Arizona
1864: Miscegenation tatuteMarriages between whites with "Black People, Indians" were declared illegal and void. The word "Descendants" does not appear in the statute. 1901: Miscegenation tatuteRevision of the 1865 statute which added the word "descendants" to the list of minority groups. The revised statutes also stated that marriages would be valid if legal where they were contracted, but noted that Arizona residents could not evade the law by going to another state to perform the ceremony. 1909: Education tatuteSchool district trustees were given the authority to segregate black students from white children only where there were more than eight Negro pupils in the school district. ''The legislature passed the law over a veto by the governor.'' 1911–1962: Segregation, miscegenation, voting tatutePassed six segregation laws: four against miscegenation and two school segregation statutes, and a voting rights statute that required electors to pass aCalifornia
In this state, concern about Asian immigration produced more legislation against Chinese immigrants than against African Americans. In 1850 California statute provided that "no black, mulatto person, or Indian, shall be allowed to give evidence in favor of, or against a white man." In 1854, theColorado
1864: Miscegenation tatuteMarriage between Negroes and mulattoes, and white persons "absolutely void." Penalty: Fine between $50 and $550, or imprisonment between three months and two years, or both. 1864–1908: tatutePassed three Jim Crow laws between 1864 and 1908, all concerning miscegenation. School segregation was barred in 1876, followed by ending segregation of public facilities in 1885. Four laws protecting civil liberties were passed between 1930 and 1957 when the anti-miscegenation statute was repealed. 1908: Miscegenation tatuteMarriage between Negroes and mulattoes, and whites prohibited. Penalties: Punishable by imprisonment from three months to two years, or a fine of between $50 to $500. Performing a marriage ceremony punishable by a fine of $50 to $500, or three months to two years' imprisonment, or both. 1930: Miscegenation tatuteMiscegenation declared a misdemeanor.Connecticut
1879: Military tatuteAuthorized state to organize four independent companies of infantry of "colored men". Companies were to receive same pay as other companies, including one company parade in the Spring and one in September. 1935: Education tatuteUpheld school segregation as originally authorized by statute of 1869.Florida
* "All courtships between a white person and a Negro person, or between a white person and a person of Negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited" * "Any Black man and white woman, or any white man and/or Negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars." * "The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children shall be conducted separately." Integrated education was prohibited in Florida's Constitution of 1885. *The following is a list of legislation and penalties dealing with racial relations in Florida, some of which were in effect until passage of Florida's current Constitution in 1967: **1865: Railroad statute – "Negroes or mulattoes who intruded into any railroad car reserved for white persons would be found guilty of a misdemeanor." Whites faced the same penalty for entering a car reserved for persons of color. **1873: Barred public accommodation segregation statute – prohibited discrimination on account of race in the full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations such as inns, public transportation, theaters, schools, cemeteries and places of public amusement. This did not include private schools or cemeteries established exclusively for white or colored persons. (SeeGeorgia
* "All persons licensed to conduct a restaurant, shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room or serve the two races anywhere under the same license." * "It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race."Illinois
1927: Housing unicipal Code*Chicago adopted racially restrictive housing covenants beginning in 1927. In 1948, the United States Supreme Court ruled that enforcement of racial restrictive covenants was unconstitutional. 1953: Housing In August 1953, the first black family moved into Trumbull Park, a formerly all-white project of the Chicago Housing Authority.Indiana
Enacted seven Jim Crow laws in the areas of education and miscegenation between 1869 and 1952. Persons who violated the miscegenation law could be imprisoned between one and ten years. The state barred school segregation in 1877, followed by a law giving equal access to public facilities in 1885. 1869: Education tatuteSeparate schools to be provided for black children. If not a sufficient number of students to organize a separate school, trustees were to find other means of educating black children. 1905: Miscegenation tatuteMiscegenation prohibited. 1952: Miscegenation tatuteMarriage between whites and Negroes void. 1955: Adoption tatuteRequired that due regard be given to race on adoption petition.Kansas
Segregation laws in Kansas dealt primarily with education. The state constitution of 1859 specified separate African American schools. This practice continued until 1954.Kentucky
1866: MiscegenationLouisiana
1875* "Any person who shall rent any part of any such building to a Negro person or a Negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family, or vice versa when the building is in occupancy by a Negro person or Negro family, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and will be fined $2,000."Maryland
* 1904: "All railroad companies and corporations, and all persons running or operating cars or coaches by steam on any railroad line or track in the State of Maryland, for the transportation of passengers, are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white and colored passengers."Massachusetts
The term "Jim Crow Law" was first used in 1841 in reference to a Massachusetts law that required the railways to provide a separate car for black passengers and the "separate but equal" doctrine, Massachusetts. * 1705: The Massachusetts colonial legislature passes law prohibiting marriage and fornication between negroes or mulattoes and whites. In 1786, the ban on fornication was removed, but the ban on mixed marriages was expanded to include Indians. * 1840–1850: Public schools in the communities of Salem, Nantucket, and Boston, Massachusetts, were separated on racial criteria. In 1855 segregation in public education was officially abolished with a law by the Massachusetts legislature.Mississippi
* "printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and Negroes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine not exceeding five hundred (500.00) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months or both * "Every person... operating... any public hall, theater, opera house, motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both white and colored persons, shall separate the white race and the colored race and shall set apart and designate... certain seats therein to be occupied by white persons and a portion thereof, or certain seats therein, to be occupied by colored persons." * "The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power, and are hereby required, to assign to each white or colored passenger his or her respective car, coach or compartment. If the passenger fails to disclose his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith, shall be the sole judges of his race." * Racial Integrity Act of 1924Missouri
* "Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored..."Montana
Four Jim Crow laws were enacted in Montana between 1871 and 1921. The school segregation act was repealed in 1895. A 1909 miscegenation law prohibited marriage between Caucasians and blacks as well as Chinese and Japanese. 1871: Education tatuteChildren of African descent would be provided separate schools. 1897: Voting rights tatuteExcluded "any person living on an Indian or military reservation" from residency, unless that person had acquired a residence in a county of the state and is in the employment of the government while living on a reservation. Without residency, a person could not vote. 1897: Residency tatuteAn 1897 statute excluded "any person living on an Indian or military reservation" from residency, unless that person had acquired a residence in a county of MT and is in the employ of the government while living on a reservation." 1909: Miscegenation tatuteProhibited intermarriage between whites and Negroes, Chinese and Japanese. Penalty: Misdemeanor, carrying a fine of $500 or imprisonment of one month, or both. 1921: Miscegenation tate CodeMiscegenation prohibited. Nullified interracial marriages if parties went to another jurisdiction where legal. Also prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races.Nebraska
1865: Miscegenation tatuteDeclared marriage between whites and a Negro or mulatto as illegal. Penalty: Misdemeanor, with a fine up to $100, or imprisonment in the county jail up to six months, or both. 1911: Miscegenation tatuteMarriages between a white and colored person declared illegal. Also noted that marriages between whites and those persons with one-quarter or more Negro blood were void. 1929: Miscegenation tatuteForbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian race and those persons with one eighth or more Asian blood. 1943: Miscegenation tatuteProhibited marriage of whites with anyone with one-eighth or more Negro, Japanese or Chinese blood.Nevada
Enacted four miscegenation laws and a school segregation statute between 1865 and 1957. The education statute declared that blacks, Asians and Indians were prohibited from attending public schools, and that a separate school would be established for them if "deemed advisable." The state's miscegenation law offered an extensive list of inappropriate marriage candidates by race and color for Caucasians, including blacks, "Malay or brown race, Mongolian or yellow race, or Indian or red race." The miscegenation statute was repealed in 1959. 1865: Education tatuteNegroes, Asians, and Indians prohibited from attending public schools. The Board of Trustees of any district could establish a separate school for educating Negroes, Asians, and Indians, if deemed advisable. 1912: Miscegenation tatuteUnlawful for a white person to intermarry with any person of "Ethiopian or black race, Malay or brown race, Mongolian or yellow race, or Indian or red race, within the State." Penalty: Misdemeanor for participants and the minister who performs such a ceremony. White persons found to be living with the above-mentioned groups would be fined between $100 and $500, or confined in the county jail from six months to one year, or both. 1929: Miscegenation tatuteMiscegenation declared a misdemeanor. Also forbade marriages between persons of the Caucasian, Asian and Malay races. 1955: Miscegenation tatuteMiscegenation illegal. Penalty: $500 to $1,000 and/or six months to one year imprisonment. 1957: Miscegenation tatuteGross misdemeanor for white to marry person of black, brown, or yellow race.New Mexico
* "Separate roomsNorth Carolina
* "Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them." (written in 1889) * "The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books or periodicals."North Dakota
The state passed three Jim Crow laws. A 1943 statute barring miscegenation was repealed in 1955. An 1899 Constitutional amendment gave the legislature authority to implement educational qualifications for electors. 1933: Education tatuteLaw stated that "it would not be expedient to have the Indian children mingle with the white children in our educational institutions by reason of the vastly different temperament and mode of living and other differences and difficulties of the two races. 1943: Miscegenation tate CodeCohabitation between blacks and whites prohibited. Penalty: 30 days to one year imprisonment, or $100 to $500 fine.Ohio
Enacted a miscegenation statute in 1877 and a school segregation law in 1878. Segregation of public facilities was barred in 1884, and the earlier miscegenation and school segregation laws were overturned in 1887. In 1953, the state enacted a law requiring that race be considered in adoption decisions which was supplanted in 1996 by Ohio's implementation of the federal multiethnic placement act (MEPA), by an administrative rule which is still in place as of February, 2021. 1877: Miscegenation tatuteUnlawful for a person of "pure white blood, who intermarries, or has illicit carnal intercourse, with any Negro or person having a distinct and visible admixture of African blood." Penalty: Fined up to $100, or imprisoned up to three months, or both. Any person who knowingly officiates such a marriage charged with misdemeanor and fined up to $100 or imprisoned in three months, or both. 1878: Education tatuteSchool districts given discretion to organize separate schools for colored children if "in their judgment it may be for the advantage of the district to do so." 1953: Adoption tatuteRace to be taken into account on adoption petitions.Oklahoma
1903: Mining-bath facilities tatute"The baths and lockers for the Negroes shall be separate from the white race, but may be in the same building." (Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS) 1904: Education-Teaching tatute"Any instructor who shall teach in any school, college or institution where members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils for instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars for each offense." (Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS) 1907: Voting onstitutionIn 1907, an amendment passed requiring electors to read and write any section of the state constitution. Exempted were those who were enfranchised on Jan. 1, 1866, and lineal descendants of such persons. (Declared unconstitutional in 1915; however, the provision for literacy was upheld.) NOTE: The Amendment allowed Persons of Indian descent to vote. 1907: Funerals tatuteBlacks were not allowed to use the same hearse as whites. 1908: Voting tate CodeIn 1907, inmates of institutions were excluded from voting. "Any person kept in a poorhouse at public expense, except federal, Confederate, and Spanish-American ex-soldiers or sailors." 1928: Recreation—Fishing, Boating, and Bathing tatute"The onservationCommission shall have the right to make segregation of the white and colored races as to the exercise of rights of fishing, boating and bathing." (Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS) 1937: Telephone Booths tatute"The Corporation Commission is hereby vested with power and authority to require telephone companies...to maintain separate booths for white and colored patrons when there is a demand for such separate booths. That the Corporation Commission shall determine the necessity for said separate booths only upon complaint of the people in the town and vicinity to be served after due hearing as now provided by law in other complaints filed with the Corporation Commission." (Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS)Oregon
Enacted two miscegenation laws in 1867 and 1930 prohibiting intermarriage between whites and blacks, Chinese,Pennsylvania
1869: Education tatuteBlack children were prohibited from attending Pittsburgh schools.Rhode Island
1872: Miscegenation tate CodeProhibited intermarriage. Penalty: $1,000 fine, or up to six months' imprisonment.South Carolina
* "No persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to passengers at station restaurants or station eating houses, in times limited by common carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said meals to white and colored passengers in the same room, or at the same table, or at the same counter." * "Electric railways outside of the corporate limits of cities and towns shall have authority to separate the races in their cars, and the conductors in charge of said cars are hereby authorized and directed to separate the races in said cars under their charge and control." * "Any circus or other such traveling show exhibiting under canvas or out of doors for gain shall maintain two main entrances to such exhibition, and one shall be for white people and the other entrance shall be for colored people, and such main entrances shall be plainly marked "For White People," and the other entrance shall be marked "For Colored People," and all white persons attending such show or traveling exhibition other than those connected with the said show shall pass in and out of the entrance provided for white persons, and all colored persons attending such show or traveling exhibition shall pass in and out of the entrance provided for colored persons." * "That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation engaged in the business of cotton textile manufacturing in this State to allow or permit operatives, help and labor of different races to labor and work together within the same room, or to use the same doors of entrance and exit at the same time, or to use and occupy the same pay ticket windows or doors for paying off its operatives and laborers at the same time, or to use the same stairway and windows at the same time, or to use at any time the same lavatories, toilets, drinking water buckets, pails, cups, dippers or glasses:" * "It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, having the control or custody of any white child, by right of guardianship, natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white child permanently into the custody, control, maintenance, or support, of a negro." * "It shall be unlawful for any white man to intermarry with any woman of either the Indian or negro races, or any mulatto, mestizo, or half breed, or for any white woman to intermarry with any person other than a white man, or for any mulatto, half-breed, Indian, negro or mestizo to intermarry with a white woman; and any such marriage, or attempted marriage, shall be utterly null and void and of none effect;"South Dakota
Enacted three miscegenation laws between 1809 and 1913, and a 1952 statute that required adoption petitions to state the race of both the petitioner and child. A 1913 miscegenation law broadened the list of races unacceptable as marriage partners for whites to include persons belonging to the "African, Korean, Malayan, or Mongolian race." This law reflected the nation's growing tension over the massive waves of immigrants entering the country during the early twentieth century. The miscegenation law was repealed in 1957. 1909: Miscegenation emknsIntermarriage or illicit cohabitation forbidden between blacks and whites. Penalty: Felony, punishable by a fine up to $1,000, or by imprisonment up to ten years, or both. 1913: Miscegenation tatuteLaw expanded to prohibit marriage between whites and persons belonging to the "African, Corean orean Malayan, or Mongolian race." Penalty: Felony, punishable by a fine up to $1,000, or by imprisonment in state prison up to ten years, or both. 1929: Miscegenation tatuteMiscegenation declared a felony. Also forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian, Asian and Malay races. 1952: Adoption tate CodeAdoption petitions must state race of petitioner and child.Tennessee
The state of Tennessee enacted 20 Jim Crow laws between 1866 and 1955, including six requiring school segregation, four which outlawed miscegenation, three which segregated railroads, two requiring segregation for public accommodations, and one which mandated segregation on streetcars. The 1868 law declared that no citizen could be excluded from the University of Tennessee because of race or color but then mandated that instructional facilities for black students be separate from those used by white students. As of 1954, segregation laws for miscegenation, transportation and public accommodation were still in effect. 1866: Education tatuteSeparate schools required for white and black children. 1869: Barred school segregation tatuteWhile no citizen of Tennessee could be excluded from attending the University of Tennessee on account of his race or color, "the accommodation and instruction of persons of color shall be separate from those for white persons." 1870: Miscegenation onstitutionIntermarriage prohibited between white persons and Negroes, or descendants of Negro ancestors to the third generation. 1870: Miscegenation tatutePenalty for intermarriage between whites and blacks was labeled a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary from one to five years. 1870: Education tatuteSchools for white and colored children to be kept separate. 1873: Education tatute"White and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school, but in separate schools under the same general regulations as to management, usefulness and efficiency." 1875: Public accommodations tatuteHotel keepers, carriers of passengers and keepers of places of amusement have the right to control access and exclude persons as "that of any private person over his private house." 1881: Railroads tatuteRailroad companies required to furnish separate cars for colored passengers who pay first-class rates. Cars to be kept in good repair, and subject to the same rules governing other first-class cars for preventing smoking and obscene language. Penalty: If companies fail to enforce the law required to pay a forfeit of $100, half to be paid to the person suing, the other half to be paid to the state's school fund. 1882: Railroads tatute 1881: law amended to state that railroads required to supply first-class passenger cars to all persons paying first-class rates. Penalty: $300 fine payable to the public school fund. 1885: Public accommodations tatuteAll well-behaved persons to be admitted to theaters, parks, shows, or other public amusements, but also declared that proprietors had the right to create separate accommodations for whites and Negroes. 1891: Railroads tatuteRailways to provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races. Penalty: Railroad companies that failed to comply with law guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fines from $100 to $500. Conductors could be fined from $25 to $50. 1901: Education tatuteUnlawful for any school or college to permit white and colored persons to attend the same school. Penalty: $50 fine, or imprisonment from 30 days to six months, or both. 1905: Streetcars tatuteAll street cars required to designate a portion of each car for white passengers and also for colored passengers. Required signs to be posted. Special cars could be run for one race exclusively. Penalty: Streetcar companies could be fined $25 for each offense. Passengers who refused to take the proper seat could be fined $25. 1925: Education tatuteSeparate elementary and high schools to be maintained for white and Negro children. 1932: Race classification tate CodeClassified "Negro" as any person with any Negro blood. 1932: Miscegenation tate CodeMiscegenation declared a felony. 1932: Education tate CodeRequired racially segregated high schools. 1953: Voting rights protected onstitutionRepealed poll tax statute. 1955: Public carriers tate CodePublic carriers to be segregated. 1955: Employment tate CodeSeparate washrooms in mines required. 1955: Health Care tate CodeSeparate buildings for black and white patients in hospitals for the insane. 1955: Miscegenation tate CodeProhibited marriage or living together as man and wife between racially mixed persons. Penalty: One to five years imprisonment in county jail, or fine.Texas
Twenty-nine Jim Crow laws were passed in Texas. The state enacted one anti-segregation law in 1871 barring separation of the races on public carriers. This law was repealed in 1889. 1865:Utah
Five miscegenation laws were passed in Utah between 1851 and 1953, prohibiting intermarriage between whites and those of African or Asian descent. School segregation was barred in 1895. The state's miscegenation law was repealed in 1963. 1851: Miscegenation n Act in Relation to Service, Sec. 4, Acts of the Territory of Utah, 1851.Prohibited sexual intercourse between any white person and "any of the African race". 1888: Miscegenation hapter XLV, Laws of Utah, 1888.Intermarriage prohibit between a Negro and a white person, and between a "Mongolian" and a white person. 1907: Miscegenation hapter 29, Laws of Utah, 1907. Amended 1184, Revised Statutes of Utah, 1898Marriage laws amended, with earlier intermarriage provision remaining the same. 1933: Miscegenation evised Statute, 1933. Statute 40-1-2.Prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races. 1953: Miscegenation tate CodeMarriage between "white and Negro, Malayan, mulatto,Virginia
#Be it enacted by the (general) assembly of Virginia, That the State registrar of vital statistics may, as soon as practicable after the taking effect of this act, prepare a form whereon the racial composition of any individual, as Caucasian, Negro, Mongolian, American Indian, Asiatic Indian, Malay, or any mixture thereof, or any other non-Caucasic strains, and if there be any mixture, then, the racial composition of the parents and other ancestors, in so far as ascertainable, so as to show in what generation such mixture occurred, may be certified by such individual, which form shall be known as a registration certificate. The State registrar may supply to each local registrar a sufficient number of such forms for the purpose of this act; each local registrar may; personally or by deputy, as soon as possible after receiving such forms, have made thereon in duplicate a certificate of the racial composition, as aforesaid, of each person resident in his district, who so desires, born before June 14, 1912, which certificate shall be made over the signature of said person, or in the case of children under fourteen years of age, over the signature of a parent, guardian, or other person standing in loco parentis. One of said certificates for each person thus registering in every district shall be forwarded to the State registrar for his files; the other shall be kept on file by the local registrar. Every local registrar may, as soon as practicable, have such registration certificate made by or for each person in his district who so desires, born before June 14, 1912, for whom he has not on file a registration certificate, or a birth certificate. #It shall be a felony for any person wilfully or knowingly to make a registration certificate false as to color or race. The willful making of a false registration or birth certificate shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for one year. #For each registration certificate properly made and returned to the State registrar, the local registrar returning the same shall be entitled to a fee of twenty-five cents, to be paid by the registrant. Application for registration and for transcript may be made direct to the State registrar, who may retain the fee for expenses of his office. #No marriage license shall be granted until the clerk or deputy clerk has reasonable assurance that the statements as to color of both man and woman are correct. If there is reasonable cause to disbelieve that applicants are of pure white race, when that fact is stated, the clerk or deputy clerk shall withhold the granting of the license until satisfactory proof is produced that both applicants are "white persons" as provided for in this act. The clerk or deputy clerk shall use the same care to assure himself that both applicants are colored, when that fact is claimed. #It shall hereafter be unlawful for any white person in this State to marry any save a white person,or a person with no other admixture of blood than white and American Indian. For the purpose of this act, the term "white person" shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian; but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian and have no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed to be white persons. All laws heretofore passed and now in effect regarding the intermarriage of white and colored persons shall apply to marriages prohibited by this act. #For carrying out the purposes of this act and to provide the necessary clerical assistance, postage and other expenses of the State registrar of vital statistics, twenty percent of the fees received by local registrars under this act shall be paid to the State bureau of vital statistics, which may be expended by the said bureau for the purposes of this act. #All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with this act are, to the extent of such inconsistency, hereby repealed.Washington State
Enacted a miscegenation statute in 1866 forbidding marriage between whites and Negroes or Indians. This law was repealed in 1887. Six civil rights laws barring segregation were passed between 1890 and 1956. 1866: Miscegenation tatuteProhibited marriage between white persons and Negroes, Indians, or a person of half or more Negro or Indian blood. 1887: Barred anti-miscegenation tatuteRepealed anti-miscegenation law. 1896: Voting rights onstitution"Indians not taxed shall never be allowed the elective franchise." 1896: Voting onstitutionA constitutional passed in 1896 requiring electors to read and speak English. In 1912 a statute was passed noting, "If naturalized, must furnish satisfactory evidence that he is capable of reading and speaking the English language so as to comprehend the meaning of ordinary English prose." 1920: Restrictive Housing Covenants unicipal CodeBeginning in the 1920s, Seattle realtors frequently discriminated against minorities. In November 1927 the Capitol Hill development used a covenant that read: "The parties...agree each with the others that no part of the lands owned by them shall ever be used or occupied by or sold, conveyed, leased, rented or given to Negroes or any person of Negro blood." An April 1928 covenant for the Broadmoor subdivision read: "No part of said property hereby conveyed shall ever be used or occupied by any Hebrew or any person of the Ethiopian, Malay or any Asiatic race..." Until 1950, Article 34 of the Code of Ethics for realtors in Seattle included the following clause: "A Realtor should never be instrumental in introducing into a neighborhood a character of property or occupancy, members of any race or nationality, or any individual whose presence will clearly be detrimental to property values in that neighborhood." Voluntary agreements between realtors and homeowners continued well into the 1960s. In 1964, Seattle voters rejected a referendum that prohibited housing discrimination. In April 1968, the city council passed an open housing ordinance, making restrictive covenants illegal.West Virginia
1863: Anti-miscegenation law included in the state constitution. Overturned byWyoming
1887: Education tatuteSeparate schools could be provided for colored children when there were fifteen or more colored children within any school district. 1889: Voting rights onstitutionRequired electors to read the state Constitution. 1908: Intermarriage tatuteAll marriages of white persons with Negroes, Mulattos, Mongolians, or Malaya hereafter contracted in the State of Wyoming are and shall be illegal and void. (Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS) 1931: Education tatuteSchools to be segregated only when fifteen or more colored children were in a district. 1931: Miscegenation tatuteDeclared miscegenation a misdemeanor. Also prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian, Asian and Malay races. 1945: Miscegenation tatuteMarriage of whites to Negroes, mulattoes, Mongolians, Malayans void. Penalty: $100 to $1,000 and/or one to five years imprisonment.Notes
Bibliography
* {{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Jim Crow Law Examples By State United States racial desegregation case law Jim Crow African American-related lists