List Of Russian Scientists on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
*
*
* Dmitry Anuchin, anthropologist and geographer, coined the term ''
*
*
* Johann Friedrich Adam, discoverer of the Adams mammoth, the first complete 
* Grigory Grum-Grshimailo, zoologist and geographer, obtained two 
*
*
*Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky, Anatoly Rozhdestvensky, discoverer of Aralosaurus and Probactrosaurus
*Ivan Schmalhausen, developer of modern evolutionary synthesis
*Leopold von Schrenck, ethnographer, zoologist, discovered the Amur sturgeon, Manchurian black water snake and Schrenck's bittern
*Boris Schwanwitsch, entomologist, applied colour patterns of insect wings to military camouflage during World War II
*Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology
*Georg Wilhelm Steller, naturalist, participant of Vitus Bering's voyages, discoverer of Steller's jay, Steller's eider, 
extinct Steller's sea cow and multiple other animals
*Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier and first female full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences
*Armen Takhtajan, developer of Takhtajan system of flowering plant classification, major biogeographer
*Kliment Timiryazev, plant physiologist and evolutionist, major researcher of chlorophyll
*Nikolai Timofeeff-Ressovsky, major researcher of radiation genetics, population genetics, and microevolution
*Lev Tsenkovsky, pioneer researcher of the ontogenesis of lower plants and animals
*Mikhail Tsvet, inventor of chromatography
*Nikolai Vavilov, botanist and geneticist, gathered the world's largest collection of plant seeds, identified the Vavilov Center, centres of origin of main cultivated plants
*Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin, Mikhail Voronin, major researcher of fungi and plant pathology
*Sergey Vinogradsky, microbiologist, ecologist, and soil scientist, pioneered the biogeochemical cycle concept, discovered lithotrophy and chemosynthesis, invented the Winogradsky column for breeding of microorganisms
*
*Aleksandr Bakulev, prominent cardiovascular surgery developer
*Vladimir Bekhterev, neuropathologist, founder of objective psychology, noted the role of the hippocampus in memory, major contributor to reflexology, studied the Bekhterev's Disease
*Vladimir Betz, discovered Betz cells of primary motor cortex
*Peter Borovsky, described the causative agent of Oriental sore
*Sergey Botkin, major therapist and court physician
*Nikolay Burdenko, major developer of neurosurgery
*Konstantin Buteyko, developed the Buteyko method for the treatment of asthma and other breathing disorders
*Mikhail Chumakov, co-discovered tick-borne encephalitis, co-developed oral polio vaccine
*Livery Darkshevich, neurologist, described the nucleus of posterior commissure
*Vladimir Demikhov, major pioneer of transplantology
*Vladimir Filatov, ophthalmologist, corneal transplantation pioneer
*Svyatoslav Fyodorov, inventor of radial keratotomy
*Georgy Gause, inventor of gramicidin S and other antibiotics
*Oleg Gazenko, founder of space medicine, selected and trained Laika, the first space dog
*Vera Gedroitz, first female Professor of Surgery in the world
*Ilya Gruzinov, found that vocal folds are the source of phonation
*Waldemar Haffkine, invented the first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague
*Gavriil Ilizarov, invented Ilizarov apparatus, developed distraction osteogenesis
*Nikolai Korotkov, invented auscultatory blood pressure measurement, pioneer of vascular surgery
*Sergei Korsakoff, Sergey Korsakov, studied the effects of alcoholism on the nervous system, described Korsakoff's syndrome, introduced paranoia concept
*Aleksei Kozhevnikov, neurologist and psychiatrist, described the epilepsia partialis continua
*Aleksey Leontyev, founder of activity theory in psychology
*Peter Lesgaft, founder of the modern system of physical education in Russia
*Alexander Luria, co-developer of activity theory and cultural-historical psychology, major researcher of aphasia
*
*Alexander Chayanov, developed the consumption-labour-balance principle
*Georges Gurvitch, major developer of sociology of knowledge and sociology of law
*Leonid Kantorovich, mathematician and economist, founded linear programming, developed the theory of Optimization (mathematics), optimal allocation of resources, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
*Nikolai Kondratiev, discoverer of the Kondratiev waves
*Andrey Korotayev, historian and anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, a prominent developer of social cycle theory
*Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, developer of GOELRO plan, the first Chief of Gosplan
*Simon Kuznets, discovered the Kuznets swings, built the Kuznets curve, disproved the Absolute Income Hypothesis, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
*Vladimir Lenin, leader of the October Revolution and founder of the Soviet Union, introduced planned economy and Leninism
*Evsei Liberman, laid the scientific support for the Soviet 1965 Soviet economic reform, Kosygin reform (initiated by Alexei Kosygin) in economy
*Wassily Leontief, developed input-output analysis and the Leontief paradox, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
*Vasily Nemchinov, created the mathematical basis for the Soviet central planning
*Grigory Orlov, founder of the Free Economic Society
*Pitirim Sorokin, sociologist, prominent developer of the social cycle theory
*Eugen Slutsky, statistician and economist, developed the Slutsky equation
*Stanislav Strumilin, pioneer of the planned economy, developed the first five-year plan, first Five-year plans of the Soviet Union, five-year plans
*Friedrich von Adelung, historian and museologist, researched the European accounts of the Time of Troubles
*Valery Alekseyev (anthropologist), Valery Alekseyev, anthropologist, proposed ''Homo rudolfensis''
*Mikhail Illarionovich Artamonov, Mikhail Artamonov, historian and archaeologist, founder of modern Khazar studies, excavated a great number of Scythian and Khazar kurgans and settlements, including the fortress of Sarkel
*Artemiy Artsikhovsky, archaeologist, discoverer of birch bark documents in Novgorod
*Vasily Bartold, turkologist, the ''"Edward Gibbon, Gibbon of 
*Nikita Bichurin, a founder of Sinology, published many documents on Chinese history, Chinese and Mongolian history, opened the first Chinese-language school in Russia
*Nikolay Danilevsky, ethnologist, philosopher and historian, a founder of Eurasianism, the first to present an account of history as a series of distinct civilisations
*Igor Diakonov, historian and linguist, a prominent researcher of Sumer and Assyria
*Boris Farmakovsky, archaeologist of Ancient Greek colony Olbia, Ukraine, Olbia
*Vladimir Golenishchev, egyptologist, excavated Wadi Hammamat, discovered over 6,000 antiquities, including the ''Moscow Mathematical Papyrus'', the ''Story of Wenamun'', and various Fayum portraits
*Timofey Granovsky, a founder of mediaeval studies in Russia, disproved the historicity of Vineta
*Boris Grekov, prominent researcher of Kievan Rus' and Golden Horde
*Lev Gumilev, historian and ethnologist, prominent researcher of ancient Central Asian peoples, related ethnogenesis and 
*Andrey Korotayev, historian and anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, a prominent developer of social cycle theory
*Nikolay Kostomarov, historian, folklorist and romantic writer, researched the differences between Great Russia and Little Russia and the history of Ukraine
*Pyotr Kozlov, explorer of Central Asia, discoverer of the ancient Tangut people, Tangut city of Khara-Khoto and Xiongnu royal burials at Noin-Ula
*Platon Levshin, president of the Most Holy Synod during the Age of Enlightenment, author of the first systematic course of the history of Russian Orthodox Church
*Nikolay Likhachyov, the first and foremost Russian sigillographer, prominent also in a number of other auxiliary historical disciplines
*Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, statesman, published the major ''Russian Genealogical Book''
*
*Alexey Okladnikov, prominent historian and archaeologist of 
*Mikhail Pokrovsky, Marxist historian prominent in the 1920s
*Natalia Polosmak, archaeologist of Pazyryk burials, discoverer of Pazyryk Ice Maiden, Ice Maiden mummy
*Alexander Polovtsov, statesman, historian and Maecenas, founder of the Russian Historian Society
*Tatyana Proskuryakova, Mayanist scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient Maya script
*Semyon Remezov, cartographer and the first historian of 
* Nicholas Roerich, painter, archeologist, and public figure, explorer of Central Asia, initiator of the international Roerich's Pact on protection of historical monuments
*Sergei Rudenko, discoverer of Scythian Pazyryk burials
*Boris Rybakov, historian and chief Soviet archaeologist for 40 years, primary opponent of the 
*Yevgeny Tarle, author of the famous studies on Napoleon's invasion of Russia and on the Crimean War
*Vasily Tatischev, statesman, geographer and historian, discovered and published ''
*Vasily Abaev, prominent researcher of Iranian languages
*Alexander Afanasyev, leading Russian folklorist, recorded and published over 600 Russian fairy tales, by far the largest folktale collection by any one man in the world
*Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay, co-inventor of the concept of phoneme and the systematic treatment of alternation (linguistics), alternations, pioneer of synchronic analysis and mathematical linguistics
*Vladimir Bogoraz, researcher of Chukchi people, founder of the Institute of the Peoples of the North
*Otto von Böhtlingk, prominent Indologist and Sanskrit grammarian
*Fyodor Buslaev, philologist and folklorist, representative of the Mythological school of comparative literature
*Vladimir Dahl, greatest Russian language lexicographer of the 19th century, folklorist and turkologist, author of the ''Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language''
*
*Pyotr Kafarov, prominent sinologist, developed the cyrillization of Chinese, discovered and published many invaluable manuscripts, including ''The Secret History of the Mongols''
*Yuri Knorozov, linguist, epigrapher and ethnographer, deciphered the ancient Maya script, proposed a decipherment for the Indus script
*Nikolay Krushevsky, co-inventor of the concept of phoneme and the systematic treatment of alternation (linguistics), alternations
*Gerasim Lebedev, pioneer of Indology, introduced Bengali alphabet, Bengali script typing to Europe, founded the first European-style drama theater in India
*Dmitry Likhachov, major 20th-century expert on Old East Slavic language and literature
*
*Stephan of Perm, 14th-century missionary, converted Komi Permyaks to Christianity and invented the Old Permic script
*Yevgeny Polivanov, linguist, orientalist and polyglot (person), polyglot, developed the cyrillization of Japanese
*Nicholas Poppe, prominent Altaic languages researcher
*Grigory Potanin, explorer of Central Asia, the first to research Salar people
*Vladimir Propp, Formalism (literature), formalist scholar, major researcher of Folklore, folk tales and mythology
*Tatyana Proskuryakova, Mayanist scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient Maya script
*George de Roerich, major 20th-century Tibetologist
*Franz Anton Schiefner, prominent tibetologist, Finnic languages, Finnic and Caucasus languages researcher
*Isaac Jacob Schmidt, the first researcher of Mongolian language, Mongolian
*Leopold von Schrenck, naturalist and ethnographer, coined the term ''Paleo-Asiatic peoples'', the first director of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography
*Aleksey Shakhmatov, a founder of textology, prepared major 20th-century reforms of Russian orthography, pioneered the systematic research of Old Russian and medieval Russian literature
*Lev Shcherba, phonetics, phonetist and phonologist, author of the phrase "glokaya kuzdra"
*Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, Indologist, initiated the scholarly study of Buddhist philosophy in the West
*Ivan Snegiryov, early collector of Russian proverbs and researcher of lubok prints
*Izmail Sreznevsky, leading 19th-century Slavist, published ''Codex Zographensis'', ''Codex Marianus'' and ''Kiev Fragments''
*Sergei Starostin, prominent supporter of Altaic languages theory, proposed Dené–Caucasian languages macrofamily, reconstructed a number of Eurasian proto-languages
*Vasily Tatischev, geographer, ethnographer and historian, compiled the first encyclopedic dictionary of Russian language, Russian
*Tenevil, Chukchi people, Chukchi reindeer herder who created a writing system for the Chukchi language
*Nikolai Trubetzkoy, principal developer of phonology and inventor of morphophonology, defined phoneme, a founder of the Prague School of structural linguistics
*Dmitry Ushakov, author of the academic ''Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Ushakov), Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language''
*Max Vasmer, leading Indo-European languages, Indo-European, Finno-Ugric languages, Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages, Turkic etymologist, author of the ''Etymological dictionary of the Russian language''
*Viktor Vinogradov, linguist and philologist, founder of the Russian Language Institute
*Alexander Vostokov, coined the term ''
*Georgy Adelson-Velsky, inventor of AVL tree algorithm, developer of Kaissa, the first world computer chess champion
*Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, Aleksandr Aleksandrov, developer of CAT(k) space and Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem in geometry
*Pavel Alexandrov, author of the Alexandroff compactification and the Alexandrov topology
*Dmitri Anosov, developed Anosov diffeomorphism
*Vladimir Arnold, an author of the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem in dynamical systems, solved Hilbert's 13th problem, raised the ADE classification and Arnold's rouble problems
*Sergey Bernstein, developed the Bernstein polynomial, Bernstein's theorem on monotone functions and Bernstein inequalities in probability theory
*Nikolay Bogolyubov, mathematician and theoretical physicist, author of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem, Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem, describing function and multiple important contributions to quantum mechanics
*Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin, Sergey Chaplygin, author of Chaplygin's equation, important in aerodynamics and notion of Chaplygin gas
*Nikolai Chebotaryov, author of Chebotarev's density theorem
*Pafnuti Chebyshev, prominent tutor and founding father of Russian mathematics, contributed to probability, statistics and number theory, author of the Chebyshev's inequality, Chebyshev distance, Chebyshev function, Chebyshev equation
*Boris Delaunay, inventor of Delaunay triangulation, organised the first Soviet Student Olympiad in mathematics
*Vladimir Drinfeld, mathematician and theoretical physicist, introduced quantum groups and ADHM construction, Fields Medal winner
*Eugene Dynkin, developed Dynkin diagram, Doob–Dynkin lemma and Dynkin system in algebra and probability
*Leonhard Euler, preeminent 18th-century mathematician, arguably the greatest of all time, made important discoveries in mathematical analysis, 
graph theory and number theory, introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation (mathematical function, Euler's number, Euler diagram)
*Anatoly Fomenko, topologist and chronologist, put forth a controversial theory of the New Chronology (Fomenko), New Chronology
*Evgraf Fedorov, mathematician and crystallographer, identified Periodic graph (geometry), Periodic graph in geometry, the first to catalogue all of the 230 space groups of crystals
*Boris Galerkin, developed the Galerkin method in numerical analysis
*Israel Gelfand, major contributor to numerous areas of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and linear algebra, author of the Gelfand representation, Gelfand pair, Gelfand triple, integral geometry
*Alexander Gelfond, author of Gelfond's theorem, provided means to obtain infinite number of transcendentals, including Gelfond–Schneider constant and Gelfond's constant, Wolf Prize in Mathematics winner
*Sergei Godunov, developed Godunov's theorem and Godunov's scheme in differential equations
*Valery Goppa, inventor of Goppa codes in algebraic geometry
*Mikhail Gromov (mathematician), Mikhail Gromov, a prominent developer of geometric group theory, inventor of homotopy principle, introduced Gromov's compactness theorem (disambiguation), Gromov's compactness theorems, Gromov norm, Gromov product, Wolf Prize winner
*Leonid Kantorovich, mathematician and economist, founded linear programming, introduced the Kantorovich inequality and Kantorovich metric, developed the theory of Optimization (mathematics), optimal allocation of resources, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
*Anatoly Karatsuba, developed the Karatsuba algorithm (the first fast multiplication algorithm)
*Leonid Khachiyan, developed the Ellipsoid algorithm for linear programming
*Aleksandr Khinchin, developed the Pollaczek-Khinchine formula, Wiener–Khinchin theorem and Khinchin inequality in probability theory
*Andrey Kolmogorov, a preeminent 20th-century mathematician, Wolf Prize winner; multiple contributions to mathematics include: probability axioms, Chapman–Kolmogorov equation and Kolmogorov extension theorem in probability; Kolmogorov complexity
*Maxim Kontsevich, author of the Kontsevich integral and Kontsevich quantization formula, Fields Medal winner
*Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov, Vladimir Kotelnikov, a pioneer in information theory, an author of fundamental sampling theorem
*Sofia Kovalevskaya, the first woman professor in Northern Europe and Russia, the first female professor of mathematics, discovered the Kovalevskaya top
*Mikhail Kravchuk, developed the Kravchuk polynomials and Kravchuk matrix
*Mark Krein, developed the Tannaka–Krein duality, Krein–Milman theorem and Krein space, Wolf Prize winner
*Alexander Kronrod, developer of Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula and Kaissa, the first world computer chess champion
*Nikolay Mitrofanovich Krylov, Nikolay Krylov, author of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem, Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem and describing function
*Aleksandr Kurosh, author of the Kurosh subgroup theorem and Kurosh problem in group theory
*Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya, Olga Ladyzhenskaya, made major contributions to solution of Hilbert's nineteenth problem, Hilbert's 19th problem and important Navier–Stokes equations
*Evgeny Landis, inventor of AVL tree algorithm
*Vladimir Levenshtein, developed the Levenshtein automaton, Levenshtein coding and Levenshtein distance
*Leonid Levin, IT scientist, developed the Cook-Levin theorem
*Yuri Linnik, developed Linnik's theorem in analytic number theory
*Nikolai Lobachevsky, a ''Copernicus of Geometry'' who created the first non-Euclidean geometry (Lobachevskian or hyperbolic geometry)
*Nikolai Lusin, developed Luzin's theorem, Polish space#Lusin spaces, Luzin spaces and Luzin sets in descriptive set theory
*Aleksandr Lyapunov, founder of stability theory, author of the Lyapunov's central limit theorem, Lyapunov equation, Lyapunov fractal, Lyapunov time
*Leonty Magnitsky, a director of the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation, author of the principal Russian 18th-century textbook in mathematics
*Anatoly Maltsev, researched decidability (logic), decidability of various algebraic groups,
developed the Malcev algebra
*Yuri Manin, author of the Gauss–Manin connection in algebraic geometry, Manin-Mumford conjecture and Manin obstruction in diophantine geometry
*Grigory Margulis, worked on lattice (discrete subgroup), lattices in Lie groups, Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
*Andrey Markov, Andrey Markov, Sr., invented the Markov chains, proved Markov brothers' inequality, author of the hidden Markov model, Markov number, Markov property, Markov's inequality, Markov processes, Markov random field, Markov algorithm
*Andrey Markov (Soviet mathematician), Andrey Markov, Jr., author of Markov's principle and Markov's principle#Markov's rule, Markov's rule in logics
*Yuri Matiyasevich, author of Matiyasevich's theorem in set theory, provided negative solution for Hilbert's tenth problem
*Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov, Alexander Mikhailov, coined the term ''Informatics (academic field), Informatics''
*Mark Naimark, author of the Gelfand–Naimark theorem and Naimark's problem
*Pyotr Novikov, solved the word problem for groups and Burnside's problem
*Sergei Novikov (mathematician), Sergei Novikov, worked on algebraic topology and soliton theory, developed Adams–Novikov spectral sequence and Novikov conjecture, Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
*Andrei Okounkov, infinite symmetric groups and Hilbert scheme researcher, Fields Medal winner
*Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky, Mikhail Ostrogradsky, mathematician and physicist, author of divergence theorem and partial fractions in integration
*Grigori Perelman, made landmark contributions to Riemannian geometry and topology, proved Geometrization conjecture
and Poincaré conjecture, won a Fields medal and the first Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award (declined both)
*Lev Pontryagin, blind mathematician, developed Pontryagin duality and Pontryagin classes in topology, and Pontryagin's minimum principle in optimal control
*Yury Prokhorov, author of the Lévy–Prokhorov metric and Prokhorov's theorem in probability
*Alexander Razborov, mathematician and computational theorist who won the Nevanlinna Prize in 1990 and the Gödel Prize for contributions to Theory of computation, computer sciences
*Lev Schnirelmann, developed the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category in topology and Schnirelmann density of numbers
*Moses Schönfinkel, inventor of combinatory logic
*Yakov Sinai, developed the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy and Sinai billiard, Wolf Prize and Abel Prize winner
*Eugen Slutsky, statistician and economist, developed the Slutsky equation and Slutsky's theorem
*Stanislav Smirnov, prominent researcher of triangular lattice, Fields Medalist
*Sergei Sobolev, introduced the Sobolev spaces and mathematical distributions, co-developer of the first ternary computer ''Setun''
*Vladimir Steklov (mathematician), Vladimir Steklov, mathematician and physicist, founder of Steklov Institute of Mathematics, proved theorems on generalized Fourier series
*Jakow Trachtenberg, developed the Trachtenberg system of mental calculation
*Boris Trakhtenbrot, proved the Gap theorem, developed Trakhtenbrot's theorem
*Valentin Turchin, inventor of Refal programming language, introduced metasystem transition and supercompilation
*Andrey Tychonoff, Andrey Tikhonov, author of Tikhonov space and Tikhonov's theorem (central in general topology), the Tikhonov regularization of ill-posed problems, invented
*Viktor Ambartsumian, one of the founders of theoretical astrophysics, discoverer of stellar associations, founder of Byurakan Observatory in Armenia
*Vladimir Belinski, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evolution
*Aristarkh Belopolsky, invented a spectrograph based on the Doppler effect, among the first photographers of stellar spectra
*Fyodor Bredikhin, developed the theory of comet tails, meteors and meteor showers, a director of the Pulkovo Observatory
*Jacob Bruce, statesman, naturalist and astronomer, founder of the first observatory in Russia (in the Sukharev Tower)
*Lyudmila Chernykh, astronomer, discovered 268 asteroids
*Nikolai Chernykh, astronomer, discovered 537 asteroids and 2 comets
*Aleksandr Chudakov, co-discoverer of the Earth's radiation belt
*Alexander Friedmann, mathematician and cosmologist, discovered the metric expansion of space, expanding-universe Friedmann equations, solution to the general relativity Einstein field equations, field equations, an author of the FLRW metric of Universe
*George Gamow, theoretical physicist and cosmologist, discovered quantum tunneling, alpha decay via quantum tunneling and Gamow factor in stellar nucleosynthesis, introduced the Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory, predicted cosmic microwave background
*Matvey Gusev, the first to prove the non-sphericity of the Moon, pioneer of photography in astronomy
*Nikolai Kardashev, astrophysicist, inventor of Kardashev scale for ranking the space civilizations
*Isaak Khalatnikov, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evolution
*Marian Albertovich Kowalski, Marian Kowalski, the first to measure the rotation of the Milky Way
*Feodosy Krasovsky, astronomer and geodesist, measured the Krasovsky ellipsoid, a coordinate system used in the USSR and the post-Soviet states
*Anders Johan Lexell, astronomer and mathematician, researcher of celestial mechanics and comet astronomy, proved that Uranus is a planet rather than a comet
*Evgeny Lifshitz, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe's evolution
*Andrei Linde, created the Universe chaotic inflation theory
*
*Iosif Shklovsky, astronomer and astrophysicist, author of several discoveries in the fields of radio astronomy and cosmic rays, extraterrestrial life researcher
*Friedrich Wilhelm Struve, astronomer and geodesist, founder and the first director of the Pulkovo Observatory, prominent researcher and discoverer of new double stars, initiated the construction of 2,820 km long Struve Geodetic Arc, progenitor of the Struve family of astronomers
*Otto Lyudvigovich Struve, astronomer and astrophysicist, co-developed a method for measurement of stellar rotation, directed several observatories in the US
*Otto Wilhelm von Struve, astronomer, director of the Pulkovo Observatory, discovered over 500 double stars
*Rashid Sunyaev, astrophysicist, co-predicted the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion
*George Volkoff, predicted the existence of neutron stars
*Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov, discovered the absorption of light by interstellar dust, author of the ''Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies''
*Ivan Yarkovsky, discovered the Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack effect, YORP and Yarkovsky effects of meteoroids or asteroids
*A.L. Zaitsev, Aleksandr Zaitsev, coined the term ''Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence'', conducted the first intercontinental radar astronomy experiment, transmitted the Cosmic Calls
*Yakov Zel'dovich, physicist, astrophysicist and cosmologist, the first to suggest that accretion discs around massive black holes are responsible for the quasar radiation, co-predicted the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion
*Felix Ziegel, Soviet researcher, Doctor of Science and docent of Cosmology at the Moscow Aviation Institute, author of more than 40 popular books on astronomy and space exploration, generally regarded as a founder of Russian ufology
*Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Alexei Abrikosov, discovered how magnetic flux can penetrate a superconductor (the Abrikosov vortex), Nobel Prize winner
*Artem Alikhanian, a prominent researcher of cosmic rays, inventor of wide-gap track spark chamber
*Franz Aepinus, related electricity and magnetism, proved the electric nature of pyroelectricity, explained electric polarization and electrostatic induction, invented Achromatic lens, achromatic microscope
*Abraham Alikhanov, a prominent researcher of cosmic rays, built the first nuclear reactors in the USSR
*Zhores Alferov, inventor of modern heterotransistor, Nobel Prize winner
*Semen Altshuler, researched Electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR and NMR, predicted acoustic paramagnetic resonance
*Lev Artsimovich, builder of the first tokamak, researcher of high temperature Plasma (physics), plasma
*Gurgen Askaryan, predicted self focusing of light, discovered Askaryan effect in particle physics
*Nikolay Basov, physicist, co-inventor of laser and maser, Nobel Prize winner
*Nikolay Bogolyubov, mathematician and theoretical physicist, co-developed the BBGKY hierarchy, formulated a microscopic theory of superconductivity, suggested a triplet quark model, introduced a new quantum degree of freedom (color charge)
*Gersh Budker, inventor of electron cooling, co-inventor of collider
*Sergey Chaplygin, a founder of aerodynamics, aero- and hydrodynamics, formulated the Chaplygin's equations and Chaplygin gas concept
*Pavel Cherenkov, discoverer of Cherenkov radiation, Nobel Prize winner
*Yuri Denisyuk, inventor of Holography, 3D holography
*Ludvig Faddeev, discoverer of Faddeev–Popov ghosts and Faddeev equations in quantum physics
*Georgy Flyorov, nuclear physicist, one of the initiators of the Soviet atomic bomb project, co-discoverer of seaborgium and bohrium, founder of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
*Vladimir Fock, developed the Fock space, Fock state and the Hartree–Fock method in quantum mechanics
*Ilya Frank, explained the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation, Nobel Prize winner
*Vsevolod Frederiks, Vsevolod Frederiks (Fréedericksz), discovered the Fréedericksz transition, the Fréedericksz critical field in liquid crystals
*Yakov Frenkel, introduced the notion of electron hole, discovered the Frenkel defect of a crystal lattice, described the Poole–Frenkel effect in solid-state physics
*George Gamow, explained alpha decay as quantum tunneling, developed theories of the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis and offered explanation of foundations of molecular genetics
*Andre Geim, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize winner and at the same time Ig Nobel Prize winner for diamagnetic levitation of a living frog
*Vitaly Ginzburg, co-author of the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity, a developer of hydrogen bomb, Nobel Prize winner
*Vladimir Gribov, introduced pomeron, DGLAP equations and Gribov ambiguity
*Aleksandr Gurevich, author of the runaway breakdown theory of lightning
*Abram Ioffe, founder of the Soviet physics school, tutor of many prominent scientists
*Dmitri Ivanenko, proposed the first models of Nuclear shell model, nuclear shell and exchange of Atomic nucleus, nuclear forces, predicted the synchrotron radiation, the author of the hypothesis of Color superconductivity, quark stars
*Boris Jacobi, formulated the Maximum power theorem in electrical engineering, invented electroplating, electrotyping, galvanoplastic, galvanoplastic sculpture and electric boat
*Pyotr Kapitsa, originated the techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic fields, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus discovered superfluidity, Nobel Prize winner
*Yuly Khariton, chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb
*Orest Khvolson, the first to study the Chwolson ring effect of gravitational lensing
*Sergey Krasnikov, developer of the Krasnikov tube, a speculative mechanism for space travel
*Igor Kurchatov, builder of the first nuclear power plant, developer of the first nuclear reactors for Nuclear marine propulsion, surface ships
*Dmitry Lachinov, physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, meteorologist and climatologist
*Lev Landau, theoretical physicist, developed the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity, explained the Landau damping in plasma physics, pointed out the Landau pole in quantum electrodynamics, co-author of the famous ''Course of Theoretical Physics'', Nobel Prize winner
*Grigory Landsberg, co-discoverer of Raman scattering of light
*Mikhail Lavrentyev, physicist and mathematician, founded the Siberian Division of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk
*Petr Nikolaevich Lebedev, Pyotr Lebedev, the first to measure the radiation pressure on a solid body, thus privoving the Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism
*Heinrich Lenz, discovered the Lenz's law of electromagnetism
*Evgeny Lifshitz, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evolution, co-author of the famous ''Course of Theoretical Physics''
*
*Leonid Mandelshtam, co-discoverer of Raman effect
*Stanislav Mikheyev, co-discoverer of Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect of neutrino oscillations
*Konstantin Novoselov, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize winner
*Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, Vasily Petrov, discoverer of electric arc, proposed arc lamp and arc welding
*Boris Podolsky, an author of EPR Paradox in quantum physics
*Alexander Markovich Polyakov, Alexander Polyakov, developed the concepts of Polyakov action, 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole and BPST instanton
*Isaak Pomeranchuk, predicted synchrotron radiation
*Bruno Pontecorvo, a founder of neutrino high energy physics, his work led to the discovery of PMNS matrix
*Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Alexander Popov, inventor of lightning detector, one of the Invention of radio, inventors of radio, recorded the first experimental radiolocation at sea
*Victor Popov, co-discoverer of Faddeev–Popov ghosts in quantum field theory
*Alexander Prokhorov, co-inventor of laser and maser, Nobel Prize winner
*Georg Wilhelm Richmann, inventor of electrometer, pioneer researcher of 
*Igor Tamm, explained the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation, co-developer of tokamak, Nobel Prize winner
*Aleksandr Stoletov, inventor of photoelectric cell, built the Stoletov curve and pioneered the research of ferromagnetism
*Igor Ternov, co-discoverer of Sokolov–Ternov effect of synchrotron radiation
*Nikolay Umov, discovered the Umov–Poynting vector and Umov effect, the first to propose the formula Mass–energy equivalence,
*Petr Ufimtsev, developed the theory that led to modern stealth technology
*Sergey Vavilov, co-discoverer of Cherenkov radiation, formulated the Kasha–Vavilov rule of quantum yields
*Vladimir Veksler, inventor of synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron
*Evgeny Velikhov, leader of the international program ITER (thermonuclear experimental tokamak)
*Anatoly Vlasov, developed the Vlasov equation in plasma physics
*Alexey Yekimov, discoverer of quantum dots
*Yevgeny Zavoisky, inventor of EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy
*Yakov Zel'dovich, physicist and cosmologist, predicted the beta decay of a pi meson and the muon catalysis, co-predicted the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion
*Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Nikolai Zhukovsky, a founder of aerodynamics, aero- and hydrodynamics, the first to study airflow, author of Joukowsky transform and Kutta–Joukowski theorem, founder of TsAGI and pioneer of aviation
*Octiabr' Emelianenko, did fundamental work in physics of :III-V compounds, III-V compound semiconductors.
* Alexander Baykov, Metallurgy, metallurgist and academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
*Ernest Beaux, inventor of Chanel No. 5, "the world's most legendary fragrance"
*Nikolay Beketov, inventor of aluminothermy, a founder of 
*Aleksei Chichibabin, discovered Chichibabin pyridine synthesis, Bodroux-Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis and Chichibabin reaction
*Lev Chugaev, discoverer of Chugaev elimination in organic chemistry
*Karl Ernst Claus, chemist and botanist, discoverer of ruthenium
*Nikolay Demyanov, discoverer of Demjanov rearrangement in organic chemistry
*Aleksandr Dianin, discoverer of Bisphenol A and Dianin's compound
*Constantin Fahlberg, inventor of saccharin, the first artificial sweetener
*Alexey Favorsky, discoverer of Favorskii rearrangement and Favorskii reaction in organic chemistry
*Alexander Frumkin, a founder of modern electrochemistry, author of the theory of electrode reactions
*Evgraf Fedorov, the first to enumerate all of the 230 space groups of crystals, thus founding the modern crystallography
*Andre Geim, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
*Igor Gorynin, inventor of weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminium alloys, and many radiation-hardened steels
*Vladimir Ipatieff, inventor of Ipatieff bomb, a founder of petrochemistry
*Isidore (inventor), Isidore, legendary inventor of the vodka, Russian vodka
*Boris Jacobi, re-discovered electroplating and initiated its practical usage
*Pyotr Kapitsa, discovered superfluidity while studying liquid helium, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
*Morris Kharasch, inventor of anti-microbial compound thimerosal
*Gottlieb Kirchhoff, discoverer of glucose
*Ivan Knunyants, inventor of Nylon 6, poly-caprolactam, founder of Soviet school of fluorocarbon's chemistry, a developer of Soviet chemical weapons
*Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev, Sergei Lebedev, inventor of polybutadiene, the first commercially viable synthetic rubber
*
*Vladimir Markovnikov, author of the Markovnikov's rule in organic chemistry, discoverer of naphthenes
*Mikhail Davidovich Mashkovsky, pharmacologist, author of the pharmacopoeia "Medical compounds"
*Dmitri Mendeleyev, invented the Periodic table of chemical elements, the first to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered, invented pyrocollodion, developer of pipeline transport, pipelines and a prominent researcher of vodka
*Nikolai Menshutkin, discoverer of Menshutkin reaction in organic chemistry
*Sergey Namyotkin, a prominent researcher of terpenes, discoverer of Nametkin rearrangement
*Ilya Prigogine, researcher of dissipative system, dissipative structures, 
complex systems and irreversibility, Nobel Prize winner
*Sergey Reformatsky, discoverer of Reformatsky reaction in organic chemistry
*Nikolay Semyonov, physical chemist, author of the chain reaction theory, Nobel Prize winner
*Carl Schmidt (chemist), Carl Schmidt, analyzed the crystal structure of many biochemicals, proved that animal and plant cells are chemically similar
*Vladimir Shukhov, polymath, inventor of chemical cracking
*Mikhail Shultz, physical chemist and artist; one of the creators the glass electrode theory; author of several thermodynamic methods
*Mikhail Tsvet, botanist, inventor of chromatography
*Victor Veselago, the first researcher of materials with negative permittivity and Permeability (electromagnetism), permeability
*Paul Walden, discovered the Walden inversion and ethylammonium nitrate, the first room temperature ionic liquid
*Alexander Mikhaylovich Zaytsev, Alexander Zaytsev, author of the Zaitsev's rule in organic chemistry
*Nikolay Zelinsky, inventor of activated charcoal gas mask in Europe during World War I, co-discoverer of Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation, a founder of petrochemistry
*Nikolai Zinin, discovered benzidine, co-discovered aniline, the first President of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society
*Anatol Zhabotinsky, discoverer of Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics
*Nikolai Belelubsky, major bridge designer, invented a number of construction schemes
*Agustín de Betancourt, polymath-engineer and urban planner, designed the Moscow Manege and the giant cast iron dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral, founded Goznak
*Vladimir Barmin, designer of the world's first rocket launch complex (Baikonur Cosmodrome)
*Akinfiy Demidov, builder of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk, the first structure to employ rebars and cast iron cupola, as well as the first lightning rod in the Western world
*Alexey Dushkin, designer of the first deep column station, ''Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro), Mayakovskaya''
*Alexander Hrennikoff, founder of the finite element method
*Nikolai Nikitin, engineer of the largest Soviet structures:
*Georgy Bothezat, inventor of quadcopter helicopter (''The Flying Octopus'')
*Vladimir Chelomey, designer of the first space station ''Salyut 1'', creator of Proton rocket (Comparison of heavy lift launch systems, the most used heavy lift launch system)
*Evgeniy Chertovsky, inventor of pressure suit
*Nicolas Florine, builder of the first successful tandem rotor helicopter
*Valentyn Glushko, inventor of hypergolic propellant and electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, designer of the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170
*Pyotr Grushin, inventor of anti-ballistic missile
*Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft designer), Mikhail Gurevich, designer of the MiG-series fighter aircraft, including most produced aircraft, world's most produced jet aircraft ''MiG-15'' and most produced supersonic aircraft ''MiG-21''
*Sergey Ilyushin, designed the Ilyushin, Il-series fighter aircraft, including ''Ilyushin Il-2, Il-2'' bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history)
*Aleksei Isaev, designer of the first rocket-powered aircraft, rocket-powered fighter aircraft, ''Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1, BI-1''
*Mstislav Keldysh, co-developer of the first satellite (''Sputnik'') and Keldysh bomber
*Kerim Kerimov, the secret figure behind the Soviet space program
*Nikolay Kamov, designed the Kamov, Ka-series 
*Mikhail Mil, designer of the Mil Helicopters, Mi-series helicopters, including ''Mil Mi-8'' (the world's most produced helicopter) and ''Mil Mi-12'' (the world's largest helicopter)
*Alexander Mozhaysky, author of the first attempt to create heavier-than-air craft in Russia, designed the largest of 19th-century airplanes
*Alexander Nadiradze, designer of the first mobile ICBM ''RT-21 Temp 2S'' and the first reliable mobile ICBM ''RT-2PM Topol''
*Nikolai Polikarpov, designer of the Polikarpov, Po-series aircraft, including ''Po-2'' ''Polikarpov Po-2, Kukuruznik'' (world's most produced biplane)
*Alexander Procofieff de Seversky, inventor of ionocraft and gyroscopically stabilized bombsight
*Guy Severin, designed the first spacewalk supporting system 
*Igor Sikorsky, inventor of airliner and strategic bomber (''Sikorsky Ilya Muromets''), father of modern
*1- Rostislav Alexeyev, designer of high-speed Raketa hydrofoils and ekranoplans, including the ''Caspian Sea Monster''
*2- Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, Anatoly Alexandrov, inventor of degaussing, developer of naval nuclear reactors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker)
*3- Mikhail Britnev, designer of the first metal-ship hull, hull icebreaker ''Pilot (icebreaker), Pilot''
*4- Boris Jacobi, inventor of electric boat, developer of modern naval mining
*5- Konstantin Khrenov, inventor of underwater welding
*6- Alexey Krylov, General of the branch, general of the fleet, inventor of gyroscopic Damping ratio, damping of ships, author of the insubmersibility theory
*7- Fyodor Litke, explorer, inventor of recording tide measurer
*8- Stepan Makarov, admiral, war hero, oceanographer, inventor of torpedo boat tender, builder of Icebreaker Yermak, the first polar icebreaker, author of the insubmersibility theory
*9- Victor Makeev, developer of the first intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile
*10- Ludvig Nobel, designer of the modern oil tanker
*11- Peter the Great, monarch and craftsman, inventor of yacht club and sounding line with separating Plumb-bob, plummet, founder of the Russian Navy
*12- Pavel Schilling, inventor of electric naval mine
*13- Igor Spassky, designer of the Sea Launch platform and over 200 nuclear submarines, including the world's largest submarines (Typhoon class)
*14- Vladimir Yourkevitch, designer of ''SS Normandie'', developer of modern ship hull design
*1- Zhores Alferov, physicist, inventor of heterotransistor, Nobel Prize winner
*2- Nikolay Benardos, inventor of carbon arc welding (the first practical arc welding method)
*3- Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, inventor of three-phase electric power
*4- Boris Jacobi, inventor of electroplating, electrotyping, galvanoplastic sculpture and electric boat
*5- Konstantin Khrenov, inventor of underwater welding
*6- Dmitry Lachinov, inventor of electricity economizer, electrical insulation tester, pioneer of long-distance electricity transmission
*7- Alexander Lodygin, one of the inventors of incandescent light bulb, inventor of electric streetlight and tungsten filament
*8- Oleg Losev, inventor of light-emitting diode and crystadine
*9- Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, Vasily Petrov, inventor of electric arc and arc welding
*10- Fyodor Pirotsky, inventor of railway electrification system and electric tram
*11- Alexander Poniatoff, inventor of videotape recorder
*12- Georg Wilhelm Richmann, inventor of electrometer, died from ball lightning during an experiment
*13- Pavel Schilling, inventor of shielded cable, naval mine, electric mine and electromagnetic telegraph
*14- Nikolay Slavyanov, inventor of shielded metal arc welding
*15- Aleksandr Stoletov, physicist, inventor of photoelectric cell
*16- Pavel Yablochkov, inventor of Yablochkov candle (the first commercially viable electric lamp), AC transformer and headlamp
*1- Georgy Adelson-Velsky, inventor of AVL tree algorithm, developer of Kaissa (the first World Computer Chess Champion)
*2- Boris Babaian, developer of the Elbrus supercomputers
*3- Sergey Brin, inventor of the Google web search engine
*4- Nikolay Brusentsov, inventor of ternary computer (''Setun'')
*5- Mikhail Donskoy, a leading developer of Kaissa, the first computer chess champion
*6- Victor Glushkov, a founder of cybernetics, inventor of the first personal computer ''MIR (computer), MIR''
*7- Yevgeny Kaspersky, developer of Kaspersky Lab, Kaspersky anti-virus products
*8- Semen Korsakov, the first to use punched cards for information storage and search
*9- Evgeny Landis, inventor of AVL tree algorithm
*10- Sergey Alexeyevich Lebedev, Sergey Lebedev, developer of the first Soviet and European electronic computers, MESM and BESM
*11- Leonid Levin, IT scientist, developed the Cook-Levin theorem
*12- Willgodt Theophil Odhner, inventor of the Odhner Arithmometer, the most popular mechanical calculator in the 20th century
*13- Alexey Pajitnov, inventor of ''Tetris''
*14- Alexander Razborov, mathematician and computational theorist who won the Nevanlinna Prize in 1990 and the Gödel Prize for contributions to Theory of computation, computer sciences
*15- Eugene Roshal, developer of the FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver
*16- Valentin Turchin, inventor of Refal programming language, introduced metasystem transition and supercompilation
Polymaths
*Karl Ernst von Baer
Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer Edler von Huthorn ( – ) was a Baltic German scientist and explorer. Baer was a naturalist, biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, and is considered a, or the, founding father of embryology. He was a ...
, polymath naturalist, formulated the geological Baer's law on river erosion
Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transports it to another location where it is deposited. Erosion is distin ...
and embryological
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, ''embryon'', "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, ''-logia'') is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and ...
Baer's laws
Von Baer's laws of embryology (or laws of development) are four rules proposed by Karl Ernst von Baer to explain the observed pattern of embryonic development in different species.
Von Baer formulated the laws in the book ''Über Entwickelungsge ...
, founder of the Russian Entomological Society
The Russian Entomological Society is a Russian scientific society devoted to entomology.
The Society was founded in 1859 in St. Petersburg by Karl Ernst von Baer, Johann Friedrich von Brandt who was then the director of the Zoological Museum of t ...
, co-founder of the Russian Geographical Society
The Russian Geographical Society (russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество «РГО»), or RGO, is a learned society based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It promotes geography, exploration and nature protection w ...
*Alexander Borodin
Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin ( rus, link=no, Александр Порфирьевич Бородин, Aleksandr Porfir’yevich Borodin , p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr pɐrˈfʲi rʲjɪvʲɪtɕ bərɐˈdʲin, a=RU-Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin.ogg, ...
, chemist and composer, author of the famous opera ''Prince Igor
''Prince Igor'' ( rus, Князь Игорь, Knyáz Ígor ) is an opera in four acts with a prologue, written and composed by Alexander Borodin. The composer adapted the libretto from the Ancient Russian epic '' The Lay of Igor's Host'', which re ...
'', discovered Borodin reaction
Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin ( rus, link=no, Александр Порфирьевич Бородин, Aleksandr Porfir’yevich Borodin , p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr pɐrˈfʲi rʲjɪvʲɪtɕ bərɐˈdʲin, a=RU-Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin.ogg, ...
, co-discovered Aldol reaction
The aldol reaction is a means of forming carbon–carbon bonds in organic chemistry.
Discovered independently by the Russian chemist Alexander Borodin in 1869 and by the French chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1872, the reaction combines two car ...
*Alexander Chizhevsky
Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky (russian: Алекса́ндр Леони́дович Чиже́вский, also Aleksandr Leonidovich Tchijevsky) (7 February 1897 – 20 December 1964) was a Soviet-era interdisciplinary scientist, a biophysicist ...
, interdisciplinary scientist, biophysicist, philosopher and artist, founder of heliobiology
Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines timing processes, including periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms, such as their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms. These cycles are known as biological rhythms. Chronob ...
and modern air ionification, Russian cosmist
*Johann Gottlieb Georgi
Johann Gottlieb Georgi (31 December 1729 – 27 October 1802) was a German botanist, naturalist and geographer.
A native of Pomerania, Georgi accompanied both Johan Peter Falk and Peter Simon Pallas on their respective journeys through Siberia ...
, naturalist, chemist, mineralogist, ethnographer and explorer, the first to describe omul
The omul, ''Coregonus migratorius'', also known as Baikal omul (russian: байкальский омуль), is a whitefish species of the salmon family endemic to Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia. It is considered a delicacy and is the object of ...
fish of Baikal
Lake Baikal (, russian: Oзеро Байкал, Ozero Baykal ); mn, Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the Federal subjects of Russia, federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast, I ...
, published the first full-scale work on ethnography of indigenous peoples of Russia
*Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ , a=Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and wri ...
, polymath scientist, artist and inventor; founder of the Moscow State University
M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...
; proposed the law of conservation of matter
In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as the system's mass can ...
; disproved the phlogiston theory
The phlogiston theory is a superseded scientific theory that postulated the existence of a fire-like element called phlogiston () contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The name comes from the Ancient Greek (''burn ...
; invented coaxial rotor
Coaxial rotors or coax rotors are a pair of helicopter rotors mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation, but turning in opposite directions (contra-rotating). This rotor configuration is a feature of helicopt ...
and the first helicopter
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and laterally. These attributes ...
; invented the night vision telescope
Night vision is the ability to see in low-light conditions, either naturally with scotopic vision or through a night-vision device. Night vision requires both sufficient spectral range and sufficient intensity range. Humans have poor night vi ...
and off-axis reflecting telescope
A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is a telescope that uses a single or a combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. The reflecting telescope was invented in the 17th century by Isaac Newton as an alternati ...
; discovered the atmosphere of Venus
The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is composed primarily of supercritical carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth. The temperature at the surface is 740 K (467 °C, 872 ° ...
; suggested the organic origin of soil
Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Some scientific definitions distinguish ''dirt'' from ''soil'' by restricting the former ...
, peat
Peat (), also known as turf (), is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. The peatland ecosystem covers and is the most efficient ...
, coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Coal is formed when dead ...
, petroleum
Petroleum, also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations. The name ''petroleum'' covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude ...
and amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin that has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times. Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects."Amber" (2004). In Ma ...
; pioneered the research of atmospheric electricity
Atmospheric electricity is the study of electrical charges in the Earth's atmosphere (or that of another planet). The movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electri ...
; coined the term ''physical chemistry
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical me ...
''; the first to record the freezing
Freezing is a phase transition where a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. In accordance with the internationally established definition, freezing means the solidification phase change of a liquid o ...
of mercury; co-developed Russian porcelain, re-discovered smalt
Cobalt glass—known as "smalt" when ground as a pigment—is a deep blue coloured glass prepared by including a cobalt compound, typically cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate, in a glass melt. Cobalt is a very intense colouring agent and very litt ...
and created a number of mosaics dedicated to Petrine era; author of an early account of Russian history
The history of Russia begins with the histories of the East Slavs. The traditional start-date of specifically Russian history is the establishment of the Rus' state in the north in 862, ruled by Varangians. Staraya Ladoga and Novgorod became ...
and the first opponent of the Normanist theory
Anti-Normanism is a movement of historical revisionism in opposition to the mainstream narrative of the Viking Age in Eastern Europe, and concerns the origin of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and their historic predecessor, Kievan Rus'. At the cent ...
; reformed Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic () was the first Slavic literary language.
Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and other ...
with vernacular tongue in his early grammar; influenced Russian poetry
This is a list of authors who have written poetry in the Russian language.
Alphabetical list
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
Y
Z
Sources
See also
* List of Russian arc ...
through his ode
An ode (from grc, ᾠδή, ōdḗ) is a type of lyric poetry. Odes are elaborately structured poems praising or glorifying an event or individual, describing nature intellectually as well as emotionally. A classic ode is structured in three majo ...
s
*Nikolay Lvov
Nikolay Aleksandrovich Lvov (May 4, 1753 – December 21, 1803) was a Russian artist of the Age of Enlightenment. Lvov, an amateur of Rurikid lineage, was a polymathBohlman, p. 45. who contributed to geology, history, graphic arts and poetry, but ...
, polymath artist, geologist, philologist and ethnographer, compiled the first major collection of Russian folk songs
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and pe ...
, adapted rammed earth
Rammed earth is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building method.
...
technology for northern climate and built the Priory Palace
Priory Palace (russian: Приоратский дворец) is an original palace in the formerly royal town of Gatchina (Гатчина), Leningrad oblast, Northwest Russia, a suburb of Saint Petersburg. It was built in 1799 by the architect N. ...
in Gatchina
The town of Gatchina ( rus, Га́тчина, , ˈɡatːɕɪnə, links=y) serves as the administrative center of the Gatchinsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It lies south-south-west of St. Petersburg, along the E95 highway which ...
, pioneered HVAC
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the use of various technologies to control the temperature, humidity, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. ...
technology, invented carton-pierre
*Alexander Middendorf
Alexander Theodor von Middendorff (russian: Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ми́ддендорф; tr. ; 18 August 1815 – 24 January 1894) was a zoologist and explorer of Baltic German and Estonian extraction. He is known for his ex ...
, zoologist and explorer, discoverer of Putorana Plateau
The Putorana Plateau () or the Putorana Mountains is a mountainous area in the Russian Federation.
It is a large massif or plateau crossed by mountain ranges. The nearest large settlement is Norilsk, where foreign travel is restricted. The cit ...
, founder of permafrost
Permafrost is ground that continuously remains below 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years, located on land or under the ocean. Most common in the Northern Hemisphere, around 15% of the Northern Hemisphere or 11% of the global surface ...
science, studied the influence of permafrost
Permafrost is ground that continuously remains below 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years, located on land or under the ocean. Most common in the Northern Hemisphere, around 15% of the Northern Hemisphere or 11% of the global surface ...
on living beings, coined the term ''radula
The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...
'', prominent hippologist and horse breeder
Horse breeding is reproduction in horses, and particularly the human-directed process of selective breeding of animals, particularly purebred horses of a given breed. Planned matings can be used to produce specifically desired characteristics in ...
*Vladimir Obruchev
Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev (russian: Влади́мир Афана́сьевич О́бручев; , Klepenino near Rzhev, Tver Oblast, Russian Empire – June 19, 1956, Moscow, USSR) was a Russian and Soviet geologist who specialized ...
, geologist, paleontologist, geographer and explorer of Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
and Central Asia, author of the comprehensive ''Geology of Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
'' and two popular science fiction
Science fiction (sometimes shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel univers ...
novels, '' Plutonia'' and ''Sannikov Land
Sannikov Land (russian: Земля Санникова) was a phantom island in the Arctic Ocean. Its supposed existence became something of a myth in 19th-century Russia.
History
Yakov Sannikov and Matvei Gedenschtrom claimed to have seen the ...
''
*Peter Simon Pallas
Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia between 1767 and 1810.
Life and work
Peter Simon Pallas was born in Berlin, the son of Professor of Surgery Si ...
, polymath naturalist, geographer, ethnographer, philologist, explorer of European Russia and Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
, discoverer of the first pallasite meteorite ( Krasnojarsk) and multiple animals, including the Pallas's cat
The Pallas's cat (''Otocolobus manul'', also known as the manul, is a small wild cat with long and dense light grey fur. Its rounded ears are set low on the sides of the head. Its head-and-body length ranges from with a long bushy tail. It is ...
, Pallas's squirrel, and Pallas's gull
*Yakov Perelman
Yakov Isidorovich Perelman (russian: Яков Исидорович Перельман; – 16 March 1942) was a Russian and Soviet science writer and author of many popular science books, including ''Physics Can Be Fun'' and ''Mathematics Can ...
, a founder of popular science, author of many popular books, including the ''Physics Can Be Fun'' and ''Mathematics Can Be Fun''
* Nicholas Roerich, artist, writer, philosopher, archeologist, explorer of Central Asia, public figure, initiator of the international Roerich's Pact on the defense of cultural objects, author of over 7000 paintings
*Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky
Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov or Semenov (russian: Пётр Петрович Семёнов; 2 January ''(New style: 14 January)'', 1827 – 26 February ''(New style: 11 March)'', 1914) was a Russian geographer and statistician who managed the Russ ...
, geographer, geologist, entomologist, explorer of the Tian Shan Mountains
The Tian Shan,, , otk, 𐰴𐰣 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃, , tr, Tanrı Dağı, mn, Тэнгэр уул, , ug, تەڭرىتاغ, , , kk, Тәңіртауы / Алатау, , , ky, Теңир-Тоо / Ала-Тоо, , , uz, Tyan-Shan / Tangritog‘ ...
, discoverer of the Peak Khan Tengri
Khan Tengri is a mountain of the Tian Shan mountain range. It is on the China—Kyrgyzstan—Kazakhstan tripoint, east of lake Issyk Kul. Its geologic elevation is , but its glacial icecap rises to . For this reason, in mountaineering ci ...
, for 40 years the head of the Russian Geographical Society
The Russian Geographical Society (russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество «РГО»), or RGO, is a learned society based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It promotes geography, exploration and nature protection w ...
, statistician, organiser of the first Russian Empire Census
*Vasily Tatishchev
Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (russian: Васи́лий Ники́тич Тати́щев) (19 April 1686 – 15 July 1750) was a prominent Russian Imperial statesman, historian, philosopher, and ethnographer, best remembered as the author of the ...
, statesman, economist, geographer, ethnographer, philologist and historian, supervisor of the first instrumental mapping of Russia, coloniser of the Urals and Siberia, founder of Perm and Yekaterinburg, discovered and published ''Russkaya Pravda
The ''Russkaya Pravda'' (Rus' Justice, Rus' Truth, or Russian Justice; orv, Правда роусьскаꙗ, ''Pravda Rusĭskaya'' (13th century, 1280), Правда Руськая, ''Pravda Rus'kaya'' (second half of the 15th century); russian: ...
'', ''Sudebnik
The Sudebnik of 1497 (''Судебник 1497 года'' in Russian, or Code of Law) was a collection of laws introduced by Ivan III in 1497. It played a big part in the centralisation of the Russian state, creation of the nationwide Russian La ...
'' of 1550 and the controversial ''Ioachim Chronicle The Ioachim Chronicle (ru: Иоакимовская Летопись), also spelled Joachim or Ioakim) is a chronicle discovered by the Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev in the 18th century. The chronicle is believed to be a 17th-century compilati ...
'', wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history, compiled the first encyclopedic dictionary of Russian language
*Vladimir Vernadsky
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (russian: link=no, Влади́мир Ива́нович Верна́дский) or Volodymyr Ivanovych Vernadsky ( uk, Володи́мир Іва́нович Верна́дський; – 6 January 1945) was ...
, philosopher and geologist, a founder of geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the e ...
, biogeochemistry and radiogeology
Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. The method compares ...
, creator of noosphere theory, popularized the term ''biosphere
The biosphere (from Greek βίος ''bíos'' "life" and σφαῖρα ''sphaira'' "sphere"), also known as the ecosphere (from Greek οἶκος ''oîkos'' "environment" and σφαῖρα), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be ...
'', major Russian cosmist
*Ivan Yefremov
Ivan Antonovich (real patronymic Antipovich) Yefremov ( ru , Ива́н Анто́нович (Анти́пович) Ефре́мов; April 23, 1908 – October 5, 1972; last name sometimes transliterated as Efremov) was a Soviet paleonto ...
, paleontologist, philosopher, sci-fi and historical novelist, founder of taphonomy
Taphonomy is the study of how organisms decay and become fossilized or preserved in the paleontological record. The term ''taphonomy'' (from Greek , 'burial' and , 'law') was introduced to paleontology in 1940 by Soviet scientist Ivan Efremov t ...
, author of '' The Land of Foam '', '' Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale'' and ''Thais of Athens
''Thais of Athens'' () is a historical novel by Ivan Efremov written in 1972. It tells the story of the famous hetaera Thaïs, who was one of Alexander the Great's contemporaries and companions on his conquest of the ''oikoumene'' or the known w ...
''
Earth scientists
* Dmitry Anuchin, anthropologist and geographer, coined the term ''anthroposphere
The anthroposphere (sometimes also referred as the technosphere) is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and human habitats. It is one of the Earth's spheres. The term was first used by ninetee ...
'', determined the location of the Volga river source
*Karl Baer
Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer Edler von Huthorn ( – ) was a Baltic German scientist and explorer. Baer was a naturalist, biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, and is considered a, or the, founding father of embryology. He was a ...
, naturalist, formulated the geological Baer's law on river erosion
Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transports it to another location where it is deposited. Erosion is distin ...
, co-founder of the Russian Geographical Society
The Russian Geographical Society (russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество «РГО»), or RGO, is a learned society based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It promotes geography, exploration and nature protection w ...
*Lev Berg
Lev Semyonovich Berg, also known as Leo S. Berg (russian: Лев Семёнович Берг; 14 March 1876 – 24 December 1950) was a leading Russian geographer, biologist and ichthyologist who served as President of the Soviet Geographical So ...
, determined the depth of Central Asian lakes, including Balkhash and Issyk Kul, a head of the Soviet Geographical Society
The Russian Geographical Society (russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество «РГО»), or RGO, is a learned society based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It promotes geography, exploration and nature protection wi ...
*Leonid Brekhovskikh
Leonid Maksimovich Brekhovskikh (6 May 1917 – 15 January 2005; russian: Леони́д Макси́мович Бреховски́х) was a Soviet and Russian scientist known for his work in acoustical and physical oceanography.
Early life an ...
, founder of modern acoustical oceanography
Hydroacoustics is the study and application of sound in water. Hydroacoustics, using sonar technology, is most commonly used for monitoring of underwater physical and biological characteristics.
Hydroacoustics can be used to detect the dept ...
, discovered the deep sound channel, the first to observe mesoscale ocean eddies
In fluid dynamics, an eddy is the swirling of a fluid and the reverse current created when the fluid is in a turbulent flow regime. The moving fluid creates a space devoid of downstream-flowing fluid on the downstream side of the object. Fluid beh ...
*Ivan Chersky
Jan Stanisław Franciszek Czerski (russian: Иван Дементьевич Черский; 3 May 1845, in Swolna – 25 June 1892, nr. Kolyma) was a Polish paleontologist, osteologist, geologist, geographer and explorer of Siberia.
He was e ...
, paleontologist, geologist and explorer of Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
, explained the origin of Lake Baikal, pioneered the geomorphological
Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek: , ', "earth"; , ', "form"; and , ', "study") is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or ...
evolution theory
*Pyotr Chikhachyov
Pyotr Alexandrovich Chikhachyov, last name also spelled Chikhachev or Tchihatchev (russian: link=no, Пётр Алекса́ндрович Чихачёв; 23 December 1808 – 13 October 1890) was a Russian naturalist and geologist who was admitt ...
, early geographer and geologist of Central Asia, discovered Kuznetsk Coal Basin
The Kuznetsk Basin (russian: Кузнецкий угольный бассейн, Кузбасс; often abbreviated as Kuzbass or Kuzbas) in southwestern Siberia, Russia, is one of the largest coal mining areas in Russia, covering an area of aroun ...
* Vasily Dokuchaev, founder of soil science, created the first soil classification
Soil classification deals with the systematic categorization of soils based on distinguishing characteristics as well as criteria that dictate choices in use.
Overview
Soil classification is a dynamic subject, from the structure of the system, ...
, determined the five factors for soil formation
*Alexander Fersman
Alexander Evgenyevich Fersman (; 8 November 1883 – 20 May 1945) was a prominent Soviet Russian geochemist and mineralogist, and a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1919–1945).
Early life and education
Fersman was born in St. Peter ...
, a founder of geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the e ...
, discovered copper in Monchegorsk
Monchegorsk (russian: Мончего́рск) is a town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula, south of Murmansk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 52,242 ( 2002 Census); 68,652 ( 1989 Census).
Name
Th ...
, apatite
Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal. The formula of the admixture of the three most common ...
s in Khibiny, sulfur in Central Asia
* Boris Golitsyn, inventor of electromagnetic seismograph
A seismometer is an instrument that responds to ground noises and shaking such as caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. They are usually combined with a timing device and a recording device to form a seismograph. The output ...
, the president of ''International Association of Seismology''
*Grigory Gamburtsev
Grigory Aleksandrovich Gamburtsev (russian: Григо́рий Алекса́ндрович Га́мбурцев; – June 28, 1955) was a Soviet seismologist and academician from Saint Petersburg, Russia who worked in the area of seismometry ...
, major Soviet seismologist, invented a number of seismological methods and devices
*Ivan Gubkin
Ivan Mikhailovich Gubkin (russian: Ива́н Миха́йлович Гу́бкин; – 21 April 1939) was a Soviet and Russian geologist and president of the 1937 International Geological Congress in Moscow. He was a petroleum geologist particu ...
, founder of the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
*Alexander Karpinsky
Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky (russian: Александр Петрович Карпинский, trl. Aljeksandr Pjetrovič Karpinskij; 7 January 1847 ( NS) – 15 July 1936) was a prominent Russian and Soviet geologist and mineralogist, and ...
, geologist and mineralogist, the first President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences
*Alexander Keyserling
Alexander Friedrich Michael Lebrecht Nikolaus Arthur Graf von Keyserling (15 August 1815 – 8 May 1891) was a Baltic German geologist and paleontologist from the Keyserlingk family of Baltic German nobility.
Career
Alexander von Keyserl ...
, naturalist, a founder of Russian geology
*Maria Klenova
Maria Vasilyevna Klenova (or Klyonova) (russian: Мари́я Васи́льевна Клёнова; 12 August 1898 – 6 August 1976) was a Russian and Soviet marine geologist and one of the founders of Russian marine science and contributor to ...
, a founder of marine geology, polar explorer
*Wladimir Köppen
Wladimir Peter Köppen (; russian: Влади́мир Петро́вич Кёппен, translit=Vladimir Petrovich Kyoppen; 25 September 1846 – 22 June 1940) was a Russian-German geographer, meteorologist, climatologist and botanist. After st ...
, meteorologist, author of the commonly used Köppen climate classification
*Stepan Krasheninnikov
Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (russian: Степа́н Петро́вич Крашени́нников; – ) was a Russian explorer of Siberia, naturalist and geographer who gave the first full description of Kamchatka in the early 18th cent ...
, geographer, the first Russian naturalist, made the first scientific description of Kamchatka
*Alexander Kruber
Alexander Alexandrovich Kruber (russian: Александр Александрович Крубер; – December 15, 1941) was a Soviet geographer, professor, the founder of the Russian and Soviet karstology.
Alexander Kruber was born in Istr ...
, founder of Russian karstology
Karst is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves. It has also been documented for more weathering-resistant ...
*Nikolai Kudryavtsev
Nikolai Alexandrovich Kudryavtsev (russian: Николай Александрович Кудрявцев; Opochka, October 21, 1893 – Leningrad, December 12, 1971) was a Soviet Russian petroleum geologist. He is the founding father of modern ...
, author of modern abiogenic theory The abiogenic petroleum origin is a fringe science which proposes that most of earth's petroleum and natural gas deposits were formed inorganically. Mainstream theories about the formation of hydrocarbons on earth point to an origin from the decompo ...
for origin of petroleum
Petroleum, also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations. The name ''petroleum'' covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude ...
, coordinated oil and gas exploration in Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
*Leonid Kulik
Leonid Alekseyevich Kulik (Russian: Леонид Алексеевич Кулик; 19 August 1883 – 14 or 24 April 1942) was a Soviet mineralogist who is noted for his research into meteorites.
He was born in Dorpat, (now Tartu, Tartu County, ...
, meteorite researcher, the first to study the Tunguska event
*Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ , a=Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and wri ...
, polymath, suggested the organic origin of soil
Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Some scientific definitions distinguish ''dirt'' from ''soil'' by restricting the former ...
, peat
Peat (), also known as turf (), is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. The peatland ecosystem covers and is the most efficient ...
, coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Coal is formed when dead ...
, petroleum
Petroleum, also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations. The name ''petroleum'' covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude ...
and amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin that has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times. Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects."Amber" (2004). In Ma ...
; forerunner of the continental drift
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed. The idea of continental drift has been subsumed into the science of pl ...
theory, pioneer researcher of atmospheric electricity
Atmospheric electricity is the study of electrical charges in the Earth's atmosphere (or that of another planet). The movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electri ...
*Alexander Middendorf
Alexander Theodor von Middendorff (russian: Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ми́ддендорф; tr. ; 18 August 1815 – 24 January 1894) was a zoologist and explorer of Baltic German and Estonian extraction. He is known for his ex ...
, zoologist and explorer, founder of permafrost
Permafrost is ground that continuously remains below 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years, located on land or under the ocean. Most common in the Northern Hemisphere, around 15% of the Northern Hemisphere or 11% of the global surface ...
science, determined the southern border of permafrost
*Pavel Molchanov
Pavel Alexandrovich Molchanov (russian: Павел Александрович Молчанов) ( in Volosovo, Russian Empire – October 1941 in Leningrad, Russian SFSR) was a Soviet Russian meteorologist and the inventor of the first Russian ...
, meteorologist, inventor of radiosonde
*Ivan Mushketov
Ivan Vasilʹevich Mushketov (russian: Иван Васильевич Мушкетов; 1850–1902) was a famous Russian geologist, tectonist, explorer, and geographer.
Biography
Mushketov was born 9 (21 New Style) January 1850 in the Dango Cos ...
, made the first geological map of Turkestan
Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan ( fa, ترکستان, Torkestân, lit=Land of the Turks), is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and Xinjiang.
Overview
Known as Turan to the Persians, western Turk ...
*Vladimir Obruchev
Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev (russian: Влади́мир Афана́сьевич О́бручев; , Klepenino near Rzhev, Tver Oblast, Russian Empire – June 19, 1956, Moscow, USSR) was a Russian and Soviet geologist who specialized ...
, geologist and explorer, author of the comprehensive ''Geology of Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
'' and two popular science fiction
Science fiction (sometimes shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel univers ...
novels, '' Plutonia'' and ''Sannikov Land
Sannikov Land (russian: Земля Санникова) was a phantom island in the Arctic Ocean. Its supposed existence became something of a myth in 19th-century Russia.
History
Yakov Sannikov and Matvei Gedenschtrom claimed to have seen the ...
''
* Mikhail Pomortsev, meteorologist, inventor of nephoscope
*Farman Salmanov
Farman Gurban oglu Salmanov ( az, Fərman Salmanov; russian: Фарман Салманов; July 28, 1931, Morul – March 31, 2007, Moscow) was a Soviet and later Russian geologist famous for discovering great oil fields in Western Siberia in ...
, discoverer of giant oil fields in West Siberia
Western Siberia or West Siberia (russian: Западная Сибирь, Zapadnaya Sibir'; kk, Батыс Сібір) is a part of the larger region of Siberia that is mostly located in the Russian Federation. It lies between the Ural region an ...
*Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky
Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov or Semenov (russian: Пётр Петрович Семёнов; 2 January ''(New style: 14 January)'', 1827 – 26 February ''(New style: 11 March)'', 1914) was a Russian geographer and statistician who managed the Russ ...
, explorer of the Tian Shan Mountains
The Tian Shan,, , otk, 𐰴𐰣 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃, , tr, Tanrı Dağı, mn, Тэнгэр уул, , ug, تەڭرىتاغ, , , kk, Тәңіртауы / Алатау, , , ky, Теңир-Тоо / Ала-Тоо, , , uz, Tyan-Shan / Tangritog‘ ...
, for 40 years the head of the Russian Geographical Society
The Russian Geographical Society (russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество «РГО»), or RGO, is a learned society based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It promotes geography, exploration and nature protection w ...
, prominent statistician and organiser of the first Russian Empire Census
*Nikolay Shatsky
Nikolay Sergeyevich Shatsky (Nicholas Shatski, russian: Николай Серге́евич Шатский) ( in Moscow – August 1, 1960 in Moscow) was a Soviet geologist, an expert in tectonics of ancient platforms.
, made a comprehensive tectonic map of North Eurasia
Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago ...
, introduced Riphean and Baikalian
The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1 billion to 538.8 million years ago.
It is the last era of the Precambrian Supereon and the Proterozoic Eon; it is subdivided into the Tonian, Cryogenian, and Ediacaran periods. It is pre ...
geological stages
Stage or stages may refer to:
Acting
* Stage (theatre), a space for the performance of theatrical productions
* Theatre, a branch of the performing arts, often referred to as "the stage"
* ''The Stage'', a weekly British theatre newspaper
* St ...
*Pyotr Shirshov
Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov (russian: Пётр Петрович Ширшов; in Ekaterinoslav 17 February 1953 in Moscow) was a Soviet oceanographer, hydrobiologist, polar explorer, statesman, academician (1939), the first minister of Ministry of ...
, polar explorer, founder of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology The Shirshov Institute of Oceanology ( P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (IO) RAN, russian: Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт океанологии имен ...
, proved that there is life in high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. It spans an area of approximately and is known as the coldest of all the oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, a ...
*Yuly Shokalsky
Yuly Mikhailovich Shokalsky (russian: Юлий Михайлович Шокальский; October 17, 1856 in Saint Petersburg – March 26, 1940 in Leningrad) was a Russian oceanographer, cartographer, and geographer.
Career
A grandson of A ...
, the first head of the Soviet Geographical Society
The Russian Geographical Society (russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество «РГО»), or RGO, is a learned society based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It promotes geography, exploration and nature protection wi ...
, coined the term ''World Ocean
The ocean (also the sea or the world ocean) is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of the surface of Earth and contains 97% of Earth's water. An ocean can also refer to any of the large bodies of water into which the wor ...
''
*Aleksey Tillo
Aleksey Tillo (russian: Алексей Андреевич Тилло; Alexei Andreyevitch Tillo) (25 November ( O.S. November 13), 1839, Kiev Governorate – 11 January ( O.S. December 30), 1900, Saint Petersburg) was a prominent Russian geographe ...
, made the first correct hypsometric map of European Russia, coined the term ''Central Russian Upland
The Central Russian Upland (also Central Upland and East European Upland) is an upland area of the East European Plain and is an undulating plateau with an average elevation of . Its highest peak is measured at . The southeastern portion of the u ...
'', measured the lengths of main Russian rivers
Russia can be divided into a European and an Asian part. The dividing line is generally considered to be the Ural Mountains. The European part is drained into the Arctic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Asian part is drained int ...
*Andrey Tikhonov
Andrey Valeryevich Tikhonov (russian: Андрей Валерьевич Тихонов; born 16 October 1970) is a Russian football manager and a former midfielder who was recently the manager of Kazakhstani club Astana. Tikhonov is primarily k ...
, mathematician and inventor of magnetotellurics
Magnetotellurics (MT) is an electromagnetic geophysical method for inferring the earth's subsurface electrical conductivity from measurements of natural geomagnetic and geoelectric field variation at the Earth's surface.
Investigation depth ran ...
in geology
*Vladimir Vernadsky
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (russian: link=no, Влади́мир Ива́нович Верна́дский) or Volodymyr Ivanovych Vernadsky ( uk, Володи́мир Іва́нович Верна́дський; – 6 January 1945) was ...
, philosopher and geologist, a founder of geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the e ...
, biogeochemistry and radiogeology
Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. The method compares ...
, creator of noosphere theory, popularized the term ''biosphere
The biosphere (from Greek βίος ''bíos'' "life" and σφαῖρα ''sphaira'' "sphere"), also known as the ecosphere (from Greek οἶκος ''oîkos'' "environment" and σφαῖρα), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be ...
''
Biologists and paleontologists
* Johann Friedrich Adam, discoverer of the Adams mammoth, the first complete woolly mammoth
The woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'') is an extinct species of mammoth that lived during the Pleistocene until its extinction in the Holocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with '' Mammuthus subp ...
skeleton
*Karl Baer
Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer Edler von Huthorn ( – ) was a Baltic German scientist and explorer. Baer was a naturalist, biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, and is considered a, or the, founding father of embryology. He was a ...
, naturalist, founder of the Russian Entomological Society
The Russian Entomological Society is a Russian scientific society devoted to entomology.
The Society was founded in 1859 in St. Petersburg by Karl Ernst von Baer, Johann Friedrich von Brandt who was then the director of the Zoological Museum of t ...
, formulated embryological
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, ''embryon'', "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, ''-logia'') is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and ...
Baer's laws
Von Baer's laws of embryology (or laws of development) are four rules proposed by Karl Ernst von Baer to explain the observed pattern of embryonic development in different species.
Von Baer formulated the laws in the book ''Über Entwickelungsge ...
* Jacques von Bedriaga, prominent herpetologist
Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ''herpetón'', meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and rept ...
, described Bedriaga's rock lizard and Bedriaga's skink
* Dmitry Belyayev, domesticated silver fox
The domesticated silver fox (''Vulpes vulpes'' forma ''amicus'') is a form of the silver fox that has been to some extent domesticated under laboratory conditions. The silver fox is a melanistic form of the wild red fox. Domesticated silver fo ...
*Lev Berg
Lev Semyonovich Berg, also known as Leo S. Berg (russian: Лев Семёнович Берг; 14 March 1876 – 24 December 1950) was a leading Russian geographer, biologist and ichthyologist who served as President of the Soviet Geographical So ...
, ichthyologist of Central Asia and European Russia
*Nikolai Bernstein Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bernstein (russian: Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Бернште́йн; 5 November 1896 – 16 January 1966) was a Soviet neurophysiologist who has pioneered motion-tracking devices and formal processing of in ...
, neurophysiologist, coined the term biomechanics
Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of ...
*Andrey Bolotov
Andrey Timofeyevich Bolotov (18 October 1738 – 16 October 1833) was the most prolific memoirist and the most distinguished agriculturist of the 18th-century Russian Empire.
Bolotov was born and spent most of his adult life in the family estate ...
, major 18th-century agriculturist
An agriculturist, agriculturalist, agrologist, or agronomist (abbreviated as agr.), is a professional in the science, practice, and management of agriculture and agribusiness. It is a regulated profession in Canada, India, the Philippines, the U ...
, discovered dichogamy
Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes its sex at some point in its life. In particular ...
, pioneered cross-pollination
* August von Bongard, botanist
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...
of Alaska
Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...
, discoverer of Sitka spruce
''Picea sitchensis'', the Sitka spruce, is a large, coniferous, evergreen tree growing to almost tall, with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft). It is by far the largest species of spruce and the fifth-larg ...
and red alder
''Alnus rubra'', the red alder,
is a deciduous broadleaf tree native to western North America (Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho and Montana).
Description
Red alder is the largest species of alder in ...
*Alexander Bunge
Alexander Georg von Bunge (russian: Алекса́ндр Андре́евич Бу́нге; – ) was a Russian botanist. He is best remembered for scientific expeditions into Asia and especially Siberia.
Early life and education
Bunge was b ...
, major botanist
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...
of Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
(especially Altai)
*Mikhail Chailakhyan
Mikhail Khristoforovich Chailakhyan ( hy, Միքայել Քրիստափորի Չայլախյան, russian: Михаи́л Христофо́рович Чайлахя́н) (1902–1991) was an Armenian-Soviet scientist
A scientist is a perso ...
, researcher of flowering
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism ...
, described the florigen hormone
*Sergei Chetverikov
Sergei Sergeevich Chetverikov (russian: Серге́й Серге́евич Четверико́в; 6 May 1880 – 2 July 1959) was a Russian biologist and one of the early contributors to the development of the field of genetics. His research show ...
, pioneer of modern evolutionary synthesis
*Alexander Chizhevsky
Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky (russian: Алекса́ндр Леони́дович Чиже́вский, also Aleksandr Leonidovich Tchijevsky) (7 February 1897 – 20 December 1964) was a Soviet-era interdisciplinary scientist, a biophysicist ...
, founder of heliobiology
Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines timing processes, including periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms, such as their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms. These cycles are known as biological rhythms. Chronob ...
and modern air ionification
* Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermol'eva, biochemist
Biochemists are scientists who are trained in biochemistry. They study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms. Biochemists study DNA, proteins and cell parts. The word "biochemist" is a portmanteau of "biological ch ...
, independently synthesized penicillin during World War II.
* Eduard Eversmann, biologist and explorer, pioneer researcher of flora and fauna of southern Russia
* Andrey Famintsyn, plant physiologist
Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. Closely related fields include plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry (bio ...
, inventor of grow lamp, developer of symbiogenesis theory
*Yuri Filipchenko
Yuri Aleksandrovich Filipchenko (russian: Юрий Александрович Филипченко; sometimes spelled Philipchenko) (1882 — 1930) was a Russian entomologist who coined the terms '' microevolution'' and ''macroevolution,'' as well ...
, entomologist, coined the terms microevolution and macroevolution
Macroevolution usually means the evolution of large-scale structures and traits that go significantly beyond the intraspecific variation found in microevolution (including speciation). In other words, macroevolution is the evolution of taxa abov ...
* Nikolay Gamaleya, microbiologist and pioneer of Russian vaccine research
*Johann Georg Gmelin
Johann Georg Gmelin (8 August 1709 – 20 May 1755) was a German naturalist, botanist and geographer.
Early life and education
Gmelin was born in Tübingen, the son of a professor at the University of Tübingen. He was a gifted child and began ...
, first researcher of Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
n flora
* Grigory Grum-Grshimailo, zoologist and geographer, obtained two Przewalski's horse
Przewalski's horse (, , (Пржевальский ), ) (''Equus ferus przewalskii'' or ''Equus przewalskii''), also called the takhi, Mongolian wild horse or Dzungarian horse, is a rare and endangered horse originally native to the steppes of ...
s and more than 1000 bird specimens from his travels in Central Asia
* Alexander Gurwitsch, originated the morphogenetic field theory and discovered the biophoton
* Ilya Ivanov, researcher of artificial insemination
Artificial insemination is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse. It is a fertility treatmen ...
and the interspecific hybridization of animals, involved in controversial attempts to create a human-ape hybrid
* Dmitry Ivanovsky, discoverer of viruses
*Georgii Karpechenko
Georgii Dmitrievich Karpechenko (1899 in Velsk, Vologda Governorate – July 28, 1941) was a Russian and Soviet biologist. His name has sometimes been transliterated as Karpetschenko.
G. D. Karpechenko specialized in plant cytology and created ...
, inventor of rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid
Hybrid may refer to:
Science
* Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding
** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species
** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...
obtained through crossbreeding
A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. ''Crossbreeding'', sometimes called "designer crossbreeding", is the process of breeding such an organism, While crossbreeding is used to main ...
)
*Nikolai Koltsov
Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov (russian: Николай Константинович Кольцов; July 14, 1872 – December 2, 1940) was a Russian biologist and a pioneer of modern genetics. Among his students were Nikolay Timofeeff-Ressovs ...
, discoverer of cytoskeleton
*Vladimir Komarov
Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov ( rus, Влади́мир Миха́йлович Комаро́в, p=vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ kəmɐˈrof; 16 March 1927 – 24 April 1967) was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer, and cosmonaut. ...
, plant geographer, President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, founder of the Komarov Botanical Institute The Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (russian: Ботанический институт им. В.Л.Комарова РАН) is a leading botanical institution in Russia, It is located on Aptekarsky Island in St. Pet ...
*Alexander Kovalevsky
Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky (russian: Алекса́ндр Ону́фриевич Ковале́вский, 7 November 1840 in Vorkovo, Dvinsky Uyezd, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire – 1901, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russi ...
, embryologist, major researcher of gastrulation
*Boris Kozo-Polyansky
Boris Mikhailovich Kozo-Polyansky (; 20 January 1890 – 21 April 1957) was a Soviet and Russian botanist and evolutionary biologist, best known for his seminal work, ''Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution'', which was the first work to pla ...
, botanist
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...
, and evolutionary biologist. First to support the theory of symbiogenesis with Darwinian evolution, and first director of The B.M. Kozo-Polyansky Botanical Garden of Voronezh State University
Voronezh State University is one of the main universities in Central Russia, located in the city of Voronezh. The university was established in 1918 by professors evacuated from the University of Tartu in Estonia. The university has 18 faculties ...
.
* Trofim Lysenko, agronomist, developer of yarovization, infamous for lysenkoism
Lysenkoism (russian: Лысенковщина, Lysenkovshchina, ; uk, лисенківщина, lysenkivščyna, ) was a political campaign led by Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko against genetics and science-based agriculture in the mid-20th cen ...
* Evgeny Maleev, discoverer of Talarurus, Tarbosaurus, and Therizinosaurus
''Therizinosaurus'' (; meaning 'scythe lizard') is a genus of very large therizinosaurid that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now the Nemegt Formation around 70 million years ago. It contains a single species, ''Theriz ...
*Carl Maximowicz
Carl Johann Maximovich (also Karl Ivanovich Maximovich, Russian: Карл Иванович Максимович; 23 November 1827 in Tula, Russia – 16 February 1891 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian botanist. Maximovich spent most of his life ...
, pioneer researcher of the Far Eastern flora
Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring ( indigenous) native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms '' gut flora'' or ''skin flora''.
...
*Ilya Mechnikov
Ilya, Iliya, Ilia, Ilja, or Ilija (russian: Илья́, Il'ja, , or russian: Илия́, Ilija, ; uk, Ілля́, Illia, ; be, Ілья́, Iĺja ) is the East Slavic form of the male Hebrew name Eliyahu (Eliahu), meaning "My God is Yahu/Jah. ...
, pioneer researcher of immune system, probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut microbiota. Probiotics are considered generally safe to consume, but may cause bacteria-host in ...
and phagocytosis, coined the term ''gerontology
Gerontology ( ) is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging. The word was coined by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1903, from the Greek , ''geron'', "old man" and , ''-logia'', "study of". The fiel ...
'', Nobel Prize in Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, accord ...
winner
*Mikhail Menzbier
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Menzbier (Russian: Михаил Александрович Мензбир; 23 October 1855 – 10 October 1935) was a Russian ornithologist. Based in Moscow, he was a founding member of Russia's first ornithological body, t ...
, major ornithologist
Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the "methodological study and consequent knowledge of birds with all that relates to them." Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and th ...
, discoverer of the Menzbier's marmot
The Menzbier's marmot (''Marmota menzbieri'') is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae from Central Asia.
Its name commemorates Russian zoologist Mikhail Aleksandrovich Menzbier.
Distribution and habitat
It inhabits meadows and steppe ...
* Konstantin Merezhkovsky, major lichenologist, developer of symbiogenesis theory, a founder of endosymbiosis theory
* Ivan Michurin, pomologist, selectionist and geneticist, practiced crossing of geographically distant plants, created hundreds of fruit cultivars
*Alexander Middendorf
Alexander Theodor von Middendorff (russian: Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ми́ддендорф; tr. ; 18 August 1815 – 24 January 1894) was a zoologist and explorer of Baltic German and Estonian extraction. He is known for his ex ...
, zoologist and explorer, studied the influence of permafrost
Permafrost is ground that continuously remains below 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years, located on land or under the ocean. Most common in the Northern Hemisphere, around 15% of the Northern Hemisphere or 11% of the global surface ...
on living beings, coined the term ''radula
The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...
'', prominent horse breeder
Horse breeding is reproduction in horses, and particularly the human-directed process of selective breeding of animals, particularly purebred horses of a given breed. Planned matings can be used to produce specifically desired characteristics in ...
*Victor Motschulsky
Victor Ivanovich Motschulsky (sometimes Victor von Motschulsky, russian: link=no, Виктор Иванович Мочульский, 11 April 1810, in St. Petersburg – 5 June 1871, in Simferopol) was a Russian entomologist mainly interested i ...
, prominent coleopterologist (researcher of beetle
Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...
s)
*Sergei Navashin
Sergei Gavrilovich Navashin (russian: Серге́й Гаврилович Навашин); (14 December 1857 – 10 December 1930) was a Russian and Soviet biologist. He discovered double fertilization in plants in 1898.
Biography
1874 — e ...
, discovered double fertilization
*Alexey Olovnikov Alexey Matveyevich Olovnikov (russian: Алексей Матвеевич Оловников; 10 October 1936 in Vladivostok, Soviet Union – 6 December 2022 in Moscow, Russia) is a Russian biologist. In 1971, he was the first to recognize the prob ...
, predicted existence of Telomerase, suggested the Telomere hypothesis of aging and the Telomere relations to cancer
*Aleksandr Oparin
Alexander Ivanovich Oparin (russian: Александр Иванович Опарин; – April 21, 1980) was a Soviet biochemist notable for his theories about the origin of life, and for his book ''The Origin of Life''. He also studied the bi ...
, biologist and biochemist
Biochemists are scientists who are trained in biochemistry. They study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms. Biochemists study DNA, proteins and cell parts. The word "biochemist" is a portmanteau of "biological ch ...
, proposed the " primordial soup" theory of life origin, showed that many food production
The food industry is a complex, global network of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world's population. The food industry today has become highly diversified, with manufacturing ranging from small, traditional, ...
processes are based on biocatalysis
Biocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or their parts to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions. In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes, perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. Both enz ...
*Heinz Christian Pander
Heinz Christian Pander, also Christian Heinrich Pander ( – ), was a Russian Empire ethnic Baltic German biologist and embryologist.
Biography
In 1817 he received his doctorate from the University of Würzburg, and spent several years (1827� ...
, embryologist, discoverer of germ layers
*Peter Simon Pallas
Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia between 1767 and 1810.
Life and work
Peter Simon Pallas was born in Berlin, the son of Professor of Surgery Si ...
, polymath naturalist and explorer, discoverer of multiple animals, including the Pallas's cat
The Pallas's cat (''Otocolobus manul'', also known as the manul, is a small wild cat with long and dense light grey fur. Its rounded ears are set low on the sides of the head. Its head-and-body length ranges from with a long bushy tail. It is ...
, Pallas's squirrel, and Pallas's gull
*Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov ( rus, Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов, , p=ɪˈvan pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈpavləf, a=Ru-Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov.ogg; 27 February 1936), was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist, psychologist and physiolo ...
, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a triangle). It also refers to the learn ...
, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
*Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky, published the first EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian brain
*Nikolai Przhevalsky, explorer and naturalist, brought vast collections from Central Asia, discovered Przewalski's horse, the only extant species of wild horse
*Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky, Anatoly Rozhdestvensky, discoverer of Aralosaurus and Probactrosaurus
*Ivan Schmalhausen, developer of modern evolutionary synthesis
*Leopold von Schrenck, ethnographer, zoologist, discovered the Amur sturgeon, Manchurian black water snake and Schrenck's bittern
*Boris Schwanwitsch, entomologist, applied colour patterns of insect wings to military camouflage during World War II
*Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology
*Georg Wilhelm Steller, naturalist, participant of Vitus Bering's voyages, discoverer of Steller's jay, Steller's eider, extinct Steller's sea cow and multiple other animals
*Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier and first female full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences
*Armen Takhtajan, developer of Takhtajan system of flowering plant classification, major biogeographer
*Kliment Timiryazev, plant physiologist and evolutionist, major researcher of chlorophyll
*Nikolai Timofeeff-Ressovsky, major researcher of radiation genetics, population genetics, and microevolution
*Lev Tsenkovsky, pioneer researcher of the ontogenesis of lower plants and animals
*Mikhail Tsvet, inventor of chromatography
*Nikolai Vavilov, botanist and geneticist, gathered the world's largest collection of plant seeds, identified the Vavilov Center, centres of origin of main cultivated plants
*Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin, Mikhail Voronin, major researcher of fungi and plant pathology
*Sergey Vinogradsky, microbiologist, ecologist, and soil scientist, pioneered the biogeochemical cycle concept, discovered lithotrophy and chemosynthesis, invented the Winogradsky column for breeding of microorganisms
*Ivan Yefremov
Ivan Antonovich (real patronymic Antipovich) Yefremov ( ru , Ива́н Анто́нович (Анти́пович) Ефре́мов; April 23, 1908 – October 5, 1972; last name sometimes transliterated as Efremov) was a Soviet paleonto ...
, paleontologist, sci-fi author, founded taphonomy
Taphonomy is the study of how organisms decay and become fossilized or preserved in the paleontological record. The term ''taphonomy'' (from Greek , 'burial' and , 'law') was introduced to paleontology in 1940 by Soviet scientist Ivan Efremov t ...
*Sergey Zimov, creator of the Pleistocene Park
Physicians and psychologists
*Aleksandr Bakulev, prominent cardiovascular surgery developer
*Vladimir Bekhterev, neuropathologist, founder of objective psychology, noted the role of the hippocampus in memory, major contributor to reflexology, studied the Bekhterev's Disease
*Vladimir Betz, discovered Betz cells of primary motor cortex
*Peter Borovsky, described the causative agent of Oriental sore
*Sergey Botkin, major therapist and court physician
*Nikolay Burdenko, major developer of neurosurgery
*Konstantin Buteyko, developed the Buteyko method for the treatment of asthma and other breathing disorders
*Mikhail Chumakov, co-discovered tick-borne encephalitis, co-developed oral polio vaccine
*Livery Darkshevich, neurologist, described the nucleus of posterior commissure
*Vladimir Demikhov, major pioneer of transplantology
*Vladimir Filatov, ophthalmologist, corneal transplantation pioneer
*Svyatoslav Fyodorov, inventor of radial keratotomy
*Georgy Gause, inventor of gramicidin S and other antibiotics
*Oleg Gazenko, founder of space medicine, selected and trained Laika, the first space dog
*Vera Gedroitz, first female Professor of Surgery in the world
*Ilya Gruzinov, found that vocal folds are the source of phonation
*Waldemar Haffkine, invented the first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague
*Gavriil Ilizarov, invented Ilizarov apparatus, developed distraction osteogenesis
*Nikolai Korotkov, invented auscultatory blood pressure measurement, pioneer of vascular surgery
*Sergei Korsakoff, Sergey Korsakov, studied the effects of alcoholism on the nervous system, described Korsakoff's syndrome, introduced paranoia concept
*Aleksei Kozhevnikov, neurologist and psychiatrist, described the epilepsia partialis continua
*Aleksey Leontyev, founder of activity theory in psychology
*Peter Lesgaft, founder of the modern system of physical education in Russia
*Alexander Luria, co-developer of activity theory and cultural-historical psychology, major researcher of aphasia
*Ilya Mechnikov
Ilya, Iliya, Ilia, Ilja, or Ilija (russian: Илья́, Il'ja, , or russian: Илия́, Ilija, ; uk, Ілля́, Illia, ; be, Ілья́, Iĺja ) is the East Slavic form of the male Hebrew name Eliyahu (Eliahu), meaning "My God is Yahu/Jah. ...
, pioneer researcher of immune system, probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut microbiota. Probiotics are considered generally safe to consume, but may cause bacteria-host in ...
and phagocytosis; coined the term ''gerontology
Gerontology ( ) is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of aging. The word was coined by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1903, from the Greek , ''geron'', "old man" and , ''-logia'', "study of". The fiel ...
'', Nobel Prize in Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, accord ...
winner
*Lazar Minor, neurologist, described Minor's disease
*Pyotr Nikolsky, dermatologist, discoverer of Nikolsky's sign
*Alexey Olovnikov Alexey Matveyevich Olovnikov (russian: Алексей Матвеевич Оловников; 10 October 1936 in Vladivostok, Soviet Union – 6 December 2022 in Moscow, Russia) is a Russian biologist. In 1971, he was the first to recognize the prob ...
, predicted existence of Telomerase, suggested the Telomere hypothesis of aging and the Telomere relations to cancer
*Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov ( rus, Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов, , p=ɪˈvan pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈpavləf, a=Ru-Ivan_Petrovich_Pavlov.ogg; 27 February 1936), was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist, psychologist and physiolo ...
, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a triangle). It also refers to the learn ...
, influenced comparative psychology and behaviorism by his works on reflexes, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
*Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, Nikolay Pirogov, pioneer of diethyl ether, ether anaesthesia and modern field surgery, the first to perform anaesthesia in the field conditions, invented a number of surgical operations
*Aza Rakhmanova, professor of diseases, AIDS expert
*Leonid Rogozov, performed an appendectomy on himself during the 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition, a famous case of self-surgery
*Grigory Rossolimo, pioneer of child neuropsychology
*Vladimir Roth, neuropathologist, described meralgia paraesthetica
*Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology, author of the classic work ''Reflexes of the Brain''
*Vladimir Serbsky, founder of forensic psychiatry in Russia
*Nikolay Sklifosovskiy, prominent 19th-century field surgeon
* Victor Skumin, the first to describe a previously unknown disease, now called :fr:Syndrome de Skumin, Skumin syndrome (a disorder of the central nervous system of some patients after a prosthetic heart valve)
*Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier
*Fyodor Uglov, oldest practicing surgeon in history
*Ursov Igor, Igor Ursov phthisiatrist, the inventor of intravenous wikt:intermittent, intermittent bactericidal tuberculosis therapy
*Alexander Varshavsky, researched ubiquitination, Wolf Prize in Medicine winner
*Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky, founder of purulent surgery, saint
*Lev Vygotsky, founder of cultural-historical psychology, major contributor to child development and psycholinguistics, introduced zone of proximal development and cultural mediation concepts
*Josias Weitbrecht, first to describe the construction and function of intervertebral discs
*Sergei Yudin (surgeon), Sergei Yudin, inventor of cadaveric blood transfusion
*Bluma Zeigarnik, psychiatrist, discovered the Zeigarnik effect, founded experimental psychopathology
Economists and sociologists
*Alexander Chayanov, developed the consumption-labour-balance principle
*Georges Gurvitch, major developer of sociology of knowledge and sociology of law
*Leonid Kantorovich, mathematician and economist, founded linear programming, developed the theory of Optimization (mathematics), optimal allocation of resources, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
*Nikolai Kondratiev, discoverer of the Kondratiev waves
*Andrey Korotayev, historian and anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, a prominent developer of social cycle theory
*Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, developer of GOELRO plan, the first Chief of Gosplan
*Simon Kuznets, discovered the Kuznets swings, built the Kuznets curve, disproved the Absolute Income Hypothesis, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
*Vladimir Lenin, leader of the October Revolution and founder of the Soviet Union, introduced planned economy and Leninism
*Evsei Liberman, laid the scientific support for the Soviet 1965 Soviet economic reform, Kosygin reform (initiated by Alexei Kosygin) in economy
*Wassily Leontief, developed input-output analysis and the Leontief paradox, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
*Vasily Nemchinov, created the mathematical basis for the Soviet central planning
*Grigory Orlov, founder of the Free Economic Society
*Pitirim Sorokin, sociologist, prominent developer of the social cycle theory
*Eugen Slutsky, statistician and economist, developed the Slutsky equation
*Stanislav Strumilin, pioneer of the planned economy, developed the first five-year plan, first Five-year plans of the Soviet Union, five-year plans
Historians and archaeologists
*Friedrich von Adelung, historian and museologist, researched the European accounts of the Time of Troubles
*Valery Alekseyev (anthropologist), Valery Alekseyev, anthropologist, proposed ''Homo rudolfensis''
*Mikhail Illarionovich Artamonov, Mikhail Artamonov, historian and archaeologist, founder of modern Khazar studies, excavated a great number of Scythian and Khazar kurgans and settlements, including the fortress of Sarkel
*Artemiy Artsikhovsky, archaeologist, discoverer of birch bark documents in Novgorod
*Vasily Bartold, turkologist, the ''"Edward Gibbon, Gibbon of Turkestan
Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan ( fa, ترکستان, Torkestân, lit=Land of the Turks), is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and Xinjiang.
Overview
Known as Turan to the Persians, western Turk ...
"'', an archaeologist of Samarcand
*Konstantin Bestuzhev-Ryumin, 19th-century historian and paleographer, founder of the Bestuzhev Courses for women
*Nikita Bichurin, a founder of Sinology, published many documents on Chinese history, Chinese and Mongolian history, opened the first Chinese-language school in Russia
*Nikolay Danilevsky, ethnologist, philosopher and historian, a founder of Eurasianism, the first to present an account of history as a series of distinct civilisations
*Igor Diakonov, historian and linguist, a prominent researcher of Sumer and Assyria
*Boris Farmakovsky, archaeologist of Ancient Greek colony Olbia, Ukraine, Olbia
*Vladimir Golenishchev, egyptologist, excavated Wadi Hammamat, discovered over 6,000 antiquities, including the ''Moscow Mathematical Papyrus'', the ''Story of Wenamun'', and various Fayum portraits
*Timofey Granovsky, a founder of mediaeval studies in Russia, disproved the historicity of Vineta
*Boris Grekov, prominent researcher of Kievan Rus' and Golden Horde
*Lev Gumilev, historian and ethnologist, prominent researcher of ancient Central Asian peoples, related ethnogenesis and biosphere
The biosphere (from Greek βίος ''bíos'' "life" and σφαῖρα ''sphaira'' "sphere"), also known as the ecosphere (from Greek οἶκος ''oîkos'' "environment" and σφαῖρα), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be ...
, influenced the rise of Neo-Eurasianism
*Boris Hessen, physicist who brought externalism into modern historiography of science
*Dmitry Ilovaysky, major 19th-century anti-Normanist
*Pyotr Kafarov, prominent sinologist, discovered many invaluable manuscripts, including ''The Secret History of the Mongols''
*Nikolai Karamzin, sentimentalist writer and historian, author of the 12-volume ''History of the Russian State'', the principal early 19th-century account of national history
*Vasily Klyuchevsky, dominated Russian historiography at the turn of the 20th century, shifted focus from politics and society to geography and economy
*Alexander Kazhdan, Byzantinist, editor of the ''Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium''
*Nikodim Kondakov, prominent researcher of Byzantine art
*Andrey Korotayev, historian and anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, a prominent developer of social cycle theory
*Nikolay Kostomarov, historian, folklorist and romantic writer, researched the differences between Great Russia and Little Russia and the history of Ukraine
*Pyotr Kozlov, explorer of Central Asia, discoverer of the ancient Tangut people, Tangut city of Khara-Khoto and Xiongnu royal burials at Noin-Ula
*Platon Levshin, president of the Most Holy Synod during the Age of Enlightenment, author of the first systematic course of the history of Russian Orthodox Church
*Nikolay Likhachyov, the first and foremost Russian sigillographer, prominent also in a number of other auxiliary historical disciplines
*Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, statesman, published the major ''Russian Genealogical Book''
*Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ , a=Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and wri ...
, polymath scientist and artist, the first opponent of the Normanist theory
Anti-Normanism is a movement of historical revisionism in opposition to the mainstream narrative of the Viking Age in Eastern Europe, and concerns the origin of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and their historic predecessor, Kievan Rus'. At the cent ...
, published an early account of Russian history
*Boris Marshak, excavated the Sogdian people, Sogdian ruins at Panjakent
*Friedrich Martens, legal historian, drafted the Martens Clause of the Hague Peace Conference
*Vladimir Minorsky, prominent historian of Persia
*Gerhardt Friedrich Müller, co-founder of the Russian Academy of Sciences, explorer and the first academic historian of Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
, a founder of ethnography, author of the first academic account of Russian history
The history of Russia begins with the histories of the East Slavs. The traditional start-date of specifically Russian history is the establishment of the Rus' state in the north in 862, ruled by Varangians. Staraya Ladoga and Novgorod became ...
, put forth the Normanist theory
Anti-Normanism is a movement of historical revisionism in opposition to the mainstream narrative of the Viking Age in Eastern Europe, and concerns the origin of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and their historic predecessor, Kievan Rus'. At the cent ...
*Aleksei Musin-Pushkin, prominent collector of ancient Russian manuscripts, discovered ''The Tale of Igor's Campaign''
*Nestor the Chronicler, author of the ''Primary Chronicle'' (the first East Slavic languages, East Slavic chronicle) and several hagiographies, saint
*Dimitri Obolensky, Byzantine commonwealth researcher
*Alexey Okladnikov, prominent historian and archaeologist of Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
and Mongolia
*Sergey Oldenburg, a founder of Russian Indology and the Academic Institute of Oriental Studies
*George Ostrogorsky, preeminent 20th-century Byzantinist
*Avraamy Palitsyn, 17th-century historian of the Time of Troubles
*Evgeny Pashukanis, legal historian, wrote ''The General Theory of Law and Marxism''
*Boris Piotrovsky, prominent researcher of Urartu, Scythia, and Nubia, long-term director of the Hermitage Museum
*Mikhail Piotrovsky, orientalist, current director of the Hermitage Museum
*Mikhail Pogodin, leading mid-19th-century Russian historian, proponent of the Normanist theory
Anti-Normanism is a movement of historical revisionism in opposition to the mainstream narrative of the Viking Age in Eastern Europe, and concerns the origin of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and their historic predecessor, Kievan Rus'. At the cent ...
*Boris Petrovich Polevoy, Boris Polevoy, major historian of the Russian Far East
*Mikhail Pokrovsky, Marxist historian prominent in the 1920s
*Natalia Polosmak, archaeologist of Pazyryk burials, discoverer of Pazyryk Ice Maiden, Ice Maiden mummy
*Alexander Polovtsov, statesman, historian and Maecenas, founder of the Russian Historian Society
*Tatyana Proskuryakova, Mayanist scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient Maya script
*Semyon Remezov, cartographer and the first historian of Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
, author of the ''Remezov Chronicle''
*Mikhail Rostovtsev, archeologist and economist, the first to thoroughly examine the social and economic systems of the Ancient World, excavated Dura-Europos
* Nicholas Roerich, painter, archeologist, and public figure, explorer of Central Asia, initiator of the international Roerich's Pact on protection of historical monuments
*Sergei Rudenko, discoverer of Scythian Pazyryk burials
*Boris Rybakov, historian and chief Soviet archaeologist for 40 years, primary opponent of the Normanist theory
Anti-Normanism is a movement of historical revisionism in opposition to the mainstream narrative of the Viking Age in Eastern Europe, and concerns the origin of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and their historic predecessor, Kievan Rus'. At the cent ...
*Dmitry Samokvasov, Black Grave discoverer
*Viktor Sarianidi, discoverer of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex and the ''Bactrian Gold'' in Central Asia
*Mikhail Shcherbatov, a man of Russian Enlightenment, conservative historian
*Sergey Solovyov (historian), Sergey Solovyov, principal Russian 19th-century historian, author of the 29-volume ''History of Russia''
*Vasily Vasilievich Struve, Vasily Struve, orientalist and historian of the Ancient World, put forth the Marxist theory of five socio-economic formations that dominated the Soviet education
*Yevgeny Tarle, author of the famous studies on Napoleon's invasion of Russia and on the Crimean War
*Vasily Tatischev, statesman, geographer and historian, discovered and published ''Russkaya Pravda
The ''Russkaya Pravda'' (Rus' Justice, Rus' Truth, or Russian Justice; orv, Правда роусьскаꙗ, ''Pravda Rusĭskaya'' (13th century, 1280), Правда Руськая, ''Pravda Rus'kaya'' (second half of the 15th century); russian: ...
'', ''Sudebnik
The Sudebnik of 1497 (''Судебник 1497 года'' in Russian, or Code of Law) was a collection of laws introduced by Ivan III in 1497. It played a big part in the centralisation of the Russian state, creation of the nationwide Russian La ...
'' of 1550 and the controversial ''Ioachim Chronicle The Ioachim Chronicle (ru: Иоакимовская Летопись), also spelled Joachim or Ioakim) is a chronicle discovered by the Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev in the 18th century. The chronicle is believed to be a 17th-century compilati ...
'', wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history
*Mikhail Tikhomirov, leading specialist in medieval Russian paleography, published the ''Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles''
*Boris Turayev, author of the first full-scale ''History of Ancient World, Ancient East''
*Peter Turchin, population biologist and historian, coined the term ''cliodynamics''
*Fyodor Uspensky, Byzantinist, researcher of the Trapezuntine Empire
*Aleksey Uvarov, founder of the first Russian archaeological society, discovered over 750 ancient kurgans
*Vasily Vasilievsky, prominent 19th-century Byzantinist
*Alexander Vasiliev (historian), Alexander Vasiliev, author of a comprehensive ''History of the Byzantine Empire''
*Nikolay Veselovsky, the first to excavate Afrasiab (the oldest part of Samarkand), as well as the Solokha and Maikop kurgans in Southern Russia
*Nikolai Yadrintsev, discoverer of Genghis Khan's capital Karakorum and the Orkhon script of ancient Türks
*Valentin Yanin, primary researcher of ancient birch bark documents
*Gennady Zdanovich, discoverer of Sintashta culture settlement Arkaim
Linguists and ethnographers
*Vasily Abaev, prominent researcher of Iranian languages
*Alexander Afanasyev, leading Russian folklorist, recorded and published over 600 Russian fairy tales, by far the largest folktale collection by any one man in the world
*Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay, co-inventor of the concept of phoneme and the systematic treatment of alternation (linguistics), alternations, pioneer of synchronic analysis and mathematical linguistics
*Vladimir Bogoraz, researcher of Chukchi people, founder of the Institute of the Peoples of the North
*Otto von Böhtlingk, prominent Indologist and Sanskrit grammarian
*Fyodor Buslaev, philologist and folklorist, representative of the Mythological school of comparative literature
*Vladimir Dahl, greatest Russian language lexicographer of the 19th century, folklorist and turkologist, author of the ''Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language''
*Johann Gottlieb Georgi
Johann Gottlieb Georgi (31 December 1729 – 27 October 1802) was a German botanist, naturalist and geographer.
A native of Pomerania, Georgi accompanied both Johan Peter Falk and Peter Simon Pallas on their respective journeys through Siberia ...
, explorer, published the first full-scale work on ethnography of indigenous peoples of Russia
*Dmitry Gerasimov, medieval translator, diplomat and philologist, correspondent of European Renaissance scholars
*Vladislav Illich-Svitych, founder of Nostratic linguistics
*Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist), Vyacheslav Ivanov, founder of glottalic theory of Indo-European languages, Indo-European consonantism
*Roman Jakobson, literary theorist and preeminent linguist of the 20th century, a founder of phonology, made numerous contributions to Slavic linguistics, author of Jackobson's Communication Model
*Wilhelm Junker, explorer and ethnographer of Equatorial Africa, studied the Zande people from Niam-Niam
*Pyotr Kafarov, prominent sinologist, developed the cyrillization of Chinese, discovered and published many invaluable manuscripts, including ''The Secret History of the Mongols''
*Yuri Knorozov, linguist, epigrapher and ethnographer, deciphered the ancient Maya script, proposed a decipherment for the Indus script
*Nikolay Krushevsky, co-inventor of the concept of phoneme and the systematic treatment of alternation (linguistics), alternations
*Gerasim Lebedev, pioneer of Indology, introduced Bengali alphabet, Bengali script typing to Europe, founded the first European-style drama theater in India
*Dmitry Likhachov, major 20th-century expert on Old East Slavic language and literature
*Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ , a=Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and wri ...
, polymath scientist and artist, wrote a grammar that reformed Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic () was the first Slavic literary language.
Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and other ...
with vernacular tongue
*Juri Lotman, prominent literary scholar and semiotician
*Nikolay Lvov
Nikolay Aleksandrovich Lvov (May 4, 1753 – December 21, 1803) was a Russian artist of the Age of Enlightenment. Lvov, an amateur of Rurikid lineage, was a polymathBohlman, p. 45. who contributed to geology, history, graphic arts and poetry, but ...
, polymath artist and scientist, compiled the first significant collection of Russian folk songs
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and pe ...
, published epic bylinas
*Richard Maack, naturalist and ethnographer of Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
*Sergey Malov, turkologist, classified the Turkic alphabet (disambiguation), Turkic alphabets, deciphered ancient Orkhon script
*Nicholas Marr, put forth a pseudo-linguistic ''Japhetic theory'' on the origin of language
*Igor Melchuk, structural linguist, author of Meaning-Text Theory
*Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai, anthropologist who lived and traveled among the natives of Papua New Guinea and Pacific islands, prominent anti-racist
*Gerhardt Friedrich Müller, explorer and historian, a founder of ethnography
*Semyon Novgorodov, Yakuts, Yakut politician and linguist, creator of written Yakut language (Sakha scripts)
*Sergei Ozhegov, author of the most widely used explanatory dictionary of Russian language
*Stephan of Perm, 14th-century missionary, converted Komi Permyaks to Christianity and invented the Old Permic script
*Yevgeny Polivanov, linguist, orientalist and polyglot (person), polyglot, developed the cyrillization of Japanese
*Nicholas Poppe, prominent Altaic languages researcher
*Grigory Potanin, explorer of Central Asia, the first to research Salar people
*Vladimir Propp, Formalism (literature), formalist scholar, major researcher of Folklore, folk tales and mythology
*Tatyana Proskuryakova, Mayanist scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient Maya script
*George de Roerich, major 20th-century Tibetologist
*Franz Anton Schiefner, prominent tibetologist, Finnic languages, Finnic and Caucasus languages researcher
*Isaac Jacob Schmidt, the first researcher of Mongolian language, Mongolian
*Leopold von Schrenck, naturalist and ethnographer, coined the term ''Paleo-Asiatic peoples'', the first director of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography
*Aleksey Shakhmatov, a founder of textology, prepared major 20th-century reforms of Russian orthography, pioneered the systematic research of Old Russian and medieval Russian literature
*Lev Shcherba, phonetics, phonetist and phonologist, author of the phrase "glokaya kuzdra"
*Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, Indologist, initiated the scholarly study of Buddhist philosophy in the West
*Ivan Snegiryov, early collector of Russian proverbs and researcher of lubok prints
*Izmail Sreznevsky, leading 19th-century Slavist, published ''Codex Zographensis'', ''Codex Marianus'' and ''Kiev Fragments''
*Sergei Starostin, prominent supporter of Altaic languages theory, proposed Dené–Caucasian languages macrofamily, reconstructed a number of Eurasian proto-languages
*Vasily Tatischev, geographer, ethnographer and historian, compiled the first encyclopedic dictionary of Russian language, Russian
*Tenevil, Chukchi people, Chukchi reindeer herder who created a writing system for the Chukchi language
*Nikolai Trubetzkoy, principal developer of phonology and inventor of morphophonology, defined phoneme, a founder of the Prague School of structural linguistics
*Dmitry Ushakov, author of the academic ''Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Ushakov), Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language''
*Max Vasmer, leading Indo-European languages, Indo-European, Finno-Ugric languages, Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages, Turkic etymologist, author of the ''Etymological dictionary of the Russian language''
*Viktor Vinogradov, linguist and philologist, founder of the Russian Language Institute
*Alexander Vostokov, coined the term ''Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic () was the first Slavic literary language.
Historians credit the 9th-century Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius with standardizing the language and using it in translating the Bible and other ...
'', discovered ''Ostromir Gospel'' (the most ancient East Slavic languages, East Slavic book), pioneer researcher of the Russian grammar
*Andrey Zaliznyak, author of the comprehensive systematic description of Russian inflection, prominent researcher of the Old Novgorod dialect and birch bark documents, proved the authenticity of the ''Tale of Igor's Campaign''
*L. L. Zamenhof, inventor of Esperanto, the most widely spoken Constructed language, constructed international auxiliary language
Mathematicians
*Georgy Adelson-Velsky, inventor of AVL tree algorithm, developer of Kaissa, the first world computer chess champion
*Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, Aleksandr Aleksandrov, developer of CAT(k) space and Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem in geometry
*Pavel Alexandrov, author of the Alexandroff compactification and the Alexandrov topology
*Dmitri Anosov, developed Anosov diffeomorphism
*Vladimir Arnold, an author of the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem in dynamical systems, solved Hilbert's 13th problem, raised the ADE classification and Arnold's rouble problems
*Sergey Bernstein, developed the Bernstein polynomial, Bernstein's theorem on monotone functions and Bernstein inequalities in probability theory
*Nikolay Bogolyubov, mathematician and theoretical physicist, author of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem, Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem, describing function and multiple important contributions to quantum mechanics
*Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin, Sergey Chaplygin, author of Chaplygin's equation, important in aerodynamics and notion of Chaplygin gas
*Nikolai Chebotaryov, author of Chebotarev's density theorem
*Pafnuti Chebyshev, prominent tutor and founding father of Russian mathematics, contributed to probability, statistics and number theory, author of the Chebyshev's inequality, Chebyshev distance, Chebyshev function, Chebyshev equation
*Boris Delaunay, inventor of Delaunay triangulation, organised the first Soviet Student Olympiad in mathematics
*Vladimir Drinfeld, mathematician and theoretical physicist, introduced quantum groups and ADHM construction, Fields Medal winner
*Eugene Dynkin, developed Dynkin diagram, Doob–Dynkin lemma and Dynkin system in algebra and probability
*Leonhard Euler, preeminent 18th-century mathematician, arguably the greatest of all time, made important discoveries in mathematical analysis, graph theory and number theory, introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation (mathematical function, Euler's number, Euler diagram)
*Anatoly Fomenko, topologist and chronologist, put forth a controversial theory of the New Chronology (Fomenko), New Chronology
*Evgraf Fedorov, mathematician and crystallographer, identified Periodic graph (geometry), Periodic graph in geometry, the first to catalogue all of the 230 space groups of crystals
*Boris Galerkin, developed the Galerkin method in numerical analysis
*Israel Gelfand, major contributor to numerous areas of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and linear algebra, author of the Gelfand representation, Gelfand pair, Gelfand triple, integral geometry
*Alexander Gelfond, author of Gelfond's theorem, provided means to obtain infinite number of transcendentals, including Gelfond–Schneider constant and Gelfond's constant, Wolf Prize in Mathematics winner
*Sergei Godunov, developed Godunov's theorem and Godunov's scheme in differential equations
*Valery Goppa, inventor of Goppa codes in algebraic geometry
*Mikhail Gromov (mathematician), Mikhail Gromov, a prominent developer of geometric group theory, inventor of homotopy principle, introduced Gromov's compactness theorem (disambiguation), Gromov's compactness theorems, Gromov norm, Gromov product, Wolf Prize winner
*Leonid Kantorovich, mathematician and economist, founded linear programming, introduced the Kantorovich inequality and Kantorovich metric, developed the theory of Optimization (mathematics), optimal allocation of resources, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
*Anatoly Karatsuba, developed the Karatsuba algorithm (the first fast multiplication algorithm)
*Leonid Khachiyan, developed the Ellipsoid algorithm for linear programming
*Aleksandr Khinchin, developed the Pollaczek-Khinchine formula, Wiener–Khinchin theorem and Khinchin inequality in probability theory
*Andrey Kolmogorov, a preeminent 20th-century mathematician, Wolf Prize winner; multiple contributions to mathematics include: probability axioms, Chapman–Kolmogorov equation and Kolmogorov extension theorem in probability; Kolmogorov complexity
*Maxim Kontsevich, author of the Kontsevich integral and Kontsevich quantization formula, Fields Medal winner
*Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov, Vladimir Kotelnikov, a pioneer in information theory, an author of fundamental sampling theorem
*Sofia Kovalevskaya, the first woman professor in Northern Europe and Russia, the first female professor of mathematics, discovered the Kovalevskaya top
*Mikhail Kravchuk, developed the Kravchuk polynomials and Kravchuk matrix
*Mark Krein, developed the Tannaka–Krein duality, Krein–Milman theorem and Krein space, Wolf Prize winner
*Alexander Kronrod, developer of Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula and Kaissa, the first world computer chess champion
*Nikolay Mitrofanovich Krylov, Nikolay Krylov, author of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem, Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem and describing function
*Aleksandr Kurosh, author of the Kurosh subgroup theorem and Kurosh problem in group theory
*Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya, Olga Ladyzhenskaya, made major contributions to solution of Hilbert's nineteenth problem, Hilbert's 19th problem and important Navier–Stokes equations
*Evgeny Landis, inventor of AVL tree algorithm
*Vladimir Levenshtein, developed the Levenshtein automaton, Levenshtein coding and Levenshtein distance
*Leonid Levin, IT scientist, developed the Cook-Levin theorem
*Yuri Linnik, developed Linnik's theorem in analytic number theory
*Nikolai Lobachevsky, a ''Copernicus of Geometry'' who created the first non-Euclidean geometry (Lobachevskian or hyperbolic geometry)
*Nikolai Lusin, developed Luzin's theorem, Polish space#Lusin spaces, Luzin spaces and Luzin sets in descriptive set theory
*Aleksandr Lyapunov, founder of stability theory, author of the Lyapunov's central limit theorem, Lyapunov equation, Lyapunov fractal, Lyapunov time
*Leonty Magnitsky, a director of the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation, author of the principal Russian 18th-century textbook in mathematics
*Anatoly Maltsev, researched decidability (logic), decidability of various algebraic groups, developed the Malcev algebra
*Yuri Manin, author of the Gauss–Manin connection in algebraic geometry, Manin-Mumford conjecture and Manin obstruction in diophantine geometry
*Grigory Margulis, worked on lattice (discrete subgroup), lattices in Lie groups, Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
*Andrey Markov, Andrey Markov, Sr., invented the Markov chains, proved Markov brothers' inequality, author of the hidden Markov model, Markov number, Markov property, Markov's inequality, Markov processes, Markov random field, Markov algorithm
*Andrey Markov (Soviet mathematician), Andrey Markov, Jr., author of Markov's principle and Markov's principle#Markov's rule, Markov's rule in logics
*Yuri Matiyasevich, author of Matiyasevich's theorem in set theory, provided negative solution for Hilbert's tenth problem
*Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov, Alexander Mikhailov, coined the term ''Informatics (academic field), Informatics''
*Mark Naimark, author of the Gelfand–Naimark theorem and Naimark's problem
*Pyotr Novikov, solved the word problem for groups and Burnside's problem
*Sergei Novikov (mathematician), Sergei Novikov, worked on algebraic topology and soliton theory, developed Adams–Novikov spectral sequence and Novikov conjecture, Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
*Andrei Okounkov, infinite symmetric groups and Hilbert scheme researcher, Fields Medal winner
*Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky, Mikhail Ostrogradsky, mathematician and physicist, author of divergence theorem and partial fractions in integration
*Grigori Perelman, made landmark contributions to Riemannian geometry and topology, proved Geometrization conjecture and Poincaré conjecture, won a Fields medal and the first Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award (declined both)
*Lev Pontryagin, blind mathematician, developed Pontryagin duality and Pontryagin classes in topology, and Pontryagin's minimum principle in optimal control
*Yury Prokhorov, author of the Lévy–Prokhorov metric and Prokhorov's theorem in probability
*Alexander Razborov, mathematician and computational theorist who won the Nevanlinna Prize in 1990 and the Gödel Prize for contributions to Theory of computation, computer sciences
*Lev Schnirelmann, developed the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category in topology and Schnirelmann density of numbers
*Moses Schönfinkel, inventor of combinatory logic
*Yakov Sinai, developed the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy and Sinai billiard, Wolf Prize and Abel Prize winner
*Eugen Slutsky, statistician and economist, developed the Slutsky equation and Slutsky's theorem
*Stanislav Smirnov, prominent researcher of triangular lattice, Fields Medalist
*Sergei Sobolev, introduced the Sobolev spaces and mathematical distributions, co-developer of the first ternary computer ''Setun''
*Vladimir Steklov (mathematician), Vladimir Steklov, mathematician and physicist, founder of Steklov Institute of Mathematics, proved theorems on generalized Fourier series
*Jakow Trachtenberg, developed the Trachtenberg system of mental calculation
*Boris Trakhtenbrot, proved the Gap theorem, developed Trakhtenbrot's theorem
*Valentin Turchin, inventor of Refal programming language, introduced metasystem transition and supercompilation
*Andrey Tychonoff, Andrey Tikhonov, author of Tikhonov space and Tikhonov's theorem (central in general topology), the Tikhonov regularization of ill-posed problems, invented magnetotellurics
Magnetotellurics (MT) is an electromagnetic geophysical method for inferring the earth's subsurface electrical conductivity from measurements of natural geomagnetic and geoelectric field variation at the Earth's surface.
Investigation depth ran ...
*Pavel Urysohn, developed the metrization theorems, Urysohn's Lemma and Fréchet–Urysohn space in topology
*Nicolai A. Vasiliev, Nicolay Vasilyev, inventor of non-Aristotelian logic, the forerunner of Paraconsistent logic, paraconsistent and multi-valued logics
*Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov, Ivan Vinogradov, developed Vinogradov's theorem and Pólya–Vinogradov inequality in analytic number theory
*Vladimir Voevodsky, introduced a homotopy theory for schemes and modern motivic cohomology, Fields Medalist
*Georgy Voronoy, invented the Voronoi diagram
*Dmitry Yegorov, author of Egorov's Theorem in mathematical analysis
*Efim Zelmanov, solved the restricted Burnside problem, Fields Medal winner
Astronomers and cosmologists
*Viktor Ambartsumian, one of the founders of theoretical astrophysics, discoverer of stellar associations, founder of Byurakan Observatory in Armenia
*Vladimir Belinski, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evolution
*Aristarkh Belopolsky, invented a spectrograph based on the Doppler effect, among the first photographers of stellar spectra
*Fyodor Bredikhin, developed the theory of comet tails, meteors and meteor showers, a director of the Pulkovo Observatory
*Jacob Bruce, statesman, naturalist and astronomer, founder of the first observatory in Russia (in the Sukharev Tower)
*Lyudmila Chernykh, astronomer, discovered 268 asteroids
*Nikolai Chernykh, astronomer, discovered 537 asteroids and 2 comets
*Aleksandr Chudakov, co-discoverer of the Earth's radiation belt
*Alexander Friedmann, mathematician and cosmologist, discovered the metric expansion of space, expanding-universe Friedmann equations, solution to the general relativity Einstein field equations, field equations, an author of the FLRW metric of Universe
*George Gamow, theoretical physicist and cosmologist, discovered quantum tunneling, alpha decay via quantum tunneling and Gamow factor in stellar nucleosynthesis, introduced the Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory, predicted cosmic microwave background
*Matvey Gusev, the first to prove the non-sphericity of the Moon, pioneer of photography in astronomy
*Nikolai Kardashev, astrophysicist, inventor of Kardashev scale for ranking the space civilizations
*Isaak Khalatnikov, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evolution
*Marian Albertovich Kowalski, Marian Kowalski, the first to measure the rotation of the Milky Way
*Feodosy Krasovsky, astronomer and geodesist, measured the Krasovsky ellipsoid, a coordinate system used in the USSR and the post-Soviet states
*Anders Johan Lexell, astronomer and mathematician, researcher of celestial mechanics and comet astronomy, proved that Uranus is a planet rather than a comet
*Evgeny Lifshitz, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe's evolution
*Andrei Linde, created the Universe chaotic inflation theory
*Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ , a=Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and wri ...
polymath, inventor of the Reflecting telescope#Off-axis designs, off-axis reflecting telescope, discoverer of the atmosphere of Venus
The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is composed primarily of supercritical carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth. The temperature at the surface is 740 K (467 °C, 872 ° ...
*Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov, inventor of the Maksutov telescope
*Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov, Igor Novikov, theoretical astrophysicist and cosmologist, formulated the Novikov self-consistency principle in the theory of time travel
*Viktor Safronov, astronomer and cosmologist, author of the planetesimal hypothesis of planet formation
*Grigory Shayn, astronomer and astrophysicist, the first director of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, co-developed a method for measurement of stellar rotation
*Iosif Shklovsky, astronomer and astrophysicist, author of several discoveries in the fields of radio astronomy and cosmic rays, extraterrestrial life researcher
*Friedrich Wilhelm Struve, astronomer and geodesist, founder and the first director of the Pulkovo Observatory, prominent researcher and discoverer of new double stars, initiated the construction of 2,820 km long Struve Geodetic Arc, progenitor of the Struve family of astronomers
*Otto Lyudvigovich Struve, astronomer and astrophysicist, co-developed a method for measurement of stellar rotation, directed several observatories in the US
*Otto Wilhelm von Struve, astronomer, director of the Pulkovo Observatory, discovered over 500 double stars
*Rashid Sunyaev, astrophysicist, co-predicted the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion
*George Volkoff, predicted the existence of neutron stars
*Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov, discovered the absorption of light by interstellar dust, author of the ''Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies''
*Ivan Yarkovsky, discovered the Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack effect, YORP and Yarkovsky effects of meteoroids or asteroids
*A.L. Zaitsev, Aleksandr Zaitsev, coined the term ''Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence'', conducted the first intercontinental radar astronomy experiment, transmitted the Cosmic Calls
*Yakov Zel'dovich, physicist, astrophysicist and cosmologist, the first to suggest that accretion discs around massive black holes are responsible for the quasar radiation, co-predicted the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion
*Felix Ziegel, Soviet researcher, Doctor of Science and docent of Cosmology at the Moscow Aviation Institute, author of more than 40 popular books on astronomy and space exploration, generally regarded as a founder of Russian ufology
Physicists
*Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Alexei Abrikosov, discovered how magnetic flux can penetrate a superconductor (the Abrikosov vortex), Nobel Prize winner
*Artem Alikhanian, a prominent researcher of cosmic rays, inventor of wide-gap track spark chamber
*Franz Aepinus, related electricity and magnetism, proved the electric nature of pyroelectricity, explained electric polarization and electrostatic induction, invented Achromatic lens, achromatic microscope
*Abraham Alikhanov, a prominent researcher of cosmic rays, built the first nuclear reactors in the USSR
*Zhores Alferov, inventor of modern heterotransistor, Nobel Prize winner
*Semen Altshuler, researched Electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR and NMR, predicted acoustic paramagnetic resonance
*Lev Artsimovich, builder of the first tokamak, researcher of high temperature Plasma (physics), plasma
*Gurgen Askaryan, predicted self focusing of light, discovered Askaryan effect in particle physics
*Nikolay Basov, physicist, co-inventor of laser and maser, Nobel Prize winner
*Nikolay Bogolyubov, mathematician and theoretical physicist, co-developed the BBGKY hierarchy, formulated a microscopic theory of superconductivity, suggested a triplet quark model, introduced a new quantum degree of freedom (color charge)
*Gersh Budker, inventor of electron cooling, co-inventor of collider
*Sergey Chaplygin, a founder of aerodynamics, aero- and hydrodynamics, formulated the Chaplygin's equations and Chaplygin gas concept
*Pavel Cherenkov, discoverer of Cherenkov radiation, Nobel Prize winner
*Yuri Denisyuk, inventor of Holography, 3D holography
*Ludvig Faddeev, discoverer of Faddeev–Popov ghosts and Faddeev equations in quantum physics
*Georgy Flyorov, nuclear physicist, one of the initiators of the Soviet atomic bomb project, co-discoverer of seaborgium and bohrium, founder of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
*Vladimir Fock, developed the Fock space, Fock state and the Hartree–Fock method in quantum mechanics
*Ilya Frank, explained the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation, Nobel Prize winner
*Vsevolod Frederiks, Vsevolod Frederiks (Fréedericksz), discovered the Fréedericksz transition, the Fréedericksz critical field in liquid crystals
*Yakov Frenkel, introduced the notion of electron hole, discovered the Frenkel defect of a crystal lattice, described the Poole–Frenkel effect in solid-state physics
*George Gamow, explained alpha decay as quantum tunneling, developed theories of the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis and offered explanation of foundations of molecular genetics
*Andre Geim, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize winner and at the same time Ig Nobel Prize winner for diamagnetic levitation of a living frog
*Vitaly Ginzburg, co-author of the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity, a developer of hydrogen bomb, Nobel Prize winner
*Vladimir Gribov, introduced pomeron, DGLAP equations and Gribov ambiguity
*Aleksandr Gurevich, author of the runaway breakdown theory of lightning
*Abram Ioffe, founder of the Soviet physics school, tutor of many prominent scientists
*Dmitri Ivanenko, proposed the first models of Nuclear shell model, nuclear shell and exchange of Atomic nucleus, nuclear forces, predicted the synchrotron radiation, the author of the hypothesis of Color superconductivity, quark stars
*Boris Jacobi, formulated the Maximum power theorem in electrical engineering, invented electroplating, electrotyping, galvanoplastic, galvanoplastic sculpture and electric boat
*Pyotr Kapitsa, originated the techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic fields, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus discovered superfluidity, Nobel Prize winner
*Yuly Khariton, chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb
*Orest Khvolson, the first to study the Chwolson ring effect of gravitational lensing
*Sergey Krasnikov, developer of the Krasnikov tube, a speculative mechanism for space travel
*Igor Kurchatov, builder of the first nuclear power plant, developer of the first nuclear reactors for Nuclear marine propulsion, surface ships
*Dmitry Lachinov, physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, meteorologist and climatologist
*Lev Landau, theoretical physicist, developed the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity, explained the Landau damping in plasma physics, pointed out the Landau pole in quantum electrodynamics, co-author of the famous ''Course of Theoretical Physics'', Nobel Prize winner
*Grigory Landsberg, co-discoverer of Raman scattering of light
*Mikhail Lavrentyev, physicist and mathematician, founded the Siberian Division of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk
*Petr Nikolaevich Lebedev, Pyotr Lebedev, the first to measure the radiation pressure on a solid body, thus privoving the Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism
*Heinrich Lenz, discovered the Lenz's law of electromagnetism
*Evgeny Lifshitz, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evolution, co-author of the famous ''Course of Theoretical Physics''
*Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ , a=Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and wri ...
, polymath scientist, artist and inventor, proposed the law of conservation of matter
In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as the system's mass can ...
, disproved the phlogiston theory
The phlogiston theory is a superseded scientific theory that postulated the existence of a fire-like element called phlogiston () contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The name comes from the Ancient Greek (''burn ...
*Oleg Losev, inventor of light-emitting diode and crystadine
*Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov, Alexander Makarov, inventor of orbitrap
*Boris Mamyrin, inventor of reflectron
*Leonid Mandelshtam, co-discoverer of Raman effect
*Stanislav Mikheyev, co-discoverer of Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect of neutrino oscillations
*Konstantin Novoselov, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize winner
*Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, Vasily Petrov, discoverer of electric arc, proposed arc lamp and arc welding
*Boris Podolsky, an author of EPR Paradox in quantum physics
*Alexander Markovich Polyakov, Alexander Polyakov, developed the concepts of Polyakov action, 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole and BPST instanton
*Isaak Pomeranchuk, predicted synchrotron radiation
*Bruno Pontecorvo, a founder of neutrino high energy physics, his work led to the discovery of PMNS matrix
*Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Alexander Popov, inventor of lightning detector, one of the Invention of radio, inventors of radio, recorded the first experimental radiolocation at sea
*Victor Popov, co-discoverer of Faddeev–Popov ghosts in quantum field theory
*Alexander Prokhorov, co-inventor of laser and maser, Nobel Prize winner
*Georg Wilhelm Richmann, inventor of electrometer, pioneer researcher of atmospheric electricity
Atmospheric electricity is the study of electrical charges in the Earth's atmosphere (or that of another planet). The movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electri ...
, killed by a ball lightning in experiment
*Andrei Sakharov, co-developer of tokamak and the Tsar Bomb, inventor of explosively pumped flux compression generator, Nobel Peace Prize winner
*Nikolay Semyonov, physical chemist, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus, Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner
*Lev Shubnikov, discoverer of Shubnikov–de Haas effect, one of the first researchers of solid hydrogen and liquid helium
*Dmitri Skobeltsyn, the first to use cloud chamber for studying cosmic rays, the first to observe positrons
*Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov, Alexei Smirnov, co-discoverer of Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect of neutrino oscillations
*Arseny Sokolov, co-discoverer of Sokolov–Ternov effect, a developer of synchrotron radiation theory
*Igor Tamm, explained the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation, co-developer of tokamak, Nobel Prize winner
*Aleksandr Stoletov, inventor of photoelectric cell, built the Stoletov curve and pioneered the research of ferromagnetism
*Igor Ternov, co-discoverer of Sokolov–Ternov effect of synchrotron radiation
*Nikolay Umov, discovered the Umov–Poynting vector and Umov effect, the first to propose the formula Mass–energy equivalence,
*Petr Ufimtsev, developed the theory that led to modern stealth technology
*Sergey Vavilov, co-discoverer of Cherenkov radiation, formulated the Kasha–Vavilov rule of quantum yields
*Vladimir Veksler, inventor of synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron
*Evgeny Velikhov, leader of the international program ITER (thermonuclear experimental tokamak)
*Anatoly Vlasov, developed the Vlasov equation in plasma physics
*Alexey Yekimov, discoverer of quantum dots
*Yevgeny Zavoisky, inventor of EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy
*Yakov Zel'dovich, physicist and cosmologist, predicted the beta decay of a pi meson and the muon catalysis, co-predicted the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion
*Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Nikolai Zhukovsky, a founder of aerodynamics, aero- and hydrodynamics, the first to study airflow, author of Joukowsky transform and Kutta–Joukowski theorem, founder of TsAGI and pioneer of aviation
*Octiabr' Emelianenko, did fundamental work in physics of :III-V compounds, III-V compound semiconductors.
Chemists and material scientists
* Alexander Baykov, Metallurgy, metallurgist and academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
*Ernest Beaux, inventor of Chanel No. 5, "the world's most legendary fragrance"
*Nikolay Beketov, inventor of aluminothermy, a founder of physical chemistry
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical me ...
*Friedrich Konrad Beilstein, proposed the Beilstein test for the detection of halogens, author of the Beilstein database in organic chemistry
*Boris Pavlovich Belousov, Boris Belousov, chemist and biophysicist, discoverer of Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics
*Alexander Borodin
Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin ( rus, link=no, Александр Порфирьевич Бородин, Aleksandr Porfir’yevich Borodin , p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr pɐrˈfʲi rʲjɪvʲɪtɕ bərɐˈdʲin, a=RU-Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin.ogg, ...
, chemist and composer, the author of the famous opera ''Prince Igor
''Prince Igor'' ( rus, Князь Игорь, Knyáz Ígor ) is an opera in four acts with a prologue, written and composed by Alexander Borodin. The composer adapted the libretto from the Ancient Russian epic '' The Lay of Igor's Host'', which re ...
'', discovered Borodin reaction
Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin ( rus, link=no, Александр Порфирьевич Бородин, Aleksandr Porfir’yevich Borodin , p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr pɐrˈfʲi rʲjɪvʲɪtɕ bərɐˈdʲin, a=RU-Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin.ogg, ...
, co-discovered Aldol reaction
The aldol reaction is a means of forming carbon–carbon bonds in organic chemistry.
Discovered independently by the Russian chemist Alexander Borodin in 1869 and by the French chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1872, the reaction combines two car ...
*Aleksandr Butlerov, discovered hexamine, formaldehyde and formose reaction (the first synthesis of sugar), the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulae, a founder of organic chemistry and the theory of chemical structure
*Dmitry Chernov, founder of modern metallography, discovered Polymorphism (materials science), polymorphism in metals, built the iron-carbon phase diagram
*Aleksei Chichibabin, discovered Chichibabin pyridine synthesis, Bodroux-Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis and Chichibabin reaction
*Lev Chugaev, discoverer of Chugaev elimination in organic chemistry
*Karl Ernst Claus, chemist and botanist, discoverer of ruthenium
*Nikolay Demyanov, discoverer of Demjanov rearrangement in organic chemistry
*Aleksandr Dianin, discoverer of Bisphenol A and Dianin's compound
*Constantin Fahlberg, inventor of saccharin, the first artificial sweetener
*Alexey Favorsky, discoverer of Favorskii rearrangement and Favorskii reaction in organic chemistry
*Alexander Frumkin, a founder of modern electrochemistry, author of the theory of electrode reactions
*Evgraf Fedorov, the first to enumerate all of the 230 space groups of crystals, thus founding the modern crystallography
*Andre Geim, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
*Igor Gorynin, inventor of weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminium alloys, and many radiation-hardened steels
*Vladimir Ipatieff, inventor of Ipatieff bomb, a founder of petrochemistry
*Isidore (inventor), Isidore, legendary inventor of the vodka, Russian vodka
*Boris Jacobi, re-discovered electroplating and initiated its practical usage
*Pyotr Kapitsa, discovered superfluidity while studying liquid helium, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
*Morris Kharasch, inventor of anti-microbial compound thimerosal
*Gottlieb Kirchhoff, discoverer of glucose
*Ivan Knunyants, inventor of Nylon 6, poly-caprolactam, founder of Soviet school of fluorocarbon's chemistry, a developer of Soviet chemical weapons
*Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev, Sergei Lebedev, inventor of polybutadiene, the first commercially viable synthetic rubber
*Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ , a=Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and wri ...
, polymath, coined the term ''physical chemistry
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical me ...
'', re-discovered smalt
Cobalt glass—known as "smalt" when ground as a pigment—is a deep blue coloured glass prepared by including a cobalt compound, typically cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate, in a glass melt. Cobalt is a very intense colouring agent and very litt ...
, proved that the phlogiston theory
The phlogiston theory is a superseded scientific theory that postulated the existence of a fire-like element called phlogiston () contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The name comes from the Ancient Greek (''burn ...
was false, the first to record the freezing
Freezing is a phase transition where a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. In accordance with the internationally established definition, freezing means the solidification phase change of a liquid o ...
of mercury
*Aleksandr Loran, inventor of fire fighting foam
*Konstantin Novoselov, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
*Vladimir Markovnikov, author of the Markovnikov's rule in organic chemistry, discoverer of naphthenes
*Mikhail Davidovich Mashkovsky, pharmacologist, author of the pharmacopoeia "Medical compounds"
*Dmitri Mendeleyev, invented the Periodic table of chemical elements, the first to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered, invented pyrocollodion, developer of pipeline transport, pipelines and a prominent researcher of vodka
*Nikolai Menshutkin, discoverer of Menshutkin reaction in organic chemistry
*Sergey Namyotkin, a prominent researcher of terpenes, discoverer of Nametkin rearrangement
*Ilya Prigogine, researcher of dissipative system, dissipative structures, complex systems and irreversibility, Nobel Prize winner
*Sergey Reformatsky, discoverer of Reformatsky reaction in organic chemistry
*Nikolay Semyonov, physical chemist, author of the chain reaction theory, Nobel Prize winner
*Carl Schmidt (chemist), Carl Schmidt, analyzed the crystal structure of many biochemicals, proved that animal and plant cells are chemically similar
*Vladimir Shukhov, polymath, inventor of chemical cracking
*Mikhail Shultz, physical chemist and artist; one of the creators the glass electrode theory; author of several thermodynamic methods
*Mikhail Tsvet, botanist, inventor of chromatography
*Victor Veselago, the first researcher of materials with negative permittivity and Permeability (electromagnetism), permeability
*Paul Walden, discovered the Walden inversion and ethylammonium nitrate, the first room temperature ionic liquid
*Alexander Mikhaylovich Zaytsev, Alexander Zaytsev, author of the Zaitsev's rule in organic chemistry
*Nikolay Zelinsky, inventor of activated charcoal gas mask in Europe during World War I, co-discoverer of Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation, a founder of petrochemistry
*Nikolai Zinin, discovered benzidine, co-discovered aniline, the first President of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society
*Anatol Zhabotinsky, discoverer of Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Structural engineers
*Nikolai Belelubsky, major bridge designer, invented a number of construction schemes
*Agustín de Betancourt, polymath-engineer and urban planner, designed the Moscow Manege and the giant cast iron dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral, founded Goznak
*Vladimir Barmin, designer of the world's first rocket launch complex (Baikonur Cosmodrome)
*Akinfiy Demidov, builder of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk, the first structure to employ rebars and cast iron cupola, as well as the first lightning rod in the Western world
*Alexey Dushkin, designer of the first deep column station, ''Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro), Mayakovskaya''
*Alexander Hrennikoff, founder of the finite element method
*Nikolai Nikitin, engineer of the largest Soviet structures: Moscow State University
M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...
, Luzhniki Stadium, The Motherland Calls and Ostankino Tower (once the world's tallest freestanding structure)
*Lavr Proskuryakov, builder of multiple bridges along the Trans-Siberian Railway, inventor and tutor
*Vladimir Shukhov, engineer-polymath, inventor of breakthrough industrial designs (hyperboloid structure, thin-shell structure, tensile structure, gridshell), builder of Shukhov Towers and multiple other structures
Aerospace engineers
*Rostislav Alexeyev, designer of high-speed Raketa hydrofoils and ekranoplans, including the ''Caspian Sea Monster'' *Oleg Antonov (aircraft designer), Oleg Antonov, designer of the Antonov, An-series aircraft, including ''Antonov A-40, A-40'' winged tank and ''An-124'' (the largest serial cargo aircraft, later modified to world's largest fixed-wing aircraft ''An-225'') *Georgy Babakin, designed the first soft lander spacecraft ''Luna 9'' *Vladimir Barmin, designer of the first rocket launch complex (Baikonur Cosmodrome) *Robert Bartini, developer of ekranoplans and VTOL amphibious aircraft, physicist, tutor to many other aerospace designers *Alexander Bereznyak, designer of the first fighter rocket-powered aircraft, ''BI-1'' *Georgy Beriev, designer of the Beriev, Be-series amphibious aircraft
*Georgy Bothezat, inventor of quadcopter helicopter (''The Flying Octopus'')
*Vladimir Chelomey, designer of the first space station ''Salyut 1'', creator of Proton rocket (Comparison of heavy lift launch systems, the most used heavy lift launch system)
*Evgeniy Chertovsky, inventor of pressure suit
*Nicolas Florine, builder of the first successful tandem rotor helicopter
*Valentyn Glushko, inventor of hypergolic propellant and electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, designer of the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170
*Pyotr Grushin, inventor of anti-ballistic missile
*Mikhail Gurevich (aircraft designer), Mikhail Gurevich, designer of the MiG-series fighter aircraft, including most produced aircraft, world's most produced jet aircraft ''MiG-15'' and most produced supersonic aircraft ''MiG-21''
*Sergey Ilyushin, designed the Ilyushin, Il-series fighter aircraft, including ''Ilyushin Il-2, Il-2'' bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history)
*Aleksei Isaev, designer of the first rocket-powered aircraft, rocket-powered fighter aircraft, ''Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1, BI-1''
*Mstislav Keldysh, co-developer of the first satellite (''Sputnik'') and Keldysh bomber
*Kerim Kerimov, the secret figure behind the Soviet space program
*Nikolay Kamov, designed the Kamov, Ka-series coaxial rotor
Coaxial rotors or coax rotors are a pair of helicopter rotors mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation, but turning in opposite directions (contra-rotating). This rotor configuration is a feature of helicopt ...
helicopters
*Alexander Kemurdzhian, inventor of space rover (''Lunokhod'')
*Sergei Korolyov, ''the Father of the Soviet space program'', inventor of the first intercontinental ballistic missile and the first space rocket (''R-7 Semyorka''), creator of the first satellite (''Sputnik''), supervisor of the first human spaceflight
*Gleb Kotelnikov, inventor of knapsack parachute and drogue parachute
*Semyon Lavochkin, designer of the Lavochkin, La-series aircraft and the first operational surface-to-air missile ''S-25 Berkut''
*Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ , a=Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and wri ...
, polymath, inventor of coaxial rotor
Coaxial rotors or coax rotors are a pair of helicopter rotors mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation, but turning in opposite directions (contra-rotating). This rotor configuration is a feature of helicopt ...
and the first helicopter
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and laterally. These attributes ...
*Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy, designer of the Buran space shuttle and Spiral project
*Arkhip Lyulka, designer of the Lyulka-series aircraft engines, including the first double jet turbofan
*Victor Makeev, developer of the first intercontinental SLBM
*Artem Mikoyan, designer of the MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet ''MiG-15'' and most produced supersonic aircraft ''MiG-21''
*Arseny Mironov, oldest scientist in flight dynamics and aircraft safety, Stalin USSR State Prize, Prize recipient (1948) for the new method of aerodynamic research, USSR State Prize recipient (1976) for the completion of flight testing of the Su-24 heavy fighter-bomber aircraft
*Mikhail Mil, designer of the Mil Helicopters, Mi-series helicopters, including ''Mil Mi-8'' (the world's most produced helicopter) and ''Mil Mi-12'' (the world's largest helicopter)
*Alexander Mozhaysky, author of the first attempt to create heavier-than-air craft in Russia, designed the largest of 19th-century airplanes
*Alexander Nadiradze, designer of the first mobile ICBM ''RT-21 Temp 2S'' and the first reliable mobile ICBM ''RT-2PM Topol''
*Nikolai Polikarpov, designer of the Polikarpov, Po-series aircraft, including ''Po-2'' ''Polikarpov Po-2, Kukuruznik'' (world's most produced biplane)
*Alexander Procofieff de Seversky, inventor of ionocraft and gyroscopically stabilized bombsight
*Guy Severin, designed the first spacewalk supporting system
*Igor Sikorsky, inventor of airliner and strategic bomber (''Sikorsky Ilya Muromets''), father of modern helicopter
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and laterally. These attributes ...
, founder of the Sikorsky Aircraft
*Boris Shavyrin, inventor of air-augmented rocket
*Pavel Sukhoi, designer of the Sukhoi, Su-series fighter aircraft
*Vladimir Syromyatnikov, designer of the ''Androgynous Peripheral Attach System''
*Max Taitz, scientist in aerodynamics, theory of jet engines and flight testing of aircraft, one of the founders of the Gromov Flight Research Institute, recipient of the USSR State Prize, Stalin Prize (1949 and 1953), Honoured Scientist of the RSFSR
*Mikhail Tikhonravov, designer of Sputniks, including the first artificial satellite ''Sputnik 1''
*Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, principal pioneer of astronautics
*Alexei Tupolev, designer of the Tupolev, Tu-series aircraft, including the first supersonic transport ''Tu-144''
*Andrey Tupolev, designer of the Tu-series aircraft, including the turboprop long-range airliner ''Tu-114'' and turboprop strategic bomber ''Tu-95''
*Vladimir Vakhmistrov, supervisor of Zveno project (the first bomber with parasite aircraft)
*Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev, Alexander Yakovlev, designer of the Yakovlev, Yak-series aircraft, including the first regional jet ''Yak-40''
*Friedrich Zander, designed the first liquid-fuel rocket in the Soviet Union, GIRD-X, pioneer of astronautics
*Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Nikolai Zhukovsky, founder of modern aerodynamics, aero- and hydrodynamics, pioneer of aviation
Naval engineers
*1- Rostislav Alexeyev, designer of high-speed Raketa hydrofoils and ekranoplans, including the ''Caspian Sea Monster''
*2- Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, Anatoly Alexandrov, inventor of degaussing, developer of naval nuclear reactors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker)
*3- Mikhail Britnev, designer of the first metal-ship hull, hull icebreaker ''Pilot (icebreaker), Pilot''
*4- Boris Jacobi, inventor of electric boat, developer of modern naval mining
*5- Konstantin Khrenov, inventor of underwater welding
*6- Alexey Krylov, General of the branch, general of the fleet, inventor of gyroscopic Damping ratio, damping of ships, author of the insubmersibility theory
*7- Fyodor Litke, explorer, inventor of recording tide measurer
*8- Stepan Makarov, admiral, war hero, oceanographer, inventor of torpedo boat tender, builder of Icebreaker Yermak, the first polar icebreaker, author of the insubmersibility theory
*9- Victor Makeev, developer of the first intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile
*10- Ludvig Nobel, designer of the modern oil tanker
*11- Peter the Great, monarch and craftsman, inventor of yacht club and sounding line with separating Plumb-bob, plummet, founder of the Russian Navy
*12- Pavel Schilling, inventor of electric naval mine
*13- Igor Spassky, designer of the Sea Launch platform and over 200 nuclear submarines, including the world's largest submarines (Typhoon class)
*14- Vladimir Yourkevitch, designer of ''SS Normandie'', developer of modern ship hull design
Electrical engineers
*1- Zhores Alferov, physicist, inventor of heterotransistor, Nobel Prize winner
*2- Nikolay Benardos, inventor of carbon arc welding (the first practical arc welding method)
*3- Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, inventor of three-phase electric power
*4- Boris Jacobi, inventor of electroplating, electrotyping, galvanoplastic sculpture and electric boat
*5- Konstantin Khrenov, inventor of underwater welding
*6- Dmitry Lachinov, inventor of electricity economizer, electrical insulation tester, pioneer of long-distance electricity transmission
*7- Alexander Lodygin, one of the inventors of incandescent light bulb, inventor of electric streetlight and tungsten filament
*8- Oleg Losev, inventor of light-emitting diode and crystadine
*9- Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, Vasily Petrov, inventor of electric arc and arc welding
*10- Fyodor Pirotsky, inventor of railway electrification system and electric tram
*11- Alexander Poniatoff, inventor of videotape recorder
*12- Georg Wilhelm Richmann, inventor of electrometer, died from ball lightning during an experiment
*13- Pavel Schilling, inventor of shielded cable, naval mine, electric mine and electromagnetic telegraph
*14- Nikolay Slavyanov, inventor of shielded metal arc welding
*15- Aleksandr Stoletov, physicist, inventor of photoelectric cell
*16- Pavel Yablochkov, inventor of Yablochkov candle (the first commercially viable electric lamp), AC transformer and headlamp
Computer scientists
*1- Georgy Adelson-Velsky, inventor of AVL tree algorithm, developer of Kaissa (the first World Computer Chess Champion)
*2- Boris Babaian, developer of the Elbrus supercomputers
*3- Sergey Brin, inventor of the Google web search engine
*4- Nikolay Brusentsov, inventor of ternary computer (''Setun'')
*5- Mikhail Donskoy, a leading developer of Kaissa, the first computer chess champion
*6- Victor Glushkov, a founder of cybernetics, inventor of the first personal computer ''MIR (computer), MIR''
*7- Yevgeny Kaspersky, developer of Kaspersky Lab, Kaspersky anti-virus products
*8- Semen Korsakov, the first to use punched cards for information storage and search
*9- Evgeny Landis, inventor of AVL tree algorithm
*10- Sergey Alexeyevich Lebedev, Sergey Lebedev, developer of the first Soviet and European electronic computers, MESM and BESM
*11- Leonid Levin, IT scientist, developed the Cook-Levin theorem
*12- Willgodt Theophil Odhner, inventor of the Odhner Arithmometer, the most popular mechanical calculator in the 20th century
*13- Alexey Pajitnov, inventor of ''Tetris''
*14- Alexander Razborov, mathematician and computational theorist who won the Nevanlinna Prize in 1990 and the Gödel Prize for contributions to Theory of computation, computer sciences
*15- Eugene Roshal, developer of the FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver
*16- Valentin Turchin, inventor of Refal programming language, introduced metasystem transition and supercompilation
See also
* List of scientists * List of Russian inventors * Science and technology in Russia * Science and technology in the Soviet Union * Timeline of Russian inventionsReferences
{{DEFAULTSORT:Russian Scientists Russian scientists, Lists of European scientists Science and technology in Russia, * Soviet scientists, Lists of Russian people by occupation, Scientists Science and technology in the Soviet Union Ukrainian scientists, Russian