The Head of State of Mexico is the person who controls the executive power in the country. Under the current constitution, this responsibility lies with the President of the United Mexican States, who is head of the supreme executive power of the Mexican Union. Throughout its history,

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

has had several forms of

government A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...

. Under the federal constitutions, the title of President was the same as the current one. Under the Seven Laws (

centralist Centralisation or centralization (see spelling differences) is the process by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, framing strategy and policies become concentrated within a particu ...

), the chief executive was named ''President of the Republic''. In addition, there have been two periods of monarchical rule, during which the

executive Executive ( exe., exec., execu.) may refer to: Role or title * Executive, a senior management role in an organization ** Chief executive officer (CEO), one of the highest-ranking corporate officers (executives) or administrators ** Executive d ...

was controlled by the

Emperor of Mexico The Emperor of Mexico ( Spanish: ''Emperador de México'') was the head of state and ruler of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions in the 19th century. With the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821, Mexico be ...

. The chronology of the heads of state of Mexico is complicated due to the country's political instability during most of the nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century. With few exceptions, most of the Mexican presidents elected during this period did not complete their terms. Until the presidency of

Lázaro Cárdenas Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (; 21 May 1895 – 19 October 1970) was a Mexican army officer and politician who served as president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940. Born in Jiquilpan, Michoacán, to a working-class family, Cárdenas joined the Mex ...

, each president remained in office an average of fifteen months. This list also includes the self-appointed presidents during civil wars and the collegiate bodies that performed the Mexican Executive duties during periods of transition.

First Mexican Empire (1821–1823)

First Regency

After the end of the

Mexican War of Independence The Mexican War of Independence ( es, Guerra de Independencia de México, links=no, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from Spain. It was not a single, co ...

, a Provisional Board of Governing consisting of thirty-four persons was set up. The Board decreed and signed the

Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire ( es, Acta de Independencia del Imperio Mexicano) is the document by which the Mexican Empire declared independence from the Spanish Empire. This founding document of the Mexican nation was d ...

and appointed a regency composed of six people.

Second Regency

Monarchy of Agustín de Iturbide I

Provisional Government (1823–1824)

The Provisional Government of 1823–1824 was an organization that served as the

Executive Executive ( exe., exec., execu.) may refer to: Role or title * Executive, a senior management role in an organization ** Chief executive officer (CEO), one of the highest-ranking corporate officers (executives) or administrators ** Executive d ...

in the government of

after the abdication of

Agustín I Agustín is a Spanish given name and sometimes a surname. It is related to Augustín. People with the name include: Given name * Agustín (footballer), Spanish footballer * Agustín Calleri (born 1976), Argentine tennis player * Agustín C� ...

, monarch of

Mexican Empire Mexican Empire may refer to: * First Mexican Empire, the regime under Agustín de Iturbide (Agustín I) from 1821 to 1823 * Second Mexican Empire The Second Mexican Empire (), officially the Mexican Empire (), was a constitutional monarchy est ...

in 1823. The provisional government was responsible for convening the body that created the

Federal Republic A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means: "a country that is governed by elected representatives a ...

and existed from 1 April 1823 to 10 October 1824.

First Federal Republic (1824–1835)

The president and vice president did not run jointly and could be from different parties.

Centralist Republic (1835–1846)

Second Federal Republic (1846–1863)

Reform War 1858-60

There were two rival governments during the civil war of the Reform, which the liberals won.

President recognized by the Liberals

Presidents recognized by the Conservatives

Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867)

Regency

On 22 June 1863, a "Superior Governing Board" was established. On 11 July, the Board became the Regency of the Empire.

Monarchy of Maximilian I

Restored Republic (1867–1876)

Porfiriato (1876–1911)

Revolution (1911–1928)

; Political parties

Presidents recognized by the Convention of Aguascalientes

The Conventionists were followers of revolutionary generals

Pancho Villa Francisco "Pancho" Villa (, Orozco rebelled in March 1912, both for Madero's continuing failure to enact land reform and because he felt insufficiently rewarded for his role in bringing the new president to power. At the request of Madero's c ...

and

Emiliano Zapata Emiliano Zapata Salazar (; August 8, 1879 – April 10, 1919) was a Mexican revolutionary. He was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920, the main leader of the people's revolution in the Mexican state of Morelos, and the ins ...

. They fought a civil war with the followers of revolutionaries under

Venustiano Carranza José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a Februar ...

Constitutionalist victory and restoration of democracy

The revolutionary Constitutionalist Army under the authority "First Chief" Venustiano Carranza defeated the Army of the Convention in 1915, with a new constitution drafted in 1916-17. ; Political parties

Maximato (1928–1934)

President-elect Obregón was assassinated before he was inaugurated for a six-year presidential term. Calles brought together revolutionaries to found a

political party A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific ideological or po ...

. Calles could not succeed himself as president, but he remained the power behind the presidency as the ''jefe máximo'' (maximum chief). ; Political parties

Modern Mexico (1934–present)

After the constitutional reform of 1926, the presidential term in Mexico was extended to six years starting in 1928; with a formal ban on reelection. After the 1934 general election, all the presidents have completed their six-year terms. ; Political parties

Presidents who died in office

Timeline

ImageSize = width:1250 height:auto barincrement:10 PlotArea = top:3 bottom:150 right:80 left:20 AlignBars = late DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1821 till:2022 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1821 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1821 Colors = id:none value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6) legend:None/Independent id:none(emperor) value:rgb(0.49,0.49,0.49) legend:None_(Emperor) id:Liberal value:rgb(1,0.2,0.2) legend:Liberal_Party id:Conservative value:rgb(0,0,1) legend:Conservative_Party id:porfirist value:rgb(0,0.28,0.67) legend:National_Porfirist_Party→National_Reelectionist_Party id:antireelectionist value:rgb(0.5,0,0) legend:Anti-Reelectionist_Party→Progressive_Constitutionalist_Party id:conventionist value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8) legend:Conventionist_Party id:liberalconstitutionalist value:rgb(0.83,0.67,0) legend:Liberal_Constitutionalist_Party id:laborist value:rgb(0.81,0.07,0.15) legend:Laborist_Party id:pri value:rgb(0.13,0.55,0.13) legend:National_Revolutionary_Party→Party_of_the_Mexican_Revolution→Institutional_Revolutionary_Party id:pan value:rgb(0,0.28,0.56) legend:National_Action_Party id:morena value:rgb(0.75,0.19,0.10) legend:National_Regeneration_Movement Legend = columns:2 left:200 top:100 columnwidth:350 TextData = pos:(20,100) textcolor:black fontsize:M text:"Political parties:" BarData = bar:Iturbide bar:Odonoju bar:PerezMartinez bar:Barcena bar:IsidroYanez bar:VelazquezLeon bar:MiguelValentin bar:ManuelHeras bar:NicolasBravo bar:GuadalupeVictoria bar:CelestinoNegrete bar:Michelena bar:MiguelDominguez bar:VicenteGuerrero bar:Bocanegra bar:PedroVelez bar:Bustamonte bar:Muzquiz bar:GomezPedraza bar:GomezFarias bar:SantaAnna bar:Barragan bar:JustoCorro bar:Echeverria bar:Canalizo bar:JoaquinHerrera bar:Paredes bar:MarianoSalas bar:MariaAnaya bar:PenayPena bar:Arista bar:Ceballos bar:Lombardini bar:MartinCarrera bar:delaVega bar:JuanAlvarez bar:Comonfort bar:BenitoJuarez bar:NepomucenoAlmonte bar:Labastida bar:MaximilianI bar:Tejada bar:MariaIglesias bar:PorfirioDiaz bar:NepomucenoMendez bar:GonzalesFlores bar:LeondelaBarra bar:FranciscoMadero bar:PedroLascurain bar:VictorianoHuerta bar:Carvajal bar:EulalioGutierrez bar:GonzalesGarza bar:LagosChazaro bar:VenustianoCarranza bar:AdolfodelaHuerta bar:AlvaroObregon bar:PlutarcoEliasCalles bar:EmilioPortesGil bar:PascualOrtizRubio bar:AbelardoRodriguez bar:LazaroCardenas bar:ManuelAvilaCamacho bar:MiguelAlemanValdes bar:AdolfoRuizCortines bar:AdolfoLopezMateo bar:GustavoDiazOrdaz bar:LuisEcheverria bar:JoseLopezPortillo bar:MigueldelaMadrid bar:CarlosSalinasdeGortari bar:ErnestoZedillo bar:VicenteFox bar:FelipeCalderon bar:EnriquePenaNieto bar:AndrésManuelLopézObrador PlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till bar:Iturbide from: 1821 till: 1822 color:none from: 1822 till: 1822 color:none from: 1822 till: 1823 color:none(emperor) text:"

" bar:Odonoju from: 1821 till: 1821 color:none text:" O'Donojú" bar:PerezMartinez from: 1821 till: 1822 color:none text:" Pérez Martínez" bar:Barcena from: 1821 till: 1822 color:none text:" De la Bárcena" bar:IsidroYanez from: 1821 till: 1822 color:none from: 1822 till: 1822 color:none text:" Táñez" bar:VelazquezLeon from: 1821 till: 1822 color:none text:" Velázquez de León" bar:MiguelValentin from: 1821 till: 1822 color:none from: 1822 till: 1822 color:none text:" Valetín" bar:ManuelHeras from: 1822 till: 1822 color:none text:" De Heras" bar:NicolasBravo from: 1822 till: 1822 color:none from: 1823 till: 1824 color:none from: 1839 till: 1839 color:Conservative from: 1842 till: 1843 color:Conservative from: 1846 till: 1846 color:Conservative text:" Bravo" bar:GuadalupeVictoria from: 1823 till: 1824 color:none from: 1824 till: 1829 color:none text:"

Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada * Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory * Victoria, Seyche ...

" bar:CelestinoNegrete from: 1823 till: 1824 color:none text:"

Negrete Negrete () is a Chilean List of towns in Chile, town and Communes of Chile, commune in Bío Bío Province, Bío Bío Region. It is bordered by the commune of Los Ángeles, Bío Bío, Los Ángeles to the north, Renaico to the south, Mulchén to th ...

" bar:Michelena from: 1823 till: 1824 color:none text:"

Michelena Michelena is a town in Táchira state, Venezuela. It was founded in 1849 by José Amando Pérez. It has a population of 22.500. * Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, also known as Carlos the Jackal, currently serving life sentence in France for killing th ...

" bar:MiguelDominguez from: 1823 till: 1824 color:none text:" Domínguez" bar:VicenteGuerrero from: 1823 till: 1824 color:none from: 1829 till: 1829 color:Liberal text:"

Guerrero Guerrero is one of the 32 states that comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 81 municipalities and its capital city is Chilpancingo and its largest city is Acapulcocopied from article, GuerreroAs of 2020, Guerrero the popu ...

" bar:Bocanegra from: 1829 till: 1829 color:Liberal text:" Bocanegra" bar:PedroVelez from: 1829 till: 1830 color:Liberal text:" Vélez" bar:Bustamonte from: 1830 till: 1832 color:Conservative from: 1837 till: 1839 color:Conservative from: 1839 till: 1841 color:Conservative text:" Bustamante" bar:Muzquiz from: 1832 till: 1832 color:Liberal text:" Múzquiz" bar:GomezPedraza from: 1832 till: 1833 color:Liberal text:" Gómez Pedraza" bar:GomezFarias from: 1833 till: 1833 color:Liberal from: 1833 till: 1833 color:Liberal from: 1833 till: 1833 color:Liberal from: 1833 till: 1834 color:Liberal from: 1846 till: 1847 color:Liberal text:" Gómez Farías" bar:SantaAnna from: 1833 till: 1833 color:Liberal from: 1833 till: 1833 color:Liberal from: 1833 till: 1833 color:Liberal from: 1834 till: 1835 color:Liberal from: 1839 till: 1839 color:Liberal from: 1841 till: 1842 color:Liberal from: 1843 till: 1843 color:Liberal from: 1844 till: 1844 color:Liberal from: 1847 till: 1847 color:Liberal from: 1847 till: 1847 color:Liberal from: 1853 till: 1855 color:Liberal text:" López de Santa Anna" bar:Barragan from: 1835 till: 1836 color:Liberal text:" Barragán" bar:JustoCorro from: 1836 till: 1837 color:Conservative text:" Corro" bar:Echeverria from: 1841 till: 1841 color:Conservative text:" F. Echeverría" bar:Canalizo from: 1843 till: 1844 color:Conservative from: 1844 till: 1844 color:Conservative text:" Canalizo" bar:JoaquinHerrera from: 1844 till: 1844 color:Liberal from: 1844 till: 1845 color:Liberal from: 1848 till: 1851 color:Liberal text:" De Herrera" bar:Paredes from: 1845 till: 1846 color:Conservative text:" Paredes" bar:MarianoSalas from: 1846 till: 1846 color:Conservative from: 1863 till: 1864 color:Conservative text:" Salas" bar:MariaAnaya from: 1847 till: 1847 color:Liberal from: 1847 till: 1848 color:Liberal text:" De Anaya" bar:PenayPena from: 1847 till: 1847 color:Liberal text:"

De la Peña de la Peña or Peña is a topographic surname originally given to someone living near a cliff. It is used in Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, and Galician names. It is the 2,469th most common surname in the world and is most prevalent in the United ...

" bar:Arista from: 1851 till: 1853 color:Liberal text:" Arista" bar:Ceballos from: 1853 till: 1853 color:Liberal text:" Ceballos" bar:Lombardini from: 1853 till: 1853 color:Conservative text:" Lombardini" bar:MartinCarrera from: 1855 till: 1855 color:Conservative text:" Carrera" bar:delaVega from: 1855 till: 1855 color:Conservative text:" Díaz de la Vega" bar:JuanAlvarez from: 1855 till: 1855 color:Liberal text:"

Álvarez Álvarez or Álvares may refer to: People *Álvarez (surname), Spanish surname Places * Alvares (river), a river in northern Spain * Alvares (ski resort), in Iran * Alvares, Iran * Alvares, Portugal * Álvarez, Santa Fe, a town in the province of ...

" bar:Comonfort from: 1855 till: 1857 color:Liberal text:"

Comonfort Comonfort is a Mexican town and municipality in the state of Guanajuato, declared a Pueblo Mágico since 2018. It was named after Mexican general and President Ignacio Comonfort. The municipality has an area of 485.90 square kilometres (1.60% of ...

" bar:BenitoJuarez from: 1857 till: 1872 color:Liberal text:" Juárez" bar:NepomucenoAlmonte from: 1863 till: 1864 color:Conservative text:" Almonte" bar:Labastida from: 1863 till: 1864 color:Conservative text:" De Labastida" bar:MaximilianI from: 1864 till: 1867 color:none(emperor) text:" Maximilian I" bar:Tejada from: 1872 till: 1876 color:Liberal text:" Lerdo de Tejada" bar:MariaIglesias from: 1876 till: 1876 color:Liberal text:" Iglesias" bar:PorfirioDiaz from: 1876 till: 1876 color:Liberal from: 1877 till: 1880 color:Liberal from: 1884 till: 1911 color:porfirist text:" Díaz" bar:NepomucenoMendez from: 1876 till: 1877 color:Liberal text:" Méndez" bar:GonzalesFlores from: 1880 till: 1884 color:Liberal text:" González Flores" bar:LeondelaBarra from: 1911 till: 1911 color:none text:" León de la Barra" bar:FranciscoMadero from: 1911 till: 1913 color:antireelectionist text:" Madero" bar:PedroLascurain from: 1913 till: 1913 color:none text:" Lascuráin" bar:VictorianoHuerta from: 1913 till: 1914 color:none text:"

Huerta A huerta () or horta (, ), from Latin ''hortus'', "garden", is an irrigated area, or a field within such an area, common in Spain and Portugal, where a variety of vegetables and fruit trees are cultivated for family consumption and sale. Typicall ...

" bar:Carvajal from: 1914 till: 1914 color:none text:" Carvajal" bar:EulalioGutierrez from: 1914 till: 1915 color:conventionist text:"

Gutiérrez Gutiérrez (, , ) is a Spanish surname meaning "son of Gutier / Gutierre". '' Gutierre'' is a form of ''Gualtierre'', Spanish form of Walter. Gutiérrez is the Spanish form of the English surnames Walters, Watkins, and Watson, and has Germanic e ...

" bar:GonzalesGarza from: 1915 till: 1915 color:conventionist text:" Garza" bar:LagosChazaro from: 1915 till: 1915 color:conventionist text:" Chazaro" bar:VenustianoCarranza from: 1914 till: 1920 color:liberalconstitutionalist text:" Carranza" bar:AdolfodelaHuerta from: 1920 till: 1920 color:liberalconstitutionalist text:" De la Huerta" bar:AlvaroObregon from: 1920 till: 1924 color:laborist text:" Obregón" bar:PlutarcoEliasCalles from: 1924 till: 1928 color:laborist text:" Eías Calles" bar:EmilioPortesGil from: 1928 till: 1930 color:pri text:" Portes Gil" bar:PascualOrtizRubio from: 1930 till: 1932 color:pri text:" Ortiz Rubio" bar:AbelardoRodriguez from: 1932 till: 1934 color:pri text:" Rodríguez" bar:LazaroCardenas from: 1934 till: 1940 color:pri text:" Cárdenas" bar:ManuelAvilaCamacho from: 1940 till: 1946 color:pri text:" Ávila Camacho" bar:MiguelAlemanValdes from: 1946 till: 1952 color:pri text:" Alemán Valdes" bar:AdolfoRuizCortines from: 1952 till: 1958 color:pri text:" Ruiz Cortines" bar:AdolfoLopezMateo from: 1958 till: 1964 color:pri text:" López Mateos" bar:GustavoDiazOrdaz from: 1964 till: 1970 color:pri text:" Díaz Ordaz" bar:LuisEcheverria from: 1970 till: 1976 color:pri text:" L. Echeverría" bar:JoseLopezPortillo from: 1976 till: 1982 color:pri text:" López Portillo" bar:MigueldelaMadrid from: 1982 till: 1988 color:pri text:" De la Madrid" bar:CarlosSalinasdeGortari from: 1988 till: 1994 color:pri text:"

Salinas de Gortari Salinas de Gortari is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Carlos Salinas de Gortari Carlos Salinas de Gortari CYC DMN (; born 3 April 1948) is a Mexican economist and politician who served as 60th president of Mexico from 1 ...

" bar:ErnestoZedillo from: 1994 till: 2000 color:pri text:" Zedillo" bar:VicenteFox from: 2000 till: 2006 color:pan text:"

Fox Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull, upright, triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or ''brush''). Twelve sp ...

" bar:FelipeCalderon from: 2006 till: 2012 color:pan text:"

Calderón Calderón () is a Spanish and Sefardi occupational surname. It is derived from the Vulgar Latin "''caldaria''" ("cauldron") and refers to the occupation of tinker. Calderón, or Calderon, may refer to: * Alberto Calderón, Argentine mathematicia ...

" bar:EnriquePenaNieto from: 2012 till: 2018 color:pri text:" Peña Nieto" bar:AndrésManuelLopézObrador from: 2018 till: end color:morena text:" López Obrador"

References

External links

''Lista de gobernantes de México'' Official List
{{Presidents of Mexico Mexico, List of heads of state of *List

Presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...