate of Kunar (1991)


=Anatolia

= * Sultanate of Rum (1077–1308) * Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) * Isfendiyarids, Beylik of Isfendiyar (1292–1461) * Alaiye (1293–1471) * Beylik of Bafra (14th century–1460) * Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461) * Alaiye, Beylik of Alaiye (1293–1471) * Karamanids, Beylik of Karaman (1250–1487) * Beylik of Dulkadir (1337–1522) * Ramadanid Emirate (1352–1608) * Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501) * Kara Koyunlu (1374–1468) * Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232–1524) * Kars Republic (1918–1919) * Ottoman Empire (–1923)


=Cyprus

= * Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489)


=Mesopotamia

= * Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187, 1192–1291) * Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922–1924) * Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958) * Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (1946–1949) * All-Palestine Government (1948–1967) * Arab Federation (1958) * Iraqi Republic (1958–1968), Iraqi Republic (1958–1968) * Israeli Military Governorate (1967–1981/82) * Ba'athist Iraq (1968–2003)


=Persia

= * Elymais (147 BC–224 AD) * Sasanian Empire (224–651) * Achaemenid Empire (550 BC–330 BC) * Medes, Median dynasty (c. 678 BC–c. 549 BC) * Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432) * Ilkhanate (1256–1335) * Kar-Kiya dynasty (1370s–1592) * Baduspanids (665–1598) * Mar'ashis, Marashiyan dynasty (1359–1596) * Afrasiyab dynasty (1349–1504) * Mihrabanids, Mihrabanid dynasty (1236–1537) * Timurid Empire (1370–1507) * Safavid Iran (1501–1736) * Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796) * Zand dynasty (1751–1794) * Qajar Iran, Sublime State of Persia (1789–1925) * Persian Soviet Socialist Republic in Gilan (Iran) (1920–1921) * Azerbaijan People's Government (1941–1946) * Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947) * Pahlavi dynasty, Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979) * Interim Government of Iran (1979)


=Levant

= * Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920) * First Syrian Republic (1946–1950) * Second Syrian Republic (1950–1963) *
United Arab Republic The United Arab Republic (UAR; ar, الجمهورية العربية المتحدة, al-Jumhūrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1971. It was initially a political union between E ...
(1958–1971) * Free Lebanon State (1979–1984) * Territory of the Islamic State, Islamic State (2014–2017)


=Arabian Peninsula

= * Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) * Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) * Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) * Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1613–1961) * Bani Khalid Emirate (1669–1796) * Emirate of Diriyah (1744–1812) * Emirate of Nejd, Emirate of Najd (1812–1891) * Muscat and Oman (1820–1970) * Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921) * Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913) * Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1906–1934) * Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916–1920) * Emirate of Nejd and Hasa, Emirate of Najd and Hasa (1913–1921) * Sultanate of Nejd, Sultanate of Najd (1921–1925) * Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925) * Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, Kingdom of Hejaz and Najd (1926–1932) * Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962) * Fadhli Sultanate (15th century–1888) * Qu'aiti, Qu'aiti Sultanate in Hadhramaut (1858–1888) * Sultanate of Upper Yafa (1800–1903) * Sultanate of Lower Yafa (1800–1895) * Emirate of Beihan (1680–1872) * Emirate of Dhala (15th century–1904) * Wahidi Balhaf, Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf (1640–1888) * Wahidi Haban, Wahidi Sultanate of Haban (1640–1895) * Kathiri, Kathiri Sultanate in Hadhramaut (14th century–1888) * Mahra Sultanate, Mahra State of Qishn and Socotra (1432–1886) * Sultanate of Lahej (1728–1839) * Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967) * Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990) * People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990) * Republic of Kuwait (1990) * Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994)


South Asia

* Kushan Empire (30–375) * Chola dynasty (300s BCE–1279 CE) * Garhwal Kingdom (823–1949) * Kingdom of Cochin (Before 12th century CE–1949) * Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) * Kingdom of Gampola (1341–1408) * Sur Empire (1540–1556) * Laur Kingdom (600–1565) * Pandya dynasty ( 6th to 10th centuries CE) * Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576) * Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479) * Kingdom of Mysore (1399–1948) * Bijapur Sultanate (Adil Shahi dynasty, 1490–1686) * Pratapgarh Kingdom (1489–1700s) * Bengal Subah (1717–1757) * Maratha Empire (1674–1820) * Jaintia Kingdom (500–1835) * Sikh Empire (1799–1849) * Mughal Empire (1526–1857) * Azad Hind, Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945) * Hyderabad State (1724–1798) * Travancore (1729–1949) * Udaipur State (734–1818) * Manikya dynasty (1400–1761) * United Suvadive Republic (1959–1963) * List of sultans of the Maldives, Sultanate of Maldives (1117–1796), (1954–1968) * Kingdom of Sikkim, Sikkim (1642–1975) * Dominion of Ceylon (1948–1972) * Kingdom of Nepal (1768–2008)


Southeast Asia

* In Cambodia: ** Funan (50–550) ** Chenla (550–802) ** Khmer Empire (802–1431) ** Post-Angkor Period, Kingdom of Cambodia (1431–1863) ** Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945), Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945) ** Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970), First Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970) ** Khmer Republic (1970–1975) ** Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) ** People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989) ** Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1992) ** People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition and State of Cambodia (1989–1993), State of Cambodia (1989–1992) ** Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (1994–1998) * In Laos: ** Lan Xang (1353–1707) ** Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1893) ** Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828) ** Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904) ** Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1945), Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1945) ** Lao Issara (1945–1946) ** Kingdom of Laos (1953–1975) * In Vietnam: ** Champa, Champa kingdom (192–1832) ** Đại Việt (968–1407/1428–1804) ** Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets, Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet (1930–1931) ** Empire of Vietnam (1945) ** Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (1945–1976) ** Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949) ** Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948-1949) ** State of Vietnam (known as South Vietnam after the Geneva Conference of 1954) (1949–1955) ** Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1955–1975) ** Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, Republic of South Vietnam (1975–1976) * In Burma (Myanmar): ** Pyu city-states, Pyu states (c. 2nd century BCE–c. 1050) ** Mon kingdoms (9th–11th, 13th–16th, 18th centuries) ** Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287–1552) ** Ava Kingdom, Ava (1364–1555) ** Pegu (1287–1539, 1747–1757) ** Kingdom of Mrauk U (1429–1785) ** Taungoo dynasty (1486–1752, 2nd Empire) ** Konbaung dynasty (1752–1885, 3rd Empire) ** History of Shan States, Shan States (1287–1557) ** History of Rakhine, Arakan (1287–1784) ** State of Burma (1943–1945) ** Post-independence Burma (1948–1962), Union of Burma (1948–1974) ** Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1972–1988) ** State Peace and Development Council, Union of Myanmar (1988–2011) * In Thailand: ** Chi Tu, Raktamaritika (2nd–7th century) ** Singhanavati (657–1107) ** Dvaravati (7th–11th century) ** Ngoenyang (638–1292) ** Hariphunchai (629–1292) ** Tambralinga (8th–14th century) ** Phayao Kingdom (1094–1338) ** Lavo Kingdom (648–1388) ** Langkasuka (2nd–15th century) ** Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438) ** Sultanate of Singora (1605–1680) ** Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767) ** Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782) ** Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (13th century–1782) ** Lan Na (1292–1775) ** Kingdom of Chiang Mai (1782–1894) ** Pattani kingdom (1516–1902) ** Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara (1808–1916) ** Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932), Kingdom of Siam (1782–1932) * In East Timor: ** History of East Timor#Decolonisation, coup, and independence, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste * In Indonesia: ** Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia (1945–1949) ** United States of Indonesia (1949–1950) *** State of East Indonesia (1946–1950) *** State of East Java (1948–1950) *** State of East Sumatra (1947–1950) *** State of Madura (1948–1950) *** Pasundan, State of Pasundan (1948–1950) *** State of South Sumatra (1948–1950) *** Great Dayak (1946–1950) *** Pontianak Sultanate, West Kalimantan (1946–1950) ** Liberal democracy period in Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia (liberal democracy) (1950–1959) * In Sumatra: ** Aceh Sultanate, Sultanate of Aceh (1496–1903) ** Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura ** Jambi Sultanate ** Palembang Sultanate (1659–1823) ** Sultanate of Deli (1609–1862, fully disestablished 1956) ** Sultanate of Langkat (1568–1946) ** Sultanate of Serdang * In Java: ** Majapahit (1293–1527) ** Mataram Sultanate, Sultanate of Mataram (1588–1681) ** Sultanate of Banten (1527–1813) ** Sultanate of Cirebon (1445–1677) ** Sultanate of Demak (1475–1548) ** Kingdom of Pajang (1568–1586) * In Lesser Sunda Islands ** Bali Kingdoms (914–1908) ** Bima Sultanate (1620–1669, fully disestablished 1958) ** Kingdom of Larantuka (1515–1904) * In Sulawesi: ** Kingdom of Banggai ** Luwu ** Sultanate of Gowa (14th century–1911, fully disestablished 1945) ** Bone state, Sultanate of Bone ** Wajoq, Kingdom of Wajoq (–1906, fully disestablished 1957) * In Maluku Islands, Maluku: ** Sultanate of Ternate (1257–1914) * In Borneo: ** Bruneian Empire (1368–1888) ** Sambas Sultanate (1609–1819, fully disestablished 1956) ** Pontianak Sultanate (1771–1779) ** Kingdom of Sarawak (1841–1888) ** Berau Regency, Berau Sultanate ** Sultanate of Bulungan (1731–, fully disestablished 1964) ** Kutai, Kutai Sultanate ** Sultanate of Banjar (1526–1860) ** Lanfang Republic (1777–1884) * In Riau Islands: ** Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911) * In Malaysia: ** Malacca Sultanate, Sultanate of Malacca (1400–1511) ** Johor Sultanate (1528–1855) ** Pahang Sultanate (1470–1623) ** Pahang Kingdom (1770–1881) ** Kelantan Sultanate (1267–?) ** Malayan Union (1946–1948) ** Federation of Malaya (1957–1963) * In the Philippines ** Sultanate of Maguindanao (1500–1888) ** Sultanate of Sulu (1405–1915) ** Republic of Negros (1898–1899) ** Cantonal Republic of Negros, Cantonal Government of Negros (1898–1901) ** Tejeros Convention, Tejeros Revolutionary Government (1897) ** Sovereign Tagalog Nation (1896–1897) ** First Philippine Republic (1899–1902) ** Tagalog Republic (1902–1906) ** Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945) ** Fourth Philippine Republic (1965–1986)


Europe


Nordic countries

In the Nordic countries, unions were personal, not unitary * Icelandic Commonwealth (c. 930–1262) * Kingdom of Finland (1742), Kingdom of Finland (1742–1743) * Finnish Democratic Republic (1939–1940) * Kingdom of Finland (1918), Kingdom of Finland (1918–1919) * Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918–1919) * United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905) * Kingdom of Norway (1814) * Denmark–Norway (1524–1814, intermittent) * Kalmar Union (1397–1523, intermittent) * Duchy of Schleswig, Schleswig (1058–1864)


Modern France

* Kingdom of France (843–1792) (1814/15–1848) ** Duchy of Brittany (939–1532) ** Duchy of Burgundy (918–1482) * Duchy of Normandy (911–1259/1469) * Duchy of Lorraine (959–1766) * Viscounty of Béarn (9th century–1620) * Kingdom of France (1791–1792) * French First Republic (1792–1804) * First French Empire (1804–1814/15) ** Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic), Free City of Danzig (1807–1814) ** Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815) * French Second Republic (1848–1852) * Second French Empire (1852–1870) * French Third Republic (1870–1940) ** Territory of the Saar Basin (1920–1935) * Vichy France (1940–1944) * French Fourth Republic (1946–1958) ** Saar Protectorate (1946–1956) * Kingdom of Corsica (1736) * Corsican Republic (1755–1769) * Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794–1796) * County of Foix (1010–1607) * Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Roquebrune (1848–1849) * Paris Commune (1871)


Modern Germany

* Holy Roman Empire (843–1806) * Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) * Duchy of Anhalt (1806–1918) * Principality of Reuss-Gera (1806–1918) * Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810–1813) * German Confederation (1815–1866) * German Empire (1848-49), German Empire (1848–1849) * North German Federation (1867–1871) * // German Reich (1871–1945) ** German Empire (1871–1918) ** Weimar Republic (1919–1933) ** Nazi Germany (1933–1945) * Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949) ** (1948–1990), Western Bloc-aligned political enclave * East Germany, German Democratic Republic (1949–1990) (also known as East Germany or GDR), its states acceded to Federal Republic of Germany in 1990) * Alsace Soviet Republic (1918) * Grand Duchy of Baden, Baden (Grand Duchy – 1806–1871) * Free State of Bavaria, Kingdom of Bavaria (1806–1871) ** Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919) * Bremen (state), Bremen (1815–1871) * Duchy of Brunswick, Brunswick (1815–1871) * Free City of Frankfurt, Frankfurt (Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (HRE), before 1806; City of Frankfurt, 1815–1866) * Hamburg (1189–1871) * Kingdom of Hanover (1814–1866) * Hesse-Homburg (1815–1866) * Electorate of Hesse, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (Electorate, 1803–1807, 1813–1866) * Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1623–1850) * Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1623–1850) * Holstein (1815–1864) * Principality of Lippe, Lippe (1123–1871) * Free City of Lübeck, Lübeck (Free city 1226–1871) * Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815–1871) * Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815–1871) * Nassau (state), Nassau (1806–1866) * Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, Oldenburg (1815–1871) * Duchy of Pomerania, Pomerania (1121–1637) * Prussia (1525–1871) ** Duchy of Prussia (1525–1618) ** Brandenburg-Prussia (1618–1701) ** Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871) * Reuss (state), Reuss (1010–1806) * Saxe-Altenburg (1602–1871) * Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1735–1826) * Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1871) * Saxe-Gotha (1640–1680) * Saxe-Hildburghausen (1680–1826) * Saxe-Lauenburg (or Duchy of Lauenburg) (1296–1871) * Saxe-Meiningen (1680–1871) * Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1809–1871) * Kingdom of Saxony, Saxony (kingdom) – 1806–1871) * Schaumburg-Lippe (1647–1871) * Duchy of Schleswig, Schleswig (1058–1866) * Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1599–1871) * Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1599–1871) * Waldeck (state), Waldeck (1180–1871) * Württemberg (kingdom) – 1806–1871) * Free State of Bottleneck (1919–1923)


Switzerland

* Old Swiss Confederacy (1300–1798) * Helvetic Republic (1798–1803) * Rhodanic Republic (1802–1810) * Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic), Napoleonic Swiss Confederation (1803–1815) * Restored Swiss Confederacy (1814–1848)


Italy

* Republic of Crema (1797) * Republic of Alba (1796) * Republic of Ancona (–1532) * Republic of Florence (1115–1569) * Kingdom of Naples (1282–1816) * Duchy of Urbino (1443–1625) * Anconine Republic (1797–1798) * Judicate of Arborea (9th century–1420) * Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807) * United Provinces of Central Italy (1859–1860) * Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802) * Cispadane Republic (1796–1797) * Republic of Cospaia (1440–1826) * Emperor#Elba, Sovereign Principality of Elba (1814–1815) * Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807) * Marquisate of Finale (967–1602) * Italian Regency of Carnaro, Regency of Carnaro (1919) * Gozo (independent state), Gozitan Nation (1798–1801) * Italian Republic (Napoleonic) (1802–1805) * Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) (1805–1814) * Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866) * Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847) * Principality of Lucca and Piombino (1805–1814) * Republic of Lucca (1160–1805) * History of Malta under the Order of Saint John, Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1530–1798) * Duchy of Mantua (1273–1707) * Duchy of Massa and Carrara (15th to 19th centuries) * Duchy of Milan (1395–1797) * Five Days of Milan, Provisional Government of Milan (1848) * Duchy of Modena (1452–1796, 1815–1859) * Kingdom of Naples (1285–1816) * Republic of Noli (1192–1797) * Duchy of Parma (1545–1859) * Papal States (752–1870) * Republic of Pisa (11th century–1406) * Roman Republic (19th century) (1849) * Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1861) * Republic of San Marco (1848–1849) * Republic of Senarica (1343–18th century) * Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816) * Sicilian revolution of 1848, Kingdom of Sicily (1848) * Transpadane Republic (1796–1797) * Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569–1801, 1815–1859) * Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1815–1860) * Republic of Venice (697–1797) * Republic of Genoa (1095–1797) * Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) ** Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943), Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) ** Italian governorate of Montenegro (1941–1943) * Kingdom of Tavolara (1836-1934) * Italian Social Republic (1943–1945) * Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954) * Republic of Rose Island (1968)


Modern United Kingdom

* Kingdom of Gwynedd (450–1216) * Kingdom of Powys (5th century–1160) * Kingdom of Scotland (843–1707) * England (927–1707) * Angevin Empire (1154–1214) * Principality of Wales (1216–1536) * Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and (1659–1660) * The Protectorate (1653–1659) * Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain (1707–1800) * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)


Ireland

* Osraige (150–1541) * Airgíalla (331–1585) * Uí Maine (–1611) * Northern Uí Néill, Ailech (450–1617) * Tyrconnell (5th century–1607) * Tír Eoghain (5th century–1607) * Fermanagh (10th century–1607) * Magh Luirg (–1585) * Irish Republic (1798), Republic of Connacht * Thomond (1118–1543) * Kingdom of Desmond (1118–1596) * Lordship of Ireland (1171–1542) * Clandeboye (1283–1605) * Kingdom of Uí Failghe (Unknown–1550) * Kings of Leinster, Kingdom of Leinster * Kings of Connacht, Kingdom of Connacht * Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1801) * Confederate Ireland, Irish Catholic Confederation (1641–1649) * Republic of Connacht (1798) * Irish soviets (1919-1922) ** Limerick Soviet (1919) * Irish Republic (1919–1922) – see also Southern Ireland (1921–22), Southern Ireland (1921–1922) * Irish Free State (1931–1937)


Low Countries

* Prince-Bishopric of Liège (972–1795) annexed by France in 1795. * Duchy of Brabant (1183–1794) * Duchy of Bouillon (1456? – 1794) * United Belgian States (1789–1790) * Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795) (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën) Independence from Spain after Eighty Years' War in 1581, conquered by France 1795. * Batavian Republic (1795–1806) (Bataafse Republiek) France's vassal state. * Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) (Koninkrijk Holland/Royaume d'Hollande) Ruled by Louis Bonaparte, Annexation, annexed by France 1810. * Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813–1815) * United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839) * Neutral Moresnet (1816–1920)


Poland

* Duchy of Pomerania (1121–1160, 1264–1295, 1478–1531, 1625–1637) ** :pl:Władcy_Pomorza_Zachodniego#Pierwszy_podzia%C5%82_ksi%C4%99stwa_(1160-1264), Demmin Principality (1160–1264) ** :pl:Władcy_Pomorza_Zachodniego#Pierwszy_podzia%C5%82_ksi%C4%99stwa_(1160-1264), Szczecin Principality (1160–1264, 1295–1523) * Pomerania-Wolgast, Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast (1295–1478) * Duchy of Masovia (1138–1275, 1294–1310, 1370–1381, 1495–1526) * Pomerania-Stolp, Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp (1368–1478) * Pomerania-Neustettin, Duchy of Pomerania-Neustettin (1368–1390) * Duchy of Kraków (1227–1320) * Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349) * Duchy of Bytom (1281–1498) * Duchy of Silesia (1138–1335) * Duchy of Opole (1172–1202, 1281–1532) * Duchy of Racibórz (1172–1202, 1281–1521) * Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (1202–1281, 1521–1532, 1551–1556) * Duchy of Inowrocław (1267–1364) * Duchy of Teschen (1281–1918) * History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, Duchy of Poland (966–1025, 1031–1076, 1079–1138, 1138–1227) * Kingdom of Poland (1025–1031, 1076–1079, 1295–1296, 1300–1320) * Kingdom of Poland, United Kingdom of Poland (1320–1386) * Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) ** Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (1386–1795) ** Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century–1795) ** Royal Prussia (1466–1569) ** Duchy of Prussia (1525–1701) ** Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1561–1795) *** Couronian colonization, New Courland (1637, 1639, 1642, 1654–1659, 1660–1666, 1680–1683, 1686–1690) * Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815; part of First French Empire, personal union with Kingdom of Saxony) * Free City of Cracow, Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow with its Territory (1815–1846) * Congress Poland, Kingdom of Poland (1815–1832; personal union with Russian Empire) * Vistula Land (1867–1915; part of the Russian Empire) * Grand Duchy of Posen (1815–1848; part of Kingdom of Prussia) * Grand Duchy of Kraków (1846–1918; part of the Austria-Hungary) * Polish National Government (November Uprising), Polish National Government (1830–1831) * Kraków uprising, Polish National Government (1846) * Polish National Government (January Uprising), Polish National Government (1863–1864) * Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918), Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918) * Republic of Tarnobrzeg (1918–1919) * Republic of Zakopane (1918) * Lemko Republic, Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (1918–1920) * Komancza Republic (1918–1919) * Second Polish Republic, Second Republic of Poland (1918–1939) ** Republic of Central Lithuania (1920–1922) ** Free City of Danzig (1920–1939) * Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (1920) * Military Administration in Poland (1939) * General Government, General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region (1939–1945) * Polish Underground State (1939–1945) * Polish Committee of National Liberation (1944) * Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (1944–1945) * Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947) * Polish People's Republic, Republic of Poland (1947–1952) * People's Republic of Poland, Polish People's Republic (1952–1989) * Polish National Territorial Region, Polish National-Territorial Region (1990–1991)


Ukraine

* Kholodny Yar Republic (1919-1922) * Zaporozhian Sich * Cossack Hetmanate (1649–1764) * Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1920) * Ukrainian State (1918) * West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919) * Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991; sovereign until 1922) * Makhnovshchina (1918–1921) * Hutsul Republic (1919) * Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920) * Carpatho-Ukraine (1939) * Ukrainian national government (1941), Ukrainian National Government (1941) * (2014–2022) * (2014–2022)


Crimea

* Principality of Theodoro (14th century–1475) * Crimean Khanate (1449–1783) * Crimean People's Republic (1917–1918) * Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1941/1944–1945/1991–1992) * Republic of Crimea (2014)


Baltic countries and Belarus

* Principality of Polotsk (10th century–1397) * Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century–1795) * Kingdom of Lithuania (1918), Kingdom of Lithuania (1918) * Lithuania, Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940) * Perloja, Republic of Perloja (1918–1923) * Republic of Central Lithuania (1920–1922) * Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919) * Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919) * Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1922) * State of the Teutonic Order (1230–1525) * Kingdom of Livonia (1570–1578) * United Baltic Duchy (1918) * Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920) * Latvia, First Latvian Republic (1918–1940) * Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918), Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918) * Soviet Republic of Naissaar on an Estonian Baltic Sea island (1917–1918) * Commune of the Working People of Estonia (1918–1919) * Estonia, First Estonian Republic (1918–1940)


Romania and Moldova

* Dacia, Dacian Kingdom (168 BC–106 AD) * Țara Litua (1247–1330) * Voievodeship of Gelu (9th–11th century) * Voivodeship of Maramureș (9th century–1402) * Jupanat of Dimitrie (c. 943) * Voivodeship of Glad (10th century) * Voivodeship of Menumorut (9th-11th century) * Jupanat of Gheorghe (10th century) * Jupanat of Tatos (c. 1190) * Jupanat of Sacea (11th century) * Jupanat of Setslav (c. 1085) * Voivodship of Transylvania (12th century-1541) * Banat of Severin (1228-1526) * Voivodship of Seneslav (13th century) * Cnezatul lui Ioan (13th century) * Cnezatul lui Farcaș (13th century) * Wallachia, Principality of Wallachia (1330–1859) * Moldavia, Principality of Moldavia (1346–1859) * Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) * Wallachian Eyalet (1595) * Temeşvar Eyalet (1552–1716) * Varat Eyalet (1660–1692) * Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867), Grand Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867) * Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778) * Duchy of Bukovina (1849–1918) * United Principalities, United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1881) * Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947) * Banat Republic (1918–1919) * Communist Romania, People's, then Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989) * Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917–1918)


Russia

* Novgorod Republic (1136–1478) * Pskov Republic (1348–1510) * Principality of Tver (1246–1483) * Principality of Beloozero (13th–15th century) * Principality of Yaroslavl (1218–1463) * Grand Duchy of Ryazan (1097–1521) * Great Perm, Principality of Great Perm (1323–1505) ** Vyatka Land * Golden Horde (1320–1547) * Astrakhan Khanate (1466–1556) * Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552) * Qasim Khanate (1452–1681) * Khanate of Sibir (1468–1598) * Kalmyk Khanate (1630–1771) * Republic of Uhtua (1918–1920) * Kuban People's Republic (1918–1920) * Don Republic (1918–1920) * Idel-Ural State (1 March 1918 – 28 March 1918) * Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922) * Green Ukraine (1920–1922) * Tungus Republic (1924–1925) * State of Buryat-Mongolia (1917–1920) * Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547) * Jaxa (state), Jaxa (1665–1674) * Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721) * Russian Empire (1721–1917) ** Congress Poland, Kingdom of Poland (1815–1867) ** Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) * Petrograd Soviet, Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (1917–1924) * Russian Republic (1917) * Russian Democratic Federative Republic, Russian Republic (1918) * Russian State (1918–1920), Russian State (1918–1920) * Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1922) * Supreme Administration of Northern Region (1918) * Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918–1920) * Armed Forces of South Russia (1918–1919) * Soviet Union, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) ** Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) ** Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) ** Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) ** Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991) ** Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) ** Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956) ** Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) ** Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) ** Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1990) ** Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1990) ** Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991) *** Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991) ** Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1922–1991) *** Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) *** Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1941) *** Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991) *** Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990) *** Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1936) *** Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1924) *** Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991) *** Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1945) *** Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) *** Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1990) *** Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1940; 1956–1991) *** Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–36), Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936) *** Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990) *** Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990) *** Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1935–1943; 1957–1991) *** Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991) *** Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991) *** Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) *** Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) *** North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1992) *** Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1940; 1956–1991) *** Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1957) *** Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1961–1992) *** Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991) ** Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929–1991) ** Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991) ** Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) ** Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991)


Hungary

* Principality of Hungary (895–1000) * Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1804) ** Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1526–1551, 1556–1570) ** Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) ** Principality of Upper Hungary (1682–1685) ** Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867), Principality of Transylvania (1711–1804) ** Croatia in personal union with Hungary, Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526) * Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526), Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526) * Hungarian State (1849), Hungarian State (1849) * First Hungarian Republic, Hungarian People's Republic (November 1918 – March 1919, August 1919) * Hungarian Soviet Republic (March 1919 – August 1919) * Hungarian Republic (1919–20), Hungarian Republic (August 1919 – February 1920) * Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Kingdom of Hungary (February 1920 – February 1946) * Republic of Hungary (1946–1949), Republic of Hungary (February 1946 – August 1949) * Hungarian People's Republic (August 1949 – October 1989)


Czech Republic and Slovakia

* Duchy of Bohemia (–1198) * Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1918) * Margraviate of Moravia (1182–1918) * Slovak Soviet Republic (1919) * Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Slovak Republic (1939–1945) * First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) * Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) * Third Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1948) * Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1989; before 1960 as Czechoslovak Republic) * Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, Czechoslovak Federative Republic (1990) * Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)


Austria

* Duchy of Austria (1156–1453) * Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804) * Austrian Empire (1804–1867) * Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) ** Austrian Empire (1867–1918) ** Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918) ** Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918) * Republic of German-Austria (1918–1919) * First Austrian Republic (1919–1934) * Federal State of Austria (1934–1938) * Allied-occupied Austria, Republic of Austria (1945–1955)


Balkans

* In Albania: ** Independent Albania (1912–1914) ** Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (1914) ** Republic of Central Albania (1913–1914) ** Principality of Albania (1914–1925) ** Italian protectorate over Albania (1917–1920) ** Republic of Mirdita (1921) ** Albanian Republic (1925–1928) ** Kingdom of Albania (1928–39), Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) ** Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943), Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) ** German occupation of Albania (1943–1944) ** Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) ** People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1991) * In Bosnia: ** Kingdom of Bosnia (1377–1463) ** Kingdom of Bosnia (1377–1463) ** Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918) ** Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995) ** Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (1993–1995) ** Republika Srpska (1992–1995), Republika Srpska (1992–1995) ** Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (1991–1996) * In Bulgaria: ** Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) ** Despotate of Dobruja (1356–1411) ** Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908) ** Strandzha Commune (1903) ** Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) ** People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990) * In Croatia: ** Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg), Kingdom of Croatia (1527–1868) ** Kingdom of Slavonia (1699–1868) ** Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918) ** Free State of Fiume (1920–1924) ** Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) ** Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954) ** Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808) ** Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991–1995) * In Greece: ** First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832) ** Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece (1821-1825) ** Kingdom of Greece (1832–1924, 1935–1941, 1944–1974) ** United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864) ** Greek junta, Greek Military Junta (1967–1974) ** Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935) ** Hellenic State (1941–1944), Hellenic State (1941–1944) ** Septinsular Republic (1800–1815) ** Principality of Samos (1815–1864) ** Cretan State (1898–1913) ** Ikaria, Free State of Ikaria (1912) ** Italian Islands of the Aegean (1912–1945) * In Montenegro: ** Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (1516–1852) ** Principality of Montenegro (1852–1910) ** Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918) ** Italian governorate of Montenegro (1941–1943) ** German-occupied territory of Montenegro (1943–1944) * In North Macedonia: ** Kruševo Republic (1903) ** Independent Macedonia (1944), Independent Macedonia (1944) [proposed] * In Serbia: ** Revolutionary Serbia (1804–1813) ** Principality of Serbia (1815–1882) ** Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918) ** State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) ** Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) ** Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1943–1992) ** (1992–2003) ** (2003–2006) ** Republic of Kosova (1991-1999) * In Turkey: ** Byzantine Empire (395–1453) *** Duchy of Athens (1205–1458) *** Despotate of Epirus (1356–1479) *** Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261) ** Ottoman Empire (–1922/1923) ** Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923)


Caucasus

* Caucasian Albania (2nd century BC – 8th century AD) * Kabardia (c. 1453–c. 1825) * Circassia (–1453/1861–1864) * Kingdom of Abkhazia (778–1008) * Elisu Sultanate (1604–1844) * Avar Khanate (Early 13th century–1864) * Caucasian Imamate (1828–1859) * Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1917–1921) * North Caucasian Emirate (1919–1920) * Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991–2000) * Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1490) * Kingdom of Imereti (1260–1810) * Principality of Svaneti (1463–1858) * Principality of Mingrelia (1557–1867) * Principality of Guria (1460s–1829) * Samtskhe-Saatabago (1266–1625) * Kingdom of Kartli (1478–1762) * Kingdom of Kakheti (1465–1762) * Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762–1801) * Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) * First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) * Republic of Mountainous Armenia (April 1921 – July 1921) * Republic of Aras (1918–1919) * Centrocaspian Dictatorship (1918–1918) * Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan, Military Dictatorship of Mughan (1918–1919) * Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–1920) * Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (February 1918 – May 1918)


Iberian Peninsula

* Emirate of Córdoba (756-929) * Kingdom of León (910–1230) * Republic of Galicia (1931) * Couto Misto (10th century–1868) * Asturian miners' strike of 1934, Asturian Socialist Republic (October 1934) * Kingdom of Navarre (824–1620) * Catalan Republic (1641), First Catalan Republic (1641) * Revolutionary Catalonia (1936–1939) * Catalan Republic (1931), Second Catalan Republic (1931) * Crown of Aragon (1162–1479) * Emirate of Granada (1238–1492) * Kingdom of Majorca (1231–1715 (1349)) * Principality of Catalonia (12th century – 1714/1833) * Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1910) * United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1825) * First Portuguese Republic (1910–1926) * Monarchy of the North, Kingdom of Portugal (Monarchy of the North) (1919) * Ditadura Nacional (1926–1933) * Estado Novo (Portugal), Second Portuguese Republic (1933–1974) * Crown of Castile (1230–1479) ** Kingdom of Galicia (410–1833) * Kingdom of Castile (1065–1230/1715) * Iberian Union (1580–1640) * First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) * Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939) * Spanish State (1936–1975) * Catalan declaration of independence, Third Catalan Republic (2017)


North America


Anguilla

* Republic of Anguilla (1967–1969)


Canada

* Republic of Madawaska (1827) * Republic of Canada (1837–1838) * Republic of Lower Canada (1838) * Miꞌkmaꞌki (1867) * Republic of Manitoba (1867–1870) * Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (1885) * Dominion of Newfoundland (1907–1949)


Costa Rica

* Free State of Costa Rica (1838–1847) * First Costa Rican Republic (1848–1948)


Cuba

* Republic of Cuba (1902–1959), Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)


Dominican Republic

* Republic of Spanish Haiti (1821–1822) * First Republic (Dominican Republic), First Dominican Republic (1844–1861) * Second Republic (Dominican Republic), Second Dominican Republic (1865–1916) * Third Republic (Dominican Republic), Third Dominican Republic (1924–1965)


Grenada

* People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada (1979–1983)


Guatemala

* United Provinces of Central America * Los Altos (state), State of Los Altos (1838–1840), (1848–1849)


Haiti

* First Empire of Haiti (1804–1806) * State of Haiti (1806–1811) * Kingdom of Haiti (1811–1820) * Republic of Haiti (1820–1849), Republic of Haiti (1820–1849) * Second Empire of Haiti (1849–1859) * Republic of Haiti (1859–1957), Republic of Haiti (1859–1957) * Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)


Mexico

* Toltec Empire (674 (disputed)–1122 (disputed) * Cocollán (1100–1521) * Aztec Empire (1428–1521) * Zapotec civilization (–1521) * Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America, Northern America (1813) * First Mexican Empire (1821–1823) * Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–1824) * First Mexican Republic (1824–1835) * Republic of the Rio Grande (1840) * Centralist Republic of Mexico (1835–1846) * Republic of Yucatán (1841–1848) * Second Federal Republic of Mexico (1846–1863) * Republic of Sonora (1853–1854) * Republic of Baja California (1853–1854) * Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867)


Nicaragua

* Somoza family, Somoza Regime (1936–1979) * Junta of National Reconstruction (18 July 1979 – 10 January 1985)


United States

* Iroquois Confederacy (between 1450 and 1660–1867) * Cherokee Nation (19th century), Cherokee Nation (1794–1865) * Vermont Republic (1777–1791) * State of Muskogee (1799–1803) * Republic of West Florida (1810) * Republic of East Florida (1812) * Republic of the Floridas (1817) * Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1835) * Republic of Texas (1836–1846) * State of Deseret (1846) * California Republic (June 14 – July 9, 1846) * The Great Republic of Rough and Ready (1850) * Palmetto Republic (1860-1861) * Alabama Republic (1861) * Republic of Louisiana (1861) * Republic of Mississippi (1861-1865) * Confederate States of America (1861–1865) * Republic of Puerto Rico (1868-1898)


Oceania

* Tuʻi Tonga Empire (–1865) * Uvea (Wallis and Futuna), Kingdom of ʻUvea (15th century–1887) * Alo (Wallis and Futuna), Kingdom of Alo * Sigave, Kingdom of Sigave * Mangareva (1881) * Kingdom of Bora Bora (till 1888 or 1895) * Kingdom of Raiatea (till 1888, French protectorate since 1880) * Kingdom of Huahine (till 1895, French protectorate since 1888) * Kingdom of Tahiti (1788/91–1880, French protectorate since 1842) * Kingdom of Rurutu (till 1900, French protectorate since 1888) * Kingdom of Rimatara (till 1901, French protectorate since 1888) * Kingdom of Tahuata (till 1880, French protectorate since 1842) * Kingdom of Rapa Iti (till 1881, kingship continued to 1887) * Kingdom of Mangareva (till 1881, French protectorate since 1844/1871) * Taiohae Kingdom of Nuku Hiva (till 1901, sovereignty ceded to France in 1842) * Kingdom of Tuamotu * Fiji during the time of Cakobau, Kingdom of Fiji (1871–1874) * Dominion of Fiji (1970–1987) * Kingdom of Hawaii (1795–1893) * Provisional Government of Hawaii (1893–1894) * Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898) * Patu-iki or Kingdom of Niue (–1900) * Kingdom of Rarotonga (1858–1893) * Saudeleur dynasty () * Kingdom of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) (till 1888) * Kingdom of Nauru (till 1888) * Vanua'aku Pati, People's Provisional Government of Vanuatu (1977–1978)


South America


Argentina

* United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1810–1831) * Argentine Confederation (1831–1861) * Republic of Entre Ríos (1820–1821) * Republic of Tucumán (1820–1821) * State of Buenos Aires (1852–1861) * Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (1860–1862)


Bolivia

* History of Bolivia (1809–1920)#Creating Bolivia: Bolívar, Sucre, and Santa Cruz, State of Upper Peru (1825) * History of Bolivia (1809–1920)#Creating Bolivia: Bolívar, Sucre, and Santa Cruz, Republic of Bolivar (1825) * Republic of Alto Perú (1828) * Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation), Bolivian Republic (1836–1839) * Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839) * Republic of Bolivia (1825–2010)


Brazil

* (1899–1900; 1903) * (1822–1889) * Confederation of the Equator (1824) * Riograndense Republic (1836–1845) * Juliana Republic (1839) * Republic of Counani (1886–1891) * First Brazilian Republic (1889–1930) * Principality of Trindad (1893-1895) * Vargas Era (1930–1945) * Fourth Brazilian Republic (1946–1964) * Military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)


Chile

* Patria Vieja, Kingdom of Chile (1810–1814) * Patria Nueva, New State of Chile (1819–1826) * Conservative Republic (1830–1861) * Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (1862) * Liberal Republic (1861–1891) * History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925), Parliamentary Era (1891–1925) * Presidential Republic (1925–1973), Presidential Republic (1925–1973) * Socialist Republic of Chile (4 June 1932 – 2 October 1932) * Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990), Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)


Colombia

* Muisca Confederation (1450–1537) * Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (1810–1815) * Confederate Cities of Valle del Cauca (1811–1815) * United Provinces of New Granada (1811–1816) * Gran Colombia (1819–1831) * Republic of New Granada (1831–1858) * Granadine Confederation (1858–1863) * United States of Colombia (1863–1886) * Colombian Military Junta (1957–1958)


Ecuador

* State of Quito (1809-1812) * Free Province of Guayaquil (1820-1822)


Paraguay

* El Stronato (1954–1989)


Peru

* Chimú culture, Kingdom of Chimor (–1470) * Inca Empire (1438–1533) * Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822) * Republic of South Peru (1836–1839) * Republic of North Peru (1836–1839) * Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839) * Peruvian Republic (1838–1839), Peruvian Republic (1838–1839) * Federal State of Loreto (1896) * Jungle Nation (1899–1900) * History of Peru#Republic of Peru, Peruvian Republic (1822–1968) * Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru (1968–1980)


Uruguay

* Liga Federal (1815–1820) * Gobierno del Cerrito, Government of the Cerrito (1843–1851) * Gobierno de la Defensa, Government of the Defense (1843–1851)


Venezuela

* Supreme Junta (1810) * First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812) * Second Republic of Venezuela (1813–1814) * Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819) * State of Venezuela (1830–1864) * United States of Venezuela (1864–1953) *
Republic of Venezuela The Republic of Venezuela was a democratic republic first established in 1958, and replaced in 1999 by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Venezuela saw ten years of military dictatorship from 1948 to 1958. After the 1948 Venezuelan cou ...
(1953–1999)


Modern states and territories by type


Dismembered countries

These states are now dissolved into a number of states, none of which retain the old name. * – Dissolved in 1945, its former territory now consists of the entirety of the countries of Austria and Germany, and parts of what is now Belarus, the Czech Republic, France, Luxembourg, Poland, Russia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Greece, Serbia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Slovenia. * – Polity existed to 7 December 1949 and its territory now controlled by the China, People's Republic of China (Mainland China), Mongolia, portion of the territory claimed by India and Japan, and parts of Afghanistan, Bhutan, Pakistan, Russia and Tajikistan. The rump state, still known as the "Taiwan, Republic of China", continues to control Geography of Taiwan, Taiwan and Penghu which was acquired from Japan in 1945, as well as Kinmen and Matsu Islands, forming part of the rump Fujian Province, Republic of China, Fujian Province. See also the political status of Taiwan and the Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan. * – Ceased to exist in 1910, its former territory now consists of the entirety of territory controlled by North Korea and South Korea, and a portion of territory claimed by Japan. * Mali Federation – In 1959 formed by Senegal and French Sudan, both parts of French West Africa, as an independent nation. It collapsed in 1960, and is now Senegal and Mali. * United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (''Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves'') created in 1815 when Brazil was upgraded to the rank of kingdom, once the Portuguese royal family was living in Rio de Janeiro since 1809. This country was dissolved in 1822 when Brazil became independent. Now the countries of Portugal, Brazil, Cabo Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, East Timor and Mozambique. * – Dissolved in 2006, now the countries of
Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...
, Serbia, and the partially recognized
Kosovo Kosovo ( sq, Kosova or ; sr-Cyrl, Косово ), officially the Republic of Kosovo ( sq, Republika e Kosovës, links=no; sr, Република Косово, Republika Kosovo, links=no), is a international recognition of Kosovo, partiall ...
. * – Dissolved in 1991, now the countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia (country), Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The Baltic countries occupied by USSR until 1991 (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) were not considered by most Western countries de jure part of the USSR. *
United Arab Republic The United Arab Republic (UAR; ar, الجمهورية العربية المتحدة, al-Jumhūrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1971. It was initially a political union between E ...
 – A union formed by Egypt and Syria in 1958. It was dissolved in 1961, though Egypt used the name until 1971. Other Pan-Arab unity agreements with Iraq and Jordan in the 1950s failed. * United Arab States – A confederation formed by the
United Arab Republic The United Arab Republic (UAR; ar, الجمهورية العربية المتحدة, al-Jumhūrīyah al-'Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1971. It was initially a political union between E ...
and Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, North Yemen in 1958; it was dissolved in 1961. * – Dissolved in 1991 and 1992, now the countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...
, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, and the partially recognized
Kosovo Kosovo ( sq, Kosova or ; sr-Cyrl, Косово ), officially the Republic of Kosovo ( sq, Republika e Kosovës, links=no; sr, Република Косово, Republika Kosovo, links=no), is a international recognition of Kosovo, partiall ...
. * – Existed from 1918 to 1992, the country wasn't active in World War II, but the government was Czechoslovak government-in-exile, in exile, dissolved in 1992 and broke up into Czech Republic, Czechia and Slovakia. * – Existed from 1821 to 1841, broke up into Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Free State of Costa Rica, Costa Rica. *
Somali Republic The Somali Republic ( so, Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed; it, Repubblica Somala; ar, الجمهورية الصومالية, Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmālīyyah) was a sovereign state composed of Somalia and Somaliland, following the unification o ...
– Dissolved in 1991, now the countries of Somalia and unrecognized Somaliland. * – An empire created after Brazil declared its independence in 1822 and dissolved in 1889, now the countries of Brazil and Uruguay (who declared their independence in 1825, and was recognized in 1828).


Nominally independent homelands of South Africa

Four of the Homeland (South Africa), homelands, or bantustans, for Black (racial term), black South Africans, were granted nominal independence by the apartheid regime of South Africa. Not recognised by other nations, these effectively were puppet states and were political union, re-incorporated in 1994. *
Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana (, meaning "gathering of the Tswana people"), officially the Republic of Bophuthatswana ( tn, Riphaboliki ya Bophuthatswana; af, Republiek van Bophuthatswana), was a Bantustan (also known as "Homeland"; an area set aside for mem ...
 – Declared independent in 1977, reincorporated in 1994. *
Ciskei Ciskei (, or ) was a Bantustan for the Xhosa people-located in the southeast of South Africa. It covered an area of , almost entirely surrounded by what was then the Cape Province, and possessed a small coastline along the shore of the Indi ...
 – Declared independent in 1981, reincorporated in 1994. *
Transkei Transkei (, meaning ''the area beyond he riverKei''), officially the Republic of Transkei ( xh, iRiphabliki yeTranskei), was an unrecognised state in the southeastern region of South Africa from 1976 to 1994. It was, along with Ciskei, a Ban ...
 – Declared independent in 1976, reincorporated in 1994. *
Venda Venda () was a Bantustan in northern South Africa, which is fairly close to the South African border with Zimbabwe to the north, while to the south and east, it shared a long border with another black homeland, Gazankulu. It is now part of the ...
 – Declared independent in 1979, reincorporated in 1994.


Secessionist states

These nations declared themselves independent, but failed to achieve it in fact or did not seek permanent independence and were either re-incorporated into the mother country or incorporated into another country. * Carpatho-Ukraine – declared independence from Second Czechoslovak Republic, Czechoslovakia in 1939, but was occupied and Annexation, annexed by Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Hungary in one day. * Cartagena Canton – the haven city of Cartagena, Spain seceded from the First Spanish Republic in 1873. * Catalan Republic (1931), Catalan Republic (April 14–17, 1931). * Chechnya – Virtually independent from Russia from 1996 as Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, however the country was recognized only by the
Taliban The Taliban (; ps, طالبان, ṭālibān, lit=students or 'seekers'), which also refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a Deobandi Islamic fundamentalist, militant Islamist, jihadist, and Pasht ...
. After terrorist attacks in 1999 the republic was returned to Russia's control in the Second Chechen War. *  – Occupied the southeastern United States, stretching from Texas to Virginia. Declared secession from the U.S. in 1861, reintegrated into the U.S. in 1865. Reconstruction era of the United States, Reconstruction ended in 1876 and U.S. troops withdrew as an occupation force in 1877. South Carolina was the first state to declare its secession from the United States, doing so on December 20, 1860. Political factions in the "border states" of Kentucky and Missouri declared themselves parts of the Confederacy and controlled small portions of those regions early in the war. The major Indian tribes in Oklahoma signed an alliance with the Confederacy, and participated in its military efforts against the U.S. * Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, declared independence from Ukraine in 1992 but soon settled for being an autonomous republic within Ukraine. * Cruzob, achieved independence from Mexico in 1856, but was reannexed in 1901. * Green Ukraine – Declared independence from Far Eastern Republic in 1920, dissolved in 1922. * Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, Herzeg-Bosnia – Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1994. * Italian Social Republic (1943–1945) * Katanga Province, Katanga – Declared its independence of the newly formed Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, was incorporated again into the country in 1963. * Republic of Manitoba, Manitoba – short-lived republic led by Thomas Spence, declared after the Hudson's Bay Company gave up Rupert's Land and before the government of Canada took control (1867). * Red River Rebellion – provisional government in Rupert's Land, led by Louis Riel in (1869–1870). * Republic of Serbian Krajina, Serbian Krajina – declared independence from Croatia in 1991, reincorporated into the country in 1995. * South Kasai – declared independence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in June 1960, reincorporated into the country in December 1961. * Supreme Administration of Northern Region – Proclaimed independent in 1918, later became the Provisional Government of the Northern Region. *  – Separated from Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1995. * Principality of Trinidad – Declared independence in 1893, claimed by United Kingdom in 1895, but incorporated by Brazil. * Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, Western Bosnia – Declared independence from Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1993 and reincorporated into it in 1995.


Annexed countries

These nations, once separate, are now part of another country. Cases of voluntary accession are included. * Italian Regency of Carnaro, Regency of Carnaro in 1919 and Free State of Fiume 1920–1924, two short-lived states in the port city of Rijeka, Fiume/Rijeka proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio. Following World War I, the city was disputed between Italy and Yugoslavia, and eventually captured by Italy in 1921. The city passed to Yugoslavia after World War II and is now in Croatia. * Couto Misto – Tiny 10th century border territory that was split between Spain and Portugal in 1864–8. * Cretan State, Crete – Autonomous under Ottoman Empire, Ottoman suzerainty in 1898, unilaterally declared union with Greece in 1908, which was recognized in 1913. * – Annexed by West Germany in 1990 and now part of Germany. * – Merged with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom. * Franceville, New Hebrides, Franceville (1889–1890) – Independent in 1889, later governed by France and Britain as part of the New Hebrides; now part of Vanuatu. * Republic of Hatay, Hatay – Part of the Mandate of Syria that became part of Turkey; independent 1938–1939 * – Annexed by the U.S. in the late 19th century. * Kalat (princely state), Kalat (1638, 1666–1955) – 1666 to 1955, became part of Pakistan. * Free States of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap Martin, Roquebrune – Seceded from Monaco in 1848, under nominal protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia, then annexed by France in 1861. * Moresnet – 1816–1920, Tiny European territory that endured for a hundred years before definitively becoming part of Belgium. *
Natalia Republic The Natalia Republic was a short-lived Boer republic founded in 1839 after a Voortrekker victory against the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River. The area was previously named ''Natália'' by Portuguese sailors, due to its discovery on Christma ...
– 1839–1843, Was quickly made into a British colony * Islands of Refreshment – The islands of Tristan da Cunha were settled in 1810 and declared independence in 1811. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1815. * – Merged with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom. * – Occupied by North Vietnam in 1975 and annexed into it in 1976. * Republic of Tatarstan, Islamic Republic of Tatarstan – Existed from 1992 until annexed by Russia in 1994. * – Now part of South Africa. * – Annexed by the U.S. in 1845. * Vermont Republic – Annexed by the US in 1791.


See also

* * * * * ** () ** () ** () ** () ** () ** List of pre-modern states * * * * ** ** ** ** * *


Notes


Further reading

* Berge, Bjørn. ''Nowherelands: An Atlas of Vanished Countries 1840–1975''. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2017 240p. * Harding, Les. ''Dead Countries of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Aden to Zululand''. Scarecrow Press, 1998. {{DEFAULTSORT:Former Sovereign States, List Of History by country, * History by former country, * Lists of former countries, Sovereign States Lists of non-sovereign nations