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The list of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land identifies those conflicts in the 11th through 16th centuries that are referred to as Crusades or
Crusading The First Crusade inspired the crusading movement, which became an important part of late medieval western culture. The movement influenced the Church, politics, the economy, society and created a distinct ideology that described, regulated, a ...
. These include the traditional numbered crusades and others that prominent historians have identified as crusades. The scope of the term "crusade" is defined by French historian Louis R. Bréhier, writing in the
Catholic Encyclopedia The ''Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church'' (also referred to as the ''Old Catholic Encyclopedia'' and the ''Original Catholic Encyclopedia'') i ...
.Bréhier, Louis René (1908). " Crusades". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. This list first discusses the traditional numbered crusades, with the various lesser-known crusades interspersed. The later crusades in the Levant through the 16th century are then listed. This is followed by lists of the crusades against the Byzantine empire, crusades that may have been pilgrimages, popular crusades, crusades against heretics and schismatics, political crusades, the Northern Crusades, crusades in the Iberian peninsula, Italian crusades and planned crusades that were never executed. Comprehensive studies of the Crusades ''in toto'' include Murray's ''Encyclopedia,'' Stephen Runciman's ''
A History of the Crusades ''A History of the Crusades'' by Steven Runciman, published in three volumes during 1951–1954 (vol. I - ''The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem''; vol. II - ''The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187' ...
,'' 3 volumes (1951–1954), and the Wisconsin Collaborative ''History of the Crusades,'' 6 volumes (1969-1989).


Crusades to the Holy Land (1095–1291)

The conflicts that are usually associated with crusades in the Holy Land begin with the
Council of Clermont The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, called by Pope Urban II and held from 17 to 27 November 1095 at Clermont, Auvergne, at the time part of the Duchy of Aquitaine. Pope Urban's speec ...
in 1095 and end with the loss of Acre in 1291. These include the numbered Crusades (First through Eighth or Ninth) with numerous smaller crusades intermixed. One of the first to view the Crusades as a movement was English historian
Thomas Fuller Thomas Fuller (baptised 19 June 1608 – 16 August 1661) was an English churchman and historian. He is now remembered for his writings, particularly his ''Worthies of England'', published in 1662, after his death. He was a prolific author, and ...
(1608–1661), whose ''Historie of the Holy Warre'' (1639) identified crusades as the Holy War consisting of "Voyages," numbering One through Thirteen, plus a Last Voyage and two additional Holy Wars. These Voyages include the First through Eighth Crusades in current numbering. Shortly thereafter, French Jesuit
Louis Maimbourg Louis Maimbourg ( la, Ludovicus Mamburgus; January 10, 1610, Nancy – August 13, 1686, Paris) was a French Jesuit and historian. Biography Born at Nancy, Maimbourg entered the Society of Jesus at the age of sixteen, and after studying at Rome ...
(1610–1686) published his ''Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte'' (1675), identify the First through Fifth Crusades. In his work ''The Crusades—An Encyclopedia,'' historian Alan V. Murray further explains the traditional numbering of crusades: The list of the Crusades to the Holy Land from 1095 through 1291 is as follows. First Crusade. The First Crusade (1095–1099) refers to the activities from the Council of Clermont of 1095 through the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the
battle of Ascalon The Battle of Ascalon took place on 12 August 1099 shortly after the capture of Jerusalem, and is often considered the last action of the First Crusade. The crusader army led by Godfrey of Bouillon defeated and drove off a Fatimid army, secu ...
in 1099. Sometimes segregated into the People's Crusade and the Princes' Crusade. Some accounts also include the Crusade of 1101 here. The original chroniclers of the First Crusade did not, of course, refer to at such, or even as a crusade (as noted above). In the twelve Latin chronicles, the event is called, for example, the Deeds of the Franks or the Expedition to Jerusalem.
Anna Komnene Anna Komnene ( gr, Ἄννα Κομνηνή, Ánna Komnēnḗ; 1 December 1083 – 1153), commonly Latinized as Anna Comnena, was a Byzantine princess and author of the '' Alexiad'', an account of the reign of her father, the Byzantine emperor, ...
simply notes the arrival of the various armies in Constantinople, and Arabic historian ibn Athir calls it the Coming of the Franks. Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 1 of the Holy Warre. It is unclear as to who first used the term, but it has been credited to Louis Maimbourg in his 1675 ''Histoire des Croisades.'' The term was certainly in common use by the 18th century as seen in Voltaire's ''Histoire des Croisades'' (1750–1751)Voltaire, 1. (1751)
Histoire des croisades
Berlin.
and Edward Gibbon's
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' is a six-volume work by the English historian Edward Gibbon. It traces Western civilization (as well as the Islamic and Mongolian conquests) from the height of the Roman Empire to t ...
(1776–1789).Gibbon, E., Milman, H. Hart. (1871)
The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire
A new ed., Phila.: J. B. Lippincott & co..
Thomas Asbridge's ''The First Crusade: A New History'' (2004) is among the standard references used today. People's Crusade. The
People's Crusade The People's Crusade was the beginning phase of the First Crusade whose objective was to retake the Holy Land, and Jerusalem in particular, from Islamic rule. After in 1095 the head of the Roman Catholic Church Pope Urban II started to urge faith ...
(1096) was a prelude to the First Crusade led by Peter the Hermit, the first of what is known as the
Popular Crusades The popular crusades were several movements "animated by crusading enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic ...
. It is sometimes regarded as an integral part of the First Crusade, with the Princes' Crusade as the second part. A standard reference is ''Peter der Eremite. Ein kritischer Beitrag zur Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges'' (1879) by pioneering German historian Heinrich Hagenmeyer (1834–1915). Peter and his crusade achieved a popular status in the 19th century through such works as ''Heroes of the Crusades'' (1869) by Barbara Hutton. The references shown above for the First Crusade generally cover the People's Crusade as well. Crusade of 1101. The
Crusade of 1101 The Crusade of 1101 was a minor crusade of three separate movements, organized in 1100 and 1101 in the successful aftermath of the First Crusade. It is also called the Crusade of the Faint-Hearted due to the number of participants who joined this ...
(1101–1102) was also called the Crusade of the Faint-Hearted. Campaigns that followed the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 that were generally ignored by 18th and 19th century historians. Thomas Fuller nevertheless referred to it as Voyage 2 of the Holy Warre whereas Jonathan Riley-Smith considered it part of the First Crusade in his ''The First Crusaders, 1095-1131'' (1997). Norwegian Crusade. The
Norwegian Crusade The Norwegian Crusade, led by Norwegian King Sigurd I, was a crusade or a pilgrimage (sources differ) that lasted from 1107 to 1111, in the aftermath of the First Crusade. The Norwegian Crusade marks the first time a European king personally ...
(1107–1110), also known as the Crusade of
Sigurd Jorsalfar Sigurd Magnusson (1089 – 26 March 1130), also known as Sigurd the Crusader (Old Norse: ''Sigurðr Jórsalafari'', Norwegian: ''Sigurd Jorsalfar''), was King of Norway (being Sigurd I) from 1103 to 1130. His rule, together with his half-broth ...
, king of Norway. More of a pilgrimage than a crusade, it did include the participation in military action, with the king's forces participation in the
siege of Sidon The siege of Sidon was an event in the aftermath of the First Crusade. The coastal city of Sidon was captured by the forces of Baldwin I of Jerusalem and Sigurd I of Norway, with assistance from the Ordelafo Faliero, Doge of Venice. Backgrou ...
. This crusade marks the first time a European king visited the Holy Land. This crusade is described in ''
Heimskringla ''Heimskringla'' () is the best known of the Old Norse kings' sagas. It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorre Sturlason (1178/79–1241) 1230. The name ''Heimskringla'' was first used in the 17th century, derived ...
'' by Icelandic historian
Snorri Sturluson Snorri Sturluson ( ; ; 1179 – 22 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He is commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of the ...
.Lock, P. ''The Routledge Companion to the Crusades.'' Crusade of Sigurd of Norway, 1107-1110. p. 144.Krag, Klaus.
Sigurd 1 Magnusson Jorsalfare
. ''Norsk biografisk leksikon''.
Venetian Crusade. The
Venetian Crusade The Venetian Crusade of 1122–1124 was an expedition to the Holy Land launched by the Republic of Venice that succeeded in capturing Tyre. It was an important victory at the start of a period when the Kingdom of Jerusalem would expand to i ...
(1122–1124), also known as the Crusade of
Calixtus II Pope Callixtus II or Callistus II ( – 13 December 1124), born Guy of Burgundy, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 February 1119 to his death in 1124. His pontificate was shaped by the Investiture Controversy, ...
. The Western participants from the Republic of Venice were regarded by Riley-Smith as First Crusaders, and the actions resulted in the capture of Tyre from the Damascene atabeg Toghtekin. This marked a major victor for
Baldwin II of Jerusalem Baldwin II, also known as Baldwin of Bourcq or Bourg (; – 21August 1131), was Count of Edessa from 1100 to 1118, and King of Jerusalem from 1118 until his death. He accompanied his cousins Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin of Boulogne to the ...
prior to his second captivity in 1123. Crusade of 1129. The
Crusade of 1129 The Crusade of 1129 or the Damascus Crusade was a military campaign of the Kingdom of Jerusalem with forces from the other crusader states and from western Europe against the Emirate of Damascus. The brainchild of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, t ...
, also known as the Damascus Crusade, was begun by Baldwin II of Jerusalem after his captivity. The crusade failed in its objective to capture Damascus and is described by Syriac historian
Michael the Syrian Michael the Syrian ( ar, ميخائيل السرياني, Mīkhaʾēl el Sūryani:),( syc, ܡܺܝܟ݂ܳܐܝܶܠ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܳܐ, Mīkhoʾēl Sūryoyo), died 1199 AD, also known as Michael the Great ( syr, ܡܺܝܟ݂ܳܐܝܶܠ ܪܰܒ݁ܳܐ, ...
in his ''Chronicle'' (after 1195). Second Crusade. The Second Crusade (1147–1150). After the disastrous siege of Edessa in 1144, the Western powers launched the Second Crusade, which accomplished little. Principal chroniclers of the event were
Odo of Deuil Odo of Deuil (1110 – 18 April 1162), his first name also spelled Odon, Eude or Eudes, was a French historian of and participant in the Second Crusade (1147–1149). Born at Deuil to a modest family, he became a monk and was a confidant of Suger, ...
, chaplin to Louis VII of France, who wrote his account ''De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem'' and Otto of Freising who wrote ''Gesta Friderici imperatoris'' concerning the emperor Frederick Barbarosso. Referred to as the Second Crusade in Maimbourg's ''Histoire des Croisades.''.. as well as Georg Müller's ''De Expedition Cruciatis Vulgo Von Kreutz Fahrten'' (1709). Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 3 of the Holy Warre. The Wendish Crusade of 1147 (one of the Northern Crusades) is usually associated with the Second Crusade. Crusader invasions of Egypt. The Crusader Invasions of Egypt (1154–1169) were attacks into Egypt by
Amalric I of Jerusalem Amalric or Amaury I ( la, Amalricus; french: Amaury; 113611 July 1174) was King of Jerusalem from 1163, and Count of Jaffa and Ascalon before his accession. He was the second son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem, and succeeded his older bro ...
to take advantage of crises concerning the
Fatimids The Fatimid Caliphate was an Ismaili Shi'a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries AD. Spanning a large area of North Africa, it ranged from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east. The Fatimids, a dyn ...
. These activities eventually led to the fall of the Fatimids and the rise of Saladin and the
Ayyubid dynasty The Ayyubid dynasty ( ar, الأيوبيون '; ) was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultan of Egypt, Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate, Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni ...
. Crusade to the East of Philip of Flanders. The Crusade to the East (1177) was a crusade led by
Philip I, Count of Flanders Philip I (1143 – 1 August 1191), commonly known as Philip of Alsace, was count of Flanders from 1168 to 1191. During his rule Flanders prospered economically. He took part in two crusades and died of disease in the Holy Land. Count of Flanders ...
that intended to invade Egypt, instead only mounting an unsuccessful siege of Harim. Third Crusade. The Third Crusade (1189–1192). The Third Crusade was in response to the loss of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187 and had significant English participation, under Richard I of England, as well as by the emperor
Frederick Barbarossa Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (german: link=no, Friedrich I, it, Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later. He was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on ...
and
Philip II of France Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), byname Philip Augustus (french: Philippe Auguste), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His predecessors had been known as kings of the Franks, but from 1190 onward, Philip became the first French ...
. To the English, it was known as the ''
Itinerarium Regis Ricardi The ''Itinerarium Regis Ricardi'' (in full, ''Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi'') is a Latin prose narrative of the Third Crusade, 1189-1192. The first part of the book concentrates on Saladin's conquests and the early stages of the ...
,'' the Itinerary of king Richard, and to the Germans as the expedition of Frederick, as described in '' Historia Peregrinorum'' (History of the Pilgrims). Thomas Andrew Archer's ''The Crusade of Richard I, 1189–1192'' (1889) provides a comprehensive look at the crusade and its sources. Thomas Fuller referred to Frederick's portion as Voyage 4 of the Holy Warre, and Richard's portion as Voyage 5. The numbering of this crusade followed the same history as the first ones, with English histories such as David Hume's The History of England (1754–1761) and Charles Mills' History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land (1820) identifying it as the Third Crusade. The former only considers the follow-on crusades to the extent that England participated. Crusade of Emperor Henry VI. The Crusade of Henry VI (1197–1198) was also known as the
Crusade of 1197 The Crusade of 1197, also known as the Crusade of Henry VI (german: Kreuzzug Heinrichs VI.) or the German Crusade (''Deutscher Kreuzzug''), was a crusade launched by the Hohenstaufen emperor Henry VI in response to the aborted attempt of his f ...
or the German Crusade. A crusade led by Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI as a follow-up to the Third Crusade. Although Henry died before the crusade began, it was modestly successful with the recapture of Beirut. Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 6 of the Holy Warre. Fourth Crusade. The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was also known as the Unholy Crusade. A major component of the crusade was against the Byzantine empire. Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 7 of the Holy Warre.
Charles du Cange Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange (; December 18, 1610 in Amiens – October 23, 1688 in Paris, aged 77), also known simply as Charles Dufresne, was a distinguished French philologist and historian of the Middle Ages and Byzantium. Life Educate ...
, wrote the first serious study of the Fourth Crusade in his ''Histoire de l'empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs françois'' (1657). Geoffrey of Villehardouin was a knight and historian who wrote his eyewitness account '' De la Conquête de Constantinople'' (c. 1215) of the crusade and its aftermath. Voltaire did not call it a crusade in his ''Histoire des Croisades'', instead calling it the ''Suite de la Prise de Constantinople par les Croisés.'' Jonathan Philips' ''The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople'' (2004) is a standard reference today. Fifth Crusade. The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was a failed attempt to recapture Jerusalem by first conquering Cairo. Critical original sources include ''Historia Damiatina'' by Oliver of Paderborn (died 1227) and ''
Chronica Hungarorum ''Chronica Hungarorum'' (Chronicle of the Hungarians) is the title of several works treating the early Hungarian history. Buda Chronicle A popular chronicle partly based on the ''Chronicon Pictum'' (entitled just ''Chronica Hungarorum'') was c ...
'' by Joannes de Thurocz, compiled in the collection ''Gesta Dei per Francos'' (God's Work through the Franks) (1611) by
Jacques Bongars Jacques Bongars (155429 July 1612) was a French scholar and diplomat. Life Bongars was born at Orléans, and was brought up in the Reformed faith. He obtained his early education at Marburg and Jena, and returning to France continued his studies ...
. A standard reference is Reinhold Röhricht's ''Studien zur Geschichte des fünften Kreuzzuges'' (1891). Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 8 of the Holy Warre. Sixth Crusade. The
Sixth Crusade The Sixth Crusade (1228–1229), also known as the Crusade of Frederick II, was a military expedition to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actua ...
(1228–1229), was also known as the Crusade of Emperor Frederick II. Sometimes regarded as part of the Fifth Crusade, it was an extension of that activity that involved little fighting. Jerusalem was nevertheless returned to Western hands by negotiation. Original sources include '' Chronica Majora'' (1259) by
Matthew Paris Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris ( la, Matthæus Parisiensis, lit=Matthew the Parisian; c. 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey i ...
and ''
Flores Historiarum The ''Flores Historiarum'' (Flowers of History) is the name of two different (though related) Latin chronicles by medieval English historians that were created in the 13th century, associated originally with the Abbey of St Albans. Wendover's ...
'' (1235) by
Roger of Wendover Roger of Wendover (died 6 May 1236), probably a native of Wendover in Buckinghamshire, was an English chronicler of the 13th century. At an uncertain date he became a monk at St Albans Abbey; afterwards he was appointed prior of the cell of B ...
, with Arabic sources that include Abu'l-Feda's ''Tarikh al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar'' (1329). Modern histories include Röhricht's ''Die Kreuzfahrt Kaiser Friedrich des Zweiten (1228–1229)'' (1872). Referred to it as Voyage 9 of the Holy Warre by Thomas Fuller in his 1639 ''Historie''. See also references under the Crusade against Frederick II (1220–1241) below. Barons' Crusade.
Barons' Crusade The Barons' Crusade (1239–1241), also called the Crusade of 1239, was a crusade to the Holy Land that, in territorial terms, was the most successful crusade since the First Crusade. Called by Pope Gregory IX, the Barons' Crusade broadly embodi ...
(1239–1241) was also referred to as the Crusade of 1239, or the Crusade of Theobald I of Navarre and the Crusade of
Richard of Cornwall Richard (5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272) was an English prince who was King of the Romans from 1257 until his death in 1272. He was the second son of John, King of England, and Isabella, Countess of Angoulême. Richard was nominal Count of Po ...
. Called for in 1234 by Gregory IX in his papal bull '' Rachel suum videns.'' Successful expeditions to recaptured portions of the Holy Land. First treated by R. Röhricht in his ''Die Kreuzzuge des Grafen Theobald von Navarra und Richard von Cornwallis nach dem heligen Landen''.Röhricht, R. (1886). ''Die Kreuzzuge des Grafen Theobald von Navarra und Richard von Cornwallis nach dem heligen Landen''. In Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte 36(1886), pp. 67-81. Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyages 10 and 11 of the Holy Warre. Crusade of Theobald I of Navarre. The Crusade of Theobald I of Navarre (1239–1240) was a crusade led by Theobald I of Navarre, also referred to as Thibaut of Navarre or Theobald of Champagne. Part of the Barons' Crusade, 1239–1241. Among modern historians,
René Grousset Biography Grousset was born in Aubais, Gard in 1885. Having graduated from the University of Montpellier with a degree in history, he began his distinguished career soon afterward. He served in the French army during World War I. In 1925, ...
was among the first to discuss this crusade in his ''Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem'' (1934-1936) Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 10 of the Holy Warre.Painter, Sidney (1977).
Chapter XII: The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241
. In Wolff, Robert L. and Hazard, H. W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume Two, The Later Crusades 1187-1311''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 44-85
Crusade of Richard of Cornwall. The Crusade of Richard of Cornwall (1240–1241) was also known as the Crusade of
Richard of Cornwall Richard (5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272) was an English prince who was King of the Romans from 1257 until his death in 1272. He was the second son of John, King of England, and Isabella, Countess of Angoulême. Richard was nominal Count of Po ...
and Simon of Montfort to Jaffa. Richard also held the title King of the Romans, and had a noteworthy biography written by
Noël Denholm-Young Noël Denholm-Young (5 January 1904 – 30 June 1975) was an English historian. He was a Fellow and archivist of Magdalen College, Oxford specialising in the political history of late medieval England. He worked as keeper of Western manuscripts at ...
. Usually referred to as part of the Barons' Crusade, 1239–1241. Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 11 of the Holy Warre. Crusade to Tzurulum. The Crusade to Tzurulum (1239) led by future Latin emperor Baldwin of Courtenay was conducted concurrently with the Barons' Crusade. In the military action, Baldwin besieged and captured Tzurulum, a Nicaean stronghold west of Constantinople. Crusade against the Mongols. The Crusade against the Mongols (1241) was led by
Conrad IV of Germany Conrad (25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the only son of Emperor Frederick II from his second marriage with Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem. He inherited the title of King of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) up ...
and is also known as the Anti-Mongol Crusade of 1241. British historian Peter Jackson documented this crusade in his study ''Crusade against the Mongols (1241)''.Runciman, Steven (1951). ''A History of the Crusades, Volume Three:  The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades'', Cambridge University Press, London. Chapter III.1. The Coming of the Mongols.Cahen, Claude. (1977).
Chapter XXI: The Mongols and the Near East.
. In Wolff, Robert L. and Hazard, H. W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume Two, The Later Crusades 1187-1311''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 715-733.
Seventh Crusade. The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) os also known as the Crusade of
Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis or Louis the Saint, was King of France from 1226 to 1270, and the most illustrious of the Direct Capetians. He was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the ...
to the East, or Louis IX's First Crusade. Early works on this crusade include Primat of Saint-Denis' ''Roman des rois'' (1274) and Jean de Joinville's ''Life of Saint Louis'' (1309)''.Villehardouin, G. de., Joinville, J. (19551908). Villehardouin and de Joinville
Memoirs of the Crusades
London: J.M. Dent .
'' Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 12 of the Holy Warre. Grousset's ''Histoire des croisades...'' and Peter Jackson's ''Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254: Sources and Documents'' (2007) provide the necessary historical background.Runciman, Steven (1951). ''A History of the Crusades, Volume Three:  The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades'', Cambridge University Press, London. Chapter III.2. Saint Louis.Strayer, Joseph R. (1977).
Chapter XIV: The Crusades of Louis IX
. In Wolff, Robert L. and Hazard, H. W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume Two, The Later Crusades 1187-1311''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 486-518.
Crusade of Odo of Burgundy. The Crusade of Odo of Burgundy (1265–1266) was an expedition of
Odo, Count of Nevers Odo of Burgundy, in French ''Eudes de Bourgogne'' (1230 – 4 August 1266), was the Count of Nevers, Auxerre and Tonnerre and son of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Yolande of Dreux. In 1265, Odo became one of the last European barons to lead ...
, who led 50 knights to protect Acre from Mamluk sultan
Baibars Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari ( ar, الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري, ''al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī'') (1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), of Turkic Kipchak ...
. Crusade of 1267. The Crusade of 1267 was an expedition from the Upper Rhine to counter the threat posed by Baibars. Crusade of Charles of Anjou. The Crusade of Charles of Anjou against Lucera (1268) refers to the attack made by
Charles I of Anjou Charles I (early 1226/12277 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou. He was Count of Provence (1246–85) and Forcalquier (1246–48, 1256–85) i ...
on the Muslims at Lucera in conjunction with the Crusade against Conradin of 1268 (cf. Italian Crusades below).Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). " Charles I. (King of Naples)". '' Encyclopædia Britannica''. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 923. Crusade of James I of Aragon. The Crusade of James I of Aragon (1269–1270). James I of Aragon joined forces with
Abaqa Abaqa Khan (27 February 1234 – 4 April 1282, mn, Абаха/Абага хан (Khalkha Cyrillic), ( Traditional script), "paternal uncle", also transliterated Abaġa), was the second Mongol ruler (''Ilkhan'') of the Ilkhanate. The son of Hulag ...
, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, to take a crusade to the Holy Land, but returned without engaging the Mamluks in light of their strength at Acre. Eighth Crusade. The
Eighth Crusade The Eighth Crusade was the second Crusade launched by Louis IX of France, this one against the Hafsid dynasty in Tunisia in 1270. It is also known as the Crusade of Louis IX against Tunis or the Second Crusade of Louis. The Crusade did not see an ...
(1270) was also known as the Crusade of Louis IX of France to Tunis. Accompanied by Jean de Joinville who wrote the biography ''Life of Saint Louis'' (1309)''.'' Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 31 of the Holy Warre. Lord Edward's Crusade.
Lord Edward's Crusade Lord Edward's crusade, sometimes called the Ninth Crusade, was a military expedition to the Holy Land under the command of Edward, Duke of Gascony (future King Edward I of England) in 1271–1272. It was an extension of the Eighth Crusade and was ...
(1271–1272) was led by the future Edward I of England, and is also known as the Crusade of Lord Edward of England, the Ninth Crusade, or the Last Crusade. It is regarded by some as an extension of the Eighth Crusade. Edward, later King of England, was accompanied by his wife
Eleanor of Castile Eleanor of Castile (1241 – 28 November 1290) was Queen of England as the first wife of Edward I, whom she married as part of a political deal to affirm English sovereignty over Gascony. The marriage was known to be particularly close, and ...
, who came to his aid after an assassination attempt. Discussed as part of the Eighth Crusade by
Joseph François Michaud Joseph is a common male given name, derived from the Hebrew Yosef (יוֹסֵף). "Joseph" is used, along with "Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the mo ...
in Volume 3 of his seminal ''Histoire des Croisades'' (1812–1822).Michaud, J. Fr. (Joseph Fr.)., Robson, W. (1881)
The history of the crusades
New ed. London: George Routledge and Sons.
Crusade of Henry of Mecklenburg. The Crusade of Henry of Mecklenburg (1275). Henry I, Lord of Mechlenburg (died 1302) went on a crusade or pilgrimage to the Holy Land c. 1275 and was captured by the Egyptians and held for 32 years. The only known reference to this is by Thomas Fuller in his ''Historie of the Holy Warre'', where it is referred to as the Last Voyage.Fuller, T. (1647)
The historie of the holy warre
The third edition Cambridge.
Fromme (1880).
Heinrich I. (Fürst von Mecklenburg)
". In ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' (ADB). 11. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin.
Siege of Acre. The Siege of Acre (1291) marked the loss of the Holy Land to the Mamluks, typically identifying the end of the traditional Crusades. The anonymous ''Les Gestes des Chiprois'' (Deeds of the Cypriots) contains one of two eyewitness accounts of the siege.


Later Crusades (1291–1578)

After the fall of Acre, the crusades continued in the Levant through the 16th century. Principal references on this subject are Kenneth Setton's ''History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries'' (1975), and Norman Housley's ''The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar'' (1992) and ''The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700'' (1995). Barbara Tuchman's ''A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century'' (1978) provides an interesting perspective on both the crusades and the general history of the era. A nineteenth-century reference often cited is Joseph François Michaud's ''Histoire des Croisades'' (1812–1822), translation by William Robson. Crusade against Frederick III. The Crusade against
Frederick III of Sicily Frederick II (or III) (13 December 1272 – 25 June 1337) was the regent of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1291 until 1295 and subsequently King of Sicily from 1295 until his death. He was the third son of Peter III of Aragon and served in th ...
(1298, 1299, 1302). The final round of the
War of the Sicilian Vespers The War of the Sicilian Vespers or just War of the Vespers was a conflict that started with the insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers against Charles of Anjou in 1282 and ended in 1302 with the Peace of Caltabellotta. It was fought in Sicily, ...
in which pope
Boniface VIII Pope Boniface VIII ( la, Bonifatius PP. VIII; born Benedetto Caetani, c. 1230 – 11 October 1303) was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 December 1294 to his death in 1303. The Caetani family was of baronial ...
attempted to dislodge Frederick. Frederick's position was solidified by the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, after which the crusaders were unable to dislodge him.Runciman, Steven (1958). ''The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century''. Cambridge University Press. Crusade against the Colonna Cardinals. The Crusade against the Colonna Cardinals (1298) was a crusade of Boniface VIII against the
Colonna family The House of Colonna, also known as ''Sciarrillo'' or ''Sciarra'', is an Italian noble family, forming part of the papal nobility. It was powerful in medieval and Renaissance Rome, supplying one pope (Martin V) and many other church and politica ...
. Expedition of the Almogavars. The Expedition of the Almogavars (1301–1311) consisted of campaigns of the
Catalan Company The Catalan Company or the Great Catalan Company (Spanish: ''Compañía Catalana'', Catalan: ''Gran Companyia Catalana'', Latin: ''Exercitus francorum'', ''Societas exercitus catalanorum'', ''Societas cathalanorum'', ''Magna Societas Catalanorum' ...
, formed by veterans of the
War of the Sicilian Vespers The War of the Sicilian Vespers or just War of the Vespers was a conflict that started with the insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers against Charles of Anjou in 1282 and ended in 1302 with the Peace of Caltabellotta. It was fought in Sicily, ...
(the Almogavar) against the
Anatolian beyliks Anatolian beyliks ( tr, Anadolu beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: ''Tavâif-i mülûk'', ''Beylik'' ) were small principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by beys, the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A sec ...
. It concluded with the Catalan's taking control of the Duchy of Athens and Thebes.Setton, Kenneth (1975)
Chapter VI. The Catalans in Greece, 1311-1380
in ''A History of the Crusades, Volume III. "The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries''".
Jacoby, David. "Catalan Company". ''The Crusades - An Encyclopedia''. pp. 229-230.Setton, K. M. (Kenneth Meyer). (1948)
Catalan domination of Athens, 1311-1388
Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America.
Hospitaller Crusade. The Hospitaller Crusade (1306–1310). A crusade known as the Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes that consolidated hold of the Knights Hospitaller on Rhodes. Documented by Hans Prutz in his ''Die Anfänge der Hospitaliter auf Rhodos, 1310–1355'' (1908).Luttrell, Anthony (1975)
Chapter VIII. The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306-1421
in ''A History of the Crusades, Volume III. "The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries''".
Crusade against the Catalan Grand Company. The Crusade against the Catalan Grand Company (1330–1332) was also called the Anti-Catalan Crusade, waged by
Walter VI, Count of Brienne Walter VI of Brienne (c. 1304 – 19 September 1356) was a French nobleman and crusader. He was the count of Brienne in France, the count of Conversano and Lecce in southern Italy and claimant to the Duchy of Athens in Frankish Greece. Lif ...
, and titular Duke of Athens. In 1330,
John XXII Pope John XXII ( la, Ioannes PP. XXII; 1244 – 4 December 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death in December 1334. He was the second and longest-reigning Avignon Pope, elected b ...
issued a papal bull and ordered prelates in Italy and Greece to preach for a crusade against the
Catalan Grand Company The Catalan Company or the Great Catalan Company (Spanish: ''Compañía Catalana'', Catalan: ''Gran Companyia Catalana'', Latin: ''Exercitus francorum'', ''Societas exercitus catalanorum'', ''Societas cathalanorum'', ''Magna Societas Catalanorum' ...
. Shortly thereafter, Robert of Naples gave the crusade his support. The Venetians, however, renewed their treaty with the Catalans in 1331. By the summer, it was clear that the expedition had failed, and Walter returned to
Brindisi Brindisi ( , ) ; la, Brundisium; grc, Βρεντέσιον, translit=Brentésion; cms, Brunda), group=pron is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy, the capital of the province of Brindisi, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Hist ...
, saddled with crippling debts.Setton, K. M. (Kenneth Meyer). (1976)
The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
4 volumes. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
The Naval Crusade of the Holy League. The Naval Crusade of the Holy League (1332–1333) was short-lived crusade against the
Aydinid The Aydinids or Aydinid dynasty ( Modern Turkish: ''Aydınoğulları'', ''Aydınoğulları Beyliği'', ota, آیدین اوغوللاری بیلیغی), also known as the Principality of Aydin and Beylik of Aydin (), was one of the Anatolia ...
Turkish fleet by
Pietro Zeno Pietro Zeno (died 1427), was lord of Andros from 1384 until his death in 1427, and a distinguished diplomat in the service of the Republic of Venice. Life Pietro Zeno was the son of the Venetian ''bailo'' at Negroponte, also named Pietro Zeno. ...
, serving as balio of Negroponte. In 1332, a Turkish armada under Umur Bey attacked Negroponte, and Zeno bought them off with a large tribute. Zeno and Pietro da Canale were accused by
Francesco Dandolo Monument to Doge Francesco Dandolo Francesco Dandolo (died 1339) was the 52nd Doge of Venice. He ruled from 1329 to 1339. During his reign Venice began its policy of extending its territory on the Italian mainland. Family The Dandolo fam ...
with arranging an anti-Turkish alliance. By the end of the year the Holy League (also known as the Naval League) "a union, society and league for the discomfiture of the Turks and the defence of the true faith", had been formally constituted. In 1334, Zeno took command of the league's fleet and defeated the fleet of the Beylik of Karasi at the battle of Adramyttion. Zeno later served as one of the leaders of the Smyrna Crusade of 1344. The Holy League of Clement VI. The Holy League of Clement VI (1343) was a crusade proclaimed by
Clement VI Pope Clement VI ( la, Clemens VI; 1291 – 6 December 1352), born Pierre Roger, was head of the Catholic Church from 7 May 1342 to his death in December 1352. He was the fourth Avignon pope. Clement reigned during the first visitation of the Bla ...
in 1343 that resulted in a naval attack on Smyrna the next year. The Grand Counci of Venicel elected
Pietro Zeno Pietro Zeno (died 1427), was lord of Andros from 1384 until his death in 1427, and a distinguished diplomat in the service of the Republic of Venice. Life Pietro Zeno was the son of the Venetian ''bailo'' at Negroponte, also named Pietro Zeno. ...
as captain of the flotilla sent to assist the crusade against Aydinid-held Smyrna. Other crusader leaders included patriarch
Henry of Asti Henry of Asti (', also seen as '; died 17 January 1345) was the titular Latin Catholic patriarch of Constantinople from 1339 and bishop of Negroponte in Frankish Greece. His fame rests on his leadership of the first Smyrniote crusade (1342–45), ...
, The crusade was a naval success and Smyrna was taken. Zeno was killed by Umur Bey's forces in an ambush while he and other crusaderswere attempting to celebrate mass in the no-man's-land between the battle lines.P. Lock, ''The Routledge Companion to the Crusades,'' The Holy League of Clement VI, 1343. pp. 192-193 Smyrna Crusade. The Smyrna Crusade (1344) was the first of the
Smyrniote Crusades The Smyrniote crusades (1343–1351) were two Crusades sent by Pope Clement VI against the Emirate of Aydin under Umur Bey which had as their principal target the coastal city of Smyrna in Asia Minor. The first Smyrniote crusade was the brain ...
(1343–1351). The Smyrna Crusade began in 1344 with the naval victory of the
battle of Pallene The Battle of Pallene occurred in 1344 between the fleets of a Latin Christian league and Turkish raiders, at the Pallene Peninsula in northern Greece. Battle The battle is known through the chronicle of the Paduan jurist Guglielmo Cortusi, and ...
and ended with an assault on Smyrna, capturing the harbour and the citadel but not the acropolis. Sometimes considered as part of the Holy League of Clement VI. Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois. The Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois (1346) was the second of the
Smyrniote Crusades The Smyrniote crusades (1343–1351) were two Crusades sent by Pope Clement VI against the Emirate of Aydin under Umur Bey which had as their principal target the coastal city of Smyrna in Asia Minor. The first Smyrniote crusade was the brain ...
. A second expedition under the command of Humbert II of Viennois with little to show other than a victory over the Turks at
Mytilene Mytilene (; el, Μυτιλήνη, Mytilíni ; tr, Midilli) is the capital of the Greek island of Lesbos, and its port. It is also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts the headquarters of the University of ...
. Described in the ''
Book of Chivalry The ''Book of Chivalry'' (French: ''Livre de chevalerie'') was written by the knight Geoffroi de Charny (c.1306-1356) sometime around the early 1350s. The treatise is intended to explain the appropriate qualities for a knight, reform the behavior of ...
'' by Geoffroi de Charny. Also called the Second Smyrna Crusade. Crusade against Francesco Ordelaffi. The Crusade against Francesco Ordelaffi (1355–1357) was a campaign by
Innocent IV Pope Innocent IV ( la, Innocentius IV; – 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254. Fieschi was born in Genoa and studied at the universitie ...
and Cardinal Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz against
Francesco II Ordelaffi Francesco II Ordelaffi (c. 1300–1374), also known as Cecco II, was a lord of Forlì, the son of Sinibaldo Ordelaffi (died 1337, brother of Scarpetta and Francesco) and Orestina Calboli, and the grandson of Teobaldo I Ordelaffi. Initially ...
in order to restore papal authority to central Italy. The pope's Angevin troops had some success against Ordelaffi through 1356, by mercenary troops sent by
Bernabò Visconti Bernabò or Barnabò Visconti (1323 – 19 December 1385) was an Italians, Italian soldier and statesman who was Lord of Milan. Along with his brothers Matteo II Visconti, Matteo and Galeazzo II Visconti, Galeazzo II, he inherited the lordship of ...
allowed him to hold out until 1357. Crusade of Peter I de Lusignan. The Crusade of Peter I de Lusignan (1362–1365).
Peter I of Cyprus Peter I (9 October 1328 – 17 January 1369) was King of Cyprus and titular King of Jerusalem from his father's abdication on 24 November 1358 until his death in 1369. He was invested as titular Count of Tripoli in 1346. As King of Cyprus, ...
(Peter I de Lusignan) was King of Cyprus and titular King of Jerusalem. He founded the chivalric Order of the Sword in 1347, dedicated to the recovery of Jerusalem, and attempted to convince nobles in Europe to mount a new crusade. His efforts were eventually merged with the Alexandrian Crusade. Alexandrian Crusade. The
Alexandrian Crusade The brief Alexandrian Crusade, also called the sack of Alexandria, occurred in October 1365 and was led by Peter I of Cyprus against Alexandria in Egypt. Although often referred to as and counted among the Crusades, it was relatively devoid of r ...
(1365). An attack by Peter I of Cyprus that resulted in the destruction of Alexandria, but had little real impact. Accounts of the crusade was given by Guillaume de Machaut in his ''La Prise d'Alexandre'' (after 1369) and by Muslim historian al-Nuwayrī in his ''Kitāb al-Ilmām'' (1365–1374).Guillaume, d. Machaut., Mas Latrie, L. de (Louis). (1877)
La prise d'Alexandrie; ou, Chronique du roi Pierre Ier de Lusignan
Genève: J.-G. Fick.
Nuwayrī, M. ibn Qāsim., Atiya, A. Suryal., Combe, E. (19681976)
Kitābuʼl ilmām
Hyderabad: Daʼiratuʼl-Maʻarifiʼl-Osmania.
Crusade of Amadeus VI. The Crusade of Amadeus VI of Savoy or Savoyard crusade (1366–1367).
Amadeus VI of Savoy Amadeus VI (4 January 1334 – 1 March 1383), nicknamed the Green Count ( it, Il Conte Verde) was Count of Savoy from 1343 to 1383. He was the eldest son of Aymon, Count of Savoy, and Yolande Palaeologina of Montferrat. Though he started und ...
(Amadeo), known as the Green Count of Savoy, launched a minor crusade against Thrace and Bulgaria. He attacked Ottoman sultan Murad I with 15 ships and 1,700 men in 1366 in order to aid his cousin,
John V Palaiologos John V Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( el, Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος, ''Iōánnēs Palaiológos''; 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391) was Byzantine emperor from 1341 to 1391, with interruptions. Biography John V was the son of E ...
. Recounted by Romanian historian
Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (; sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;Iova, p. xxvii. 17 January 1871 – 27 November 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, Albanologist, poet ...
in his work about French knight Philippe de Mézières (c. 1327 – 1405) and Eugene L. Cox's ''Green Count of Savoy'' (1967). The Great Schism and the Crusades. The Great Schism and the Crusades (1382–1387). The Great (or Western) Schism within the Catholic Church from 1378–1417 led to a number of minor crusades included that against Charles III of Naples (1382); the Despenser's Crusade (1383); and the crusade of John of Gaunt (1387). The work by
Walter Ullmann Walter Ullmann (29 November 1910 – 18 January 1983) was an Austrian-Jewish scholar who left Austria in the 1930s and settled in the United Kingdom, where he became a naturalised citizen. He was a recognised authority on medieval political thou ...
on the subject is a standard reference.Lock, P., ''The Routledge Companion to the Crusades,'' The Great Schism and the Crusades, pp. 198-199.Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1987). T''he Crusades: A History''. Yale University Press. Crusade against Charles III. The Crusade against Charles III of Naples (1382). Charles Durazzo became Charles III as king of Naples and titular king of Jerusalem after having his cousin Joanna I of Naples strangled in jail. In 1382 Clement VII granted crusade indulgences to
Louis I of Anjou Louis I, Duke of Anjou (23 July 1339 – 20 September 1384) was a French prince, the second son of John II of France and Bonne of Bohemia. His career was markedly unsuccessful. Born at the Château de Vincennes, Louis was the first of the Angev ...
and others to dethrone Charles. A crusade associated with the Great Schism. Despenser's Crusade.
Despenser's Crusade Despenser's Crusade (or the Bishop of Norwich's Crusade, sometimes just Norwich Crusade) was a military expedition led by the English bishop Henry le Despenser in 1383 that aimed to assist the city of Ghent in its struggle against the supporter ...
(1383), also known as the Norwich Crusade, was a military expedition led by Henry le Despenser in order to assist Ghent in its struggle against the supporters of antipope
Clement VII Pope Clement VII ( la, Clemens VII; it, Clemente VII; born Giulio de' Medici; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534. Deemed "the ...
. A crusade associated with the Great Schism.Skalweit, G. (1898)
Der Kreuzzug des Bischofs Heinrich von Norwich im Jahre 1383 ....
Königsberg i. Pr.: Druck von Emil Rautenberg.
Crusade of John of Gaunt. The Crusade of John of Gaunt (1387). John of Gaunt led an unsuccessful crusade against
Henry of Trastámara Henry II (13 January 1334 – 29 May 1379), called Henry of Trastámara or the Fratricidal (''el Fratricida''), was the first King of Castile and León from the House of Trastámara. He became king in 1369 by defeating his half-brother Peter the ...
to claim the throne of Castile by right of his wife
Constance of Castile Constance of Castile (1136 or 1140 – 4 October 1160) was Queen of France as the second wife of Louis VII, who married her following the annulment of his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was a daughter of Alfonso VII of León and Berengar ...
. A crusade associated with the Great Schism. Mahdia Crusade. The Mahdia Crusade (1390), also known as the Barbary Crusade or the Crusade of Louis II de Bourbon against Mahdia, was a Franco-Genoese military expedition in 1390 that led to the siege of Mahdia, a stronghold of the Barbary pirates. A work by Belgian court historian Jean Froissart called the ''Chronicles of England, France, and the Adjoining Countries'' (c. 1400), referred to as Froissart's Chronicles, includes an account of this crusade.Froissart, J., Scheibel, J. Ephraim., Sainte-Palaye, M. de La Curne de (Jean-Baptiste de La Curne)., Johnes, T. (18031810)
Sir John Froissart's Chronicles of England, France, and the adjoining countries
afod, England At the Hafod Press, by James Henderson.
Crusade of Nicopolis. The Crusade of Nicopolis (1396), also known as the
Battle of Nicopolis The Battle of Nicopolis took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied crusader army of Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Wallachian, French, Burgundian, German, and assorted troops (assisted by the Venetian navy) ...
or the Crusade to Nicopolis. The crusader army of Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian, French and German force (assisted by the Venetian navy) was defeated by the Ottoman's at the Danubian fortress of
Nicopolis Nicopolis ( grc-gre, Νικόπολις, Nikópolis, City of Victory) or Actia Nicopolis was the capital city of the Roman province of Epirus Vetus. It was located in the western part of the modern state of Greece. The city was founded in 29  ...
, leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire.Atiya, A. Suryal., Mézières, P. de., Deschamps, E. (1934)
The crusade of Nicopolis
London: Methuen & co. ltd.
Crusade of Marshal Boucicaut. The Crusade of Marshal Boucicaut to Constantinople (1399). In 1399,
Boniface IX Pope Boniface IX ( la, Bonifatius IX; it, Bonifacio IX; c. 1350 – 1 October 1404, born Pietro Tomacelli) was head of the Catholic Church from 2 November 1389 to his death in October 1404. He was the second Roman pope of the Western Schism.Rich ...
preached a crusade to Constantinople, and Jean II Le Maingre (Boucicaut) was the only respondent. His one-man crusade consisted of raids on Turkish towns along the Black Sea coast. Crusade of Varna. The
Crusade of Varna The Crusade of Varna was an unsuccessful military campaign mounted by several European leaders to check the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Central Europe, specifically the Balkans between 1443 and 1444. It was called by Pope Eugene IV on ...
(1443–1444), also known as the Crusade to Varna, was an unsuccessful military campaign by the European monarchies to check the expansion of the Ottoman empire into Central Europe. The crusade was called by
Eugene IV Pope Eugene IV ( la, Eugenius IV; it, Eugenio IV; 1383 – 23 February 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 3 March 1431 to his death in February 1447. Condulmer was a Venetian, and ...
and led by
Władysław III of Poland Władysław III (31 October 1424 – 10 November 1444), also known as Ladislaus of Varna, was King of Poland and the Supreme Duke (''Supremus Dux'') of Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1434 as well as King of Hungary and Croatia from 1440 until h ...
, John Hunyadi of Hungary,
Voivode of Transylvania The Voivode of Transylvania (german: Vojwode von Siebenbürgen;Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 77. hu, erdélyi vajda;Zsoldos 2011, p. 36. la, voivoda Transsylvaniae; ro, voievodul Transilvaniei) was the highest-ranking official in Transylvania wit ...
, and
Philip the Good Philip III (french: Philippe le Bon; nl, Filips de Goede; 31 July 1396 – 15 June 1467) was Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty, to which all 15th-century kings of France belonged ...
, duke of Burgundy. The aftermath left the Ottomans free from further attempts to push it out of Europe.Doukas, a. 1400-approximately 1470., Magoulias, H. J. (1975)
Decline and fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks
Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Crusades to Recover Constantinople. Crusades to Recover Constantinople (1453–1460). New crusades called for after the loss of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453. Includes the Crusade of Nicholas V (later, Callixtus III) and the unrealizeded Crusade of Pius II.P. Lock, ''The Routledge Companion to the Crusades,'' The Fall of Constantinople and the Crusades, 1453-1460, p. 203.K. Setton (1978). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. pp. 138-160.Inalcik, Halil (1989)
Chapter IX. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusade, 1451-1522
in ''A History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The impact of the Crusades on Europe.'' Edited by Zacour, N. P., and Hazard, H. W.
Crusade of Nicholas V. The Crusade of Nicholas V (1455–1456). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, pope
Nicholas V Pope Nicholas V ( la, Nicholaus V; it, Niccolò V; 13 November 1397 – 24 March 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 March 1447 until his death in March 1455. Pope Eugene made ...
planned a small crusade to recapture the city, reconfirmed by
Callixtus III Pope Callixtus III ( it, Callisto III, va, Calixt III, es, Calixto III; 31 December 1378 – 6 August 1458), born Alfonso de Borgia ( va, Alfons de Borja), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 April 1455 to hi ...
after Nicholas' death. Only John Hunyadi responded, defeating the Turks at Belgrade in 1456 before his untimely death. See Crusade of St. John of Capistrano (1456).Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). " Hunyadi, János". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 955-956. Genoese Crusade to defend Chios. The Genoese Crusade to defend Chios (1455–1457) began after
Mehmed II Mehmed II ( ota, محمد ثانى, translit=Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; tr, II. Mehmed, ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( ota, ابو الفتح, Ebū'l-fetḥ, lit=the Father of Conquest, links=no; tr, Fâtih Su ...
declared war on Chios and Rhodes, and a Genoese fleet was dispatched to defend the island. Crusade of St. John of Capistrano. The Crusade of St. John of Capistrano (1456), also known as the Siege of Belgrade of 1456, began after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 when
Mehmet II Mehmed II ( ota, محمد ثانى, translit=Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; tr, II. Mehmed, ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( ota, ابو الفتح, Ebū'l-fetḥ, lit=the Father of Conquest, links=no; tr, Fâtih Su ...
set his sights on the Kingdom of Hungary. The Ottoman forces were defeated by an army led by Catholic priest
John of Capistrano John of Capistrano ('' Italian'': San Giovanni da Capestrano, '' Hungarian'': Kapisztrán János, ''Polish'': Jan Kapistran, '' Croatian'': Ivan Kapistran) (24 June 1386 – 23 October 1456) was a Franciscan friar and Catholic priest from the ...
and John Hunyadi. Crusade of Nicholas V (1455–1456). Occupation of Sporades. The Occupation of Sporades (1457). Occupation of the northern Sporades islands by papal galleys. Siege of Rhodes. The Siege of Rhodes (1480). In 1480, an Ottoman fleet unsuccessfully began the siege of Rhodes. The Ottoman army under the command of
Mesih Pasha Mesih Pasha or Misac Pasha (died November 1501) was an Ottoman of Eastern Roman origin, being a nephew of the last Roman emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos. He served as Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy and was Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Emp ...
was defeated by the
Knights Hospitaller The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headqu ...
garrison led by Pierre d'Aubusson. Gulielmus Caoursin, vice-chancellor of the Hospitaller, was also an eye-witness to the siege.Gibbon, E., Kaye, J., Scott, W., Caoursin, G. (1870). ''The siege of Rhodes, 1480'', i
The crusades
London: A. Murray and Son.
Taaffe, J. (1852)
The history of the holy, military, sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem
or, Knights Hospitallers, Knights Templars, Knights of Rhodes, Knights of Malta. London: Hope & co..
Rossi, Ettore (1975)
Chapter IX. The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1421-1523
in ''A History of the Crusades, Volume III. "The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries''".
The Anti-Turkish Crusade. The Anti-Turkish Crusade (1480–1481) was a crusade of pope Sixtus IV against
Mehmet II Mehmed II ( ota, محمد ثانى, translit=Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; tr, II. Mehmed, ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( ota, ابو الفتح, Ebū'l-fetḥ, lit=the Father of Conquest, links=no; tr, Fâtih Su ...
to protect southern Italy. Primarily consisted of the Crusade of Otranto. Crusade of Otranto. The Crusade of Otranto (1481) was acrusade to recapture the city after the
Ottoman invasion of Otranto The Ottoman invasion of Otranto occurred between 1480 and 1481 at the Italian city of Otranto in Apulia, southern Italy. Forces of the Ottoman Empire invaded and laid siege to the city, they captured it on 11 August 1480 establishing the fir ...
. The citizens, killed by the Ottomans for refusing to convert to Islam, are known as the
martyrs of Otranto The Martyrs of Otranto, also known as Saints Antonio Primaldo and his Companions ( it, I Santi Antonio Primaldo e compagni martiri), were 813 inhabitants of the Salentine city of Otranto in southern Italy who were killed on 14 August 1480 when ...
. Part of the Anti-Turkish Crusade of Sixtus IV. Spanish Crusade in North Africa. The Spanish Crusade in North Africa (1499–1510). Following the end of Muslim rule in Hispania, a number of cities were recaptured including: Melilla (1497),
Mers el-Kebir Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory infection caused by ''Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus'' (MERS-CoV). Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. Typical symptoms include fever, cough, ...
(1505), Canary Islands (1508),
Oran Oran ( ar, وَهران, Wahrān) is a major coastal city located in the north-west of Algeria. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria after the capital Algiers, due to its population and commercial, industrial, and cultural ...
(1509), Rock of Algiers, Bougie and Tripoli (1510). Siege of Rhodes. The siege of Rhodes (1522) was the second and ultimately successful attempt by the Ottoman empire to expel the Knights Hospitaller from their island stronghold of Rhodes. Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Tunis. The Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Tunis (1535) was also known as the Conquest of Tunis. In 1535, Tunis, then under the control of the Ottoman empire, was captured by emperor
Charles V Charles V may refer to: * Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558) * Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain * Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise * Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643–1690) * Infan ...
and his allies.K. Setton (1978). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V..Armstrong, Edward (1911). " Charles V. (Roman Emperor)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). '' Encyclopædia Britannica''. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 899-905. Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Algiers. The Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Algiers (1541), also known as the Algiers Expedition, was an unsuccessful attempt to dislodge to Ottomans from Algiers. Spanish Crusade to Mahdia. The Spanish Crusade to Mahdia (1550), also known as the Capture of Mahdia. A Spanish naval expedition supported by the
Knights of Malta The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta ( it, Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta; ...
under
Claude de la Sengle Fra' Claude de la Sengle (1494 – 18 August 1557) was the 48th Grand Master of the Order of Malta, from 1553 to his death in 1557. His successor was Fra' Jean Parisot de Valette. A native Frenchman, Sengle, then Bailli of the French langue ...
, besieged and captured the Ottoman stronghold of Mahdia. Mahdia was abandoned by Spain three years later, with its fortifications demolished to avoid reoccupation of the city. Crusade of King Sebastian. The Crusade of King Sebastian of Portugal to Morocco (1578) was also known as the
Battle of Alcácer Quibir The Battle of Alcácer Quibir (also known as "Battle of Three Kings" ( ar, معركة الملوك الثلاثة) or "Battle of Wadi al-Makhazin" ( ar, معركة وادي المخازن) in Morocco) was fought in northern Morocco, near the t ...
or the Battle of Three Kings. The battle was between the army of deposed Moroccan sultan
Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Abu Abdallah Mohammed II, Al-Mutawakkil, often simply Abdallah Mohammed () (died 4 August 1578) was a Sultan of Morocco from 1574 to 1576. He was the oldest son of Abdallah al-Ghalib and became Sultan after his father's death. Life Immediat ...
allied with
Sebastian I of Portugal Sebastian ( pt, Sebastião I ; 20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578) was King of Portugal from 11 June 1557 to 4 August 1578 and the penultimate Portuguese monarch of the House of Aviz. He was the son of João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, and h ...
, against a large Moroccan army under the new sultan Abd Al-Malik I who was allied with the Ottomans. Al-Malik and the Ottomans won a decisive victory.


Crusades against the Byzantine Empire

Crusades against the Byzantine empire began shortly after the First Crusade and continued throughout its existence. These include the following. Crusade of Bohemond of Taranto. The Crusade of Bohemond of Taranto (1107–1108), also known as Bohemond's Crusade. A campaign led by
Bohemond of Taranto Bohemond I of Antioch (5 or 7 March 1111), also known as Bohemond of Taranto, was the prince of Taranto from 1089 to 1111 and the prince of Antioch from 1098 to 1111. He was a leader of the First Crusade, leading a contingent of Normans on the qu ...
against the Byzantine empire that ended with the
Treaty of Devol The Treaty of Devol ( el, συνθήκη της Δεαβόλεως) was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade. It is named after the Byzantine fortress of ...
.Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ''The First Crusaders, 1095-1131'', Cambridge University Press, London, 1997 Crusading Project against Byzantium. The Crusading Project against Byzantium (1149–1150) was an effort by Roger II of Sicily and Louis VII of France to aid the East and exact revenge on the Greeks after the Second Crusade.Mayer, H. Eberhard. (1972)
The crusades
London: Oxford University Press.
Fourth Crusade. The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204), also known as the Unholy Crusade. See details above. Crusade against the Bulgars. The Crusade against the Bulgars (1205) was a call for a crusade against Kaloyan, king of the Bulgarians, by
Renier of Trit Renier of Trit was a knight from Trith-Saint-Léger, Hainaut, who took part to the Fourth Crusade and became the first Frankish duke of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria) from 1204 to 1205. Life Born in Valenciennes, he was probably the ...
, duke of Philippopolis. Their offense was that they had aligned themselves with enemies of the Cross of Christ, the
Bogomils Bogomilism ( Bulgarian and Macedonian: ; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", bogumilstvo, богумилство) was a Christian neo-Gnostic or dualist sect founded in the First Bulgarian Empire by the priest Bogomil during the reign of Tsar P ...
and Paulicians. Nothing came of the request. This and other aspects of the eastern
Byzantine commonwealth The term Byzantine commonwealth was coined by 20th-century historians to refer to the area where Byzantine general influence ( Byzantine liturgical and cultural tradition) was spread during the Middle Ages by the Byzantine Empire and its mission ...
were exhaustively studied by contemporary Russian historian
Dimitri Obolensky Sir Dimitri Obolensky (19 March/1 April 1918, in St Petersburg – 23 December 2001) was a Russian-British historian who was Professor of Russian and Balkan History at the University of Oxford and the author of various historical works. Biogra ...
. Crusade of William VI of Montferrat. The Crusade of William VI of Montferrat (1225). A minor crusade of
William VI of Montferrat William VI (c. 1173 – 17 September 1225) was the tenth Marquis of Montferrat from 1203 and titular King of Thessalonica from 1207. Biography Youth Boniface I of Montferrat, Boniface I's eldest son, and his only son by his first wife, Helena de ...
to support his claims to the throne of Thessalonica (rarely mentioned). Anti-Byzantine Crusades. The Anti-Byzantine Crusades (1261–1320) included three attempts to regain the Byzantine empire from the Palaiologos dynasty. The loss of Constantinople in 1261 happened during a papal interregnum, and the next year the newly-seated Urban IV authorized a crusade to retake the city. Nothing beyond the defeat of the Byzantines at the naval
battle of Settepozzi The Battle of Settepozzi was fought in the first half of 1263 off the island of Settepozzi (the medieval Italian name for Spetses) between a Genoese–Byzantine fleet and a smaller Venetian fleet. Genoa and the Byzantines had been allied aga ...
in 1263. Urban IV renewed his call for crusade in 1264, for the succor of the Morea, but to no avail. In 1281,
Charles I of Anjou Charles I (early 1226/12277 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou. He was Count of Provence (1246–85) and Forcalquier (1246–48, 1256–85) i ...
, Philip of Courtenay and the Venetians planned an incursion into the Byzantine Empire for the recapture of Constantinople. This was blessed by
Martin IV Pope Martin IV ( la, Martinus IV; c. 1210/1220 – 28 March 1285), born Simon de Brion, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1281 to his death on 28 March 1285. He was the last French pope to have ...
, labeling it a crusade. This was thwarted by the
war of the Sicilian Vespers The War of the Sicilian Vespers or just War of the Vespers was a conflict that started with the insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers against Charles of Anjou in 1282 and ended in 1302 with the Peace of Caltabellotta. It was fought in Sicily, ...
. After the Peace of Caltabellotta, the final anti-Byzantine crusade was hatched.
Charles of Valois Charles of Valois (12 March 1270 – 16 December 1325), the fourth son of King Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon, was a member of the House of Capet and founder of the House of Valois, whose rule over France would start in 1328 ...
, the husband of
Catherine of Courtenay Catherine I, also Catherine of Courtenay (25 November 1274 – 11 October 1307), was the recognised Latin Empress of Constantinople from 1283 to 1307, although she lived in exile and only held authority over Crusader States in Greece. In 1301, sh ...
, titular Latin empress of Constantinople, sought to use the
Catalan Grand Company The Catalan Company or the Great Catalan Company (Spanish: ''Compañía Catalana'', Catalan: ''Gran Companyia Catalana'', Latin: ''Exercitus francorum'', ''Societas exercitus catalanorum'', ''Societas cathalanorum'', ''Magna Societas Catalanorum' ...
to advance his goals, but the company proved unable to effectively organize.


Crusades also referred to as pilgrimages

Some pilgrimages are referred to as crusades, especially if the journey resulted in some military activity. Some examples include the following. Norwegian Crusade. The
Norwegian Crusade The Norwegian Crusade, led by Norwegian King Sigurd I, was a crusade or a pilgrimage (sources differ) that lasted from 1107 to 1111, in the aftermath of the First Crusade. The Norwegian Crusade marks the first time a European king personally ...
(1107–1110), also known as the Crusade of
Sigurd Jorsalfar Sigurd Magnusson (1089 – 26 March 1130), also known as Sigurd the Crusader (Old Norse: ''Sigurðr Jórsalafari'', Norwegian: ''Sigurd Jorsalfar''), was King of Norway (being Sigurd I) from 1103 to 1130. His rule, together with his half-broth ...
. See above. Crusade or Pilgrimage of Fulk V of Anjou. The Crusade or Pilgrimage of
Fulk V of Anjou Fulk ( la, Fulco, french: Foulque or ''Foulques''; c. 1089/1092 – 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the king of Jerusalem with his wife from 1131 to his death. During t ...
(1120–1122). The future king of Jerusalem traveled to the Holy Land and joined the Knights Templar, according to Ordoric Vitalis' ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (c. 1141)''.'' Pilgrimage of Rognvald Kali Kolsson. The Pilgrimage of Rognvald Kali Kolsson (1151–1153) was also known as the Crusade of Rognvald Kali Kolsson. In 1151,
Rognvald Ragnvald, Rögnvald or Rognvald or Rægnald is an Old Norse name (Old Norse ''Rǫgnvaldr'', modern Icelandic ''Rögnvaldur''; in Old English ''Regenweald'' and in Old Irish, Middle Irish '' Ragnall''). Notable people with the name include: * Ragnv ...
set out on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land as described in the Orkneyinga saga. The earl's party left Orkney in the late summer of 1151 in fifteen ships, with six sailing to Jerusalem while Rognvald stoppeded in Narbonne. After visiting Jerusalem, the party returned via Constantinople, where they were received by the emperor, then sailed to Apulia where they took horses for the journey to Rome, arriving back in Orkney in time for Christmas 1153. Crusade or Pilgrimage of Henry the Lion. The Crusade or Pilgrimage of Henry the Lion (1172). A pilgrimage to Jerusalem documented by
Arnold of Lübeck Arnold of Lübeck (died 1211–1214) was a Benedictine abbot, a chronicler, the author of the ''Chronica Slavorum'' and advocate of the papal cause in the Hohenstaufen conflict. He was a monk at St. Ägidien monastery in Braunschweig, then from 117 ...
in his ''Chronicae Slavorum'' (1209)'','' often referred to as a crusade. Crusade of Henry of Mecklenburg. The Crusade of Henry of Mecklenburg (1275). Henry I, Lord of Mechlenburg (died 1302) went on a crusade or pilgrimage to the Holy Land c. 1275 and was captured by the Egyptians and held for 32 years. The only know reference to this is by Thomas Fuller in his ''Historie of the Holy Warre'', where it is referred to as the Last Voyage.


Popular Crusades

The
Popular Crusades The popular crusades were several movements "animated by crusading enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic ...
were generated by enthusiasm for crusading, but unsanctioned by the Church. People's Crusade. The
People's Crusade The People's Crusade was the beginning phase of the First Crusade whose objective was to retake the Holy Land, and Jerusalem in particular, from Islamic rule. After in 1095 the head of the Roman Catholic Church Pope Urban II started to urge faith ...
(1096). A prelude to the First Crusade led by Peter the Hermit. See above. Children's Crusade. The Children's Crusade (1212) was a failed Popular Crusade by the West to regain the Holy Land. The traditional narrative includes some factual and some mythical events including visions by a French boy and a German boy, an intention to peacefully convert Muslims to Christianity, bands of children marching to Italy, and children being sold into slavery. Thomas Fuller referred to it as a Holy war in his ''Historie of the Holy Warre.'' First Shepherds' Crusade. The First Shepherds’ Crusade (1251) was a popular crusade also known as the Crusade of the ''Pastoreaux''. The movement was aimed at rescuing Louis IX during his imprisonment during the Seventh Crusade. The group was dispersed in Paris.Bréhier, Louis René (1911). " Crusade of the Pastoureaux". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Crusade of the Poor. The Crusade of the Poor (1309) was also known as the Crusade of 1309 or the Shepards' Crusade of 1309. A popular crusade that began with the unfulfilled Crusade of Clement V (see below).Lock, P., ''The Routledge Companion to the Crusades.'' The Hospitaller ''Passagium'' and the ''Pastoreaux'' or Shepherds' Crusade, 1309. pp. 187-188. Second Shepherds' Crusade. The Second Shepherds' Crusade (1320), also known as the Pastoreaux of 1320, it was the last of the popular crusades.


Crusades against Christians

The Crusades against Christians, including heretics and schismatics, include the following. Albigensian Crusade. The
Albigensian Crusade The Albigensian Crusade or the Cathar Crusade (; 1209–1229) was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, southern France. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown ...
(1209–1229), or Cathar Crusade, was the first of the so-called religious crusades and was conducted against the
Cathars Catharism (; from the grc, καθαροί, katharoi, "the pure ones") was a Christian dualist or Gnostic movement between the 12th and 14th centuries which thrived in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France. Follo ...
in southern France. The 20-year campaign was successful. One of the first actions, the
massacre at Béziers The Massacre at Béziers occurred on 22 July 1209 during the sack of Béziers by crusaders. It was the first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade. Background The Albigensian Crusade was initiated in the Kingdom of France at the beh ...
, helped earn the crusade the title as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history." After the military phase, the inquisition conducted by Gregory IX in 1234 all but eliminated the Cathars. Contemporaneous chronicles of the crusade include Peter of Vaux de Cernay's ''Historia Albigensis'' and Guillaume de Puylaurens' ''Cronica,'' both of which appear Guizot's ''Collection des mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de France'' (1823–1835). Thomas Fuller referred to it as a Holy war in his ''Historie of the Holy Warre'' (1639)''.'' Bogomils Crusades. The Bogomils Crusades (1234, 1252) were crusades against the
Bogomils Bogomilism ( Bulgarian and Macedonian: ; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", bogumilstvo, богумилство) was a Christian neo-Gnostic or dualist sect founded in the First Bulgarian Empire by the priest Bogomil during the reign of Tsar P ...
were called for in 1234 by Gregory IX and in 1252 by
Innocent IV Pope Innocent IV ( la, Innocentius IV; – 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254. Fieschi was born in Genoa and studied at the universitie ...
. Crusades against the Bosnian Heritics. The Crusades against the Bosnian Heritics (1235, 1241), also known as the
Bosnian Crusade The Bosnian Crusade was fought against unspecified heretics from 1235 until 1241. It was, essentially, a Hungarian war of conquest against the Banate of Bosnia sanctioned as a crusade. Led by the Hungarian prince Coloman, the crusaders succee ...
s. Fought against unspecified "heretics," the action was essentially a war of conquest by Hungarian prince
Coloman of Galicia Coloman of Halych ( hu, Kálmán; uk, Коломан; 1208 – 1241) was the rulerfrom 1214 prince, and from 1215 or 1216 to 1221 kingof Halych, and duke of Slavonia from 1226 to his death. He was the second son of Andrew II of Hungary and Gertr ...
against the
Banate of Bosnia The Banate of Bosnia ( sh, Banovina Bosna / Бановина Босна), or Bosnian Banate (''Bosanska banovina'' / Босанска бановина), was a medieval state based in what is today Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although Hungarian kings ...
, sanctioned as a crusade by Gregory IX. The would-be crusaders only succeeded in conquering peripheral parts of the country. Despenser's Crusade.
Despenser's Crusade Despenser's Crusade (or the Bishop of Norwich's Crusade, sometimes just Norwich Crusade) was a military expedition led by the English bishop Henry le Despenser in 1383 that aimed to assist the city of Ghent in its struggle against the supporter ...
(1383), also known as the Norwich Crusade, was a military expedition led by Henry le Despenser in order to assist Ghent in its struggle against the supporters of antipope
Clement VII Pope Clement VII ( la, Clemens VII; it, Clemente VII; born Giulio de' Medici; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534. Deemed "the ...
. A crusade associated with the Great Schism. Crusades against the Hussites. The Crusades against the Hussites (1420–1431). The five crusades from the
Hussite Wars The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution, were a series of civil wars fought between the Hussites and the combined Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, European monarchs loyal to the Ca ...
known as the Anti-Hussite Crusades. First Anti-Hussite Crusade. The First Anti-Hussite Crusade (1420). Pope
Martin V Pope Martin V ( la, Martinus V; it, Martino V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431. Hi ...
issued a bull in 1420 proclaiming a crusade "for the destruction of the Wycliffites, Hussites and all other heretics in Bohemia". Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund Sigismund (variants: Sigmund, Siegmund) is a German proper name, meaning "protection through victory", from Old High German ''sigu'' "victory" + ''munt'' "hand, protection". Tacitus latinises it '' Segimundus''. There appears to be an older form of ...
and many German princes laid siege to Prague with an army of crusaders from all parts of Europe, largely consisting of adventurers attracted by the hope of pillage. Sigismund was defeated that same year at the battle of Vítkov Hill.Lützow, F. (1914)
The Hussite wars.
London: J. M. Dent & sons.
Second Anti-Hussite Crusade. The Second Anti-Hussite Crusade (1421–1422). After the Hussite victory in 1420, a priest named
Jan Želivský Jan Želivský (1380 in Humpolec – 9 March 1422 in Prague) was a prominent Czech priest during the Hussite Reformation. Life Želivský preached at Church of Saint Mary Major. He was one of a few Utraquist Utraquism (from the Latin ''sub u ...
obtained authority over Prague. In 1421, a new crusade against the Hussites was undertaken, laying siege to the town of
Žatec Žatec (; german: Saaz) is a town in Louny District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 19,000 inhabitants. It lies on the Ohře river. The town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monumen ...
. Sigismund arrived in Bohemia at the end of 1421, but was decisively defeated at the
battle of Deutschbrod The Battle of Deutschbrod''Encyclopedia Americana'' or Německý Brod took place on 10 January 1422, in Deutschbrod (Německý Brod, now Havlíčkův Brod), Bohemia, during the Hussite Wars. Led by Jan Žižka, the Hussites The Hussites ( cs, ...
in 1422. Third Anti-Hussite Crusade. The Third Anti-Hussite Crusade (1423–1424). The pope called a new crusade against Bohemia, but it was a complete failure. Poles and Lithuanians did not wish to attack the Czechs, the Germans were hampered by internal discord, and Eric VII of Denmark, intending to take part in the crusade, soon returned to Scandinavia.
Sigismund Korybut Sigismund Korybut ( lt, Žygimantas Kaributaitis; be, Жыгімонт Карыбутавіч; pl, Zygmunt Korybutowicz; cz, Zikmund Korybutovič; uk, Жиґимонт Корибутович or Сигізмунд Корибутович, 1395 � ...
, governor of Bohemia, helped broker the peace in 1424. Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade. The Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade (1426–1428). In 1426, the Hussites were attacked again by foreign forces. Hussite forces, led by
Sigismund Korybut Sigismund Korybut ( lt, Žygimantas Kaributaitis; be, Жыгімонт Карыбутавіч; pl, Zygmunt Korybutowicz; cz, Zikmund Korybutovič; uk, Жиґимонт Корибутович or Сигізмунд Корибутович, 1395 � ...
and Prokop the Great, defeated the invaders in the battle of Aussig of 1426. Despite this, the pope believed that the Hussites were weakened and proclaimed a fourth crusade in 1427. Cardinal Henry Beaufort was appointed leader of the crusader forces. The crusaders were defeated at the
battle of Tachov The Battle of Tachov (german: Schlacht bei Tachau) or Battle of Mies (german: Schlacht bei Mies) was a battle fought on 4 August 1427 near the Bohemian towns of Tachov (''Tachau'') and Stříbro (''Mies''). The Hussites won over the armies led b ...
that same year. Korybut was imprisoned in 1427 for conspiring to surrender Hussite forces to the emperor Sigismund. He was released in 1428, and participated in the Hussite invasion of Silesia. Fifth Anti-Hussite Crusade. The Fifth Anti-Hussite Crusade (1431). In 1431, Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg and papal legate cardinal
Julian Cesarini Julian Cesarini the Elder ( It.: ''Giuliano Cesarini, seniore'') (1398 in Rome – 10 November 1444 in Varna, Ottoman Empire) was one of the group of brilliant cardinals created by Pope Martin V on the conclusion of the Western Schism. His ...
led a crusader army against Bohemia. The defending army led by Prokop the Great, supplemented by Polish Hussites, defeated the crusaders at the
battle of Domažlice The Battle of Domažlice ( cs, Bitva u Domažlic) or Battle of Taus (german: Schlacht bei Taus) or Battle of Tausch was fought on 14 August 1431 as the part of the 5th crusade against Hussites. The crusade was sent to Bohemia after negotiations, ...
that same year. Waldensian Crusade in the Dauphine. The Waldensian Crusade in the Dauphine (1487–1491) was a crusade against the Waldensians (Vaudois), a sect regarded as heretics, beginning with the burning at the stake of 80 Waldensians in 1211. In 1487,
Innocent VIII Pope Innocent VIII ( la, Innocentius VIII; it, Innocenzo VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1484 to his death in July 1492. Son of t ...
issued a bull for the extermination of the heresies of the Vaudois. Alberto de' Capitanei organized a crusade and launched an offensive against the Vaudois in Dauphiné and Piedmont.
Charles I, Duke of Savoy Charles I (28 March 1468 Carignano, Piedmont – 13 March 1490 Pinerolo), called the Warrior, was the Duke of Savoy from 1482 to 1490 and titular king of Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Armenia from 1485 to 1490. Life Charles was son of Amadeus IX, ...
, intervened in order to save his territories from further turmoil and promised the Vaudois peace, which did not occur before the offensive had devastated the area.
Angelo Carletti di Chivasso Angelo Carletti di Chivasso was a noted moral theologian of the Order of Friars Minor; born at Chivasso in Piedmont, in 1411; and died at Coni, in Piedmont, in 1495. His name in Latin is usually given as Angelus de Clavasio (Clavasium being ...
brought about a peaceful agreement between the parties, which was short-lived as attested by the Mérindol massacre of 1545, with persecution continuing until after the French Revolution.


Political Crusades

Political crusades include the following. Political Crusade against Roger II of Sicily. The Political Crusade against Roger II of Sicily (1127–1135). Called the First Political Crusade, it began in 1127 when
Honorius II Pope Honorius II (9 February 1060 – 13 February 1130), born Lamberto Scannabecchi,Levillain, pg. 731 was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 December 1124 to his death in 1130. Although from a humble background ...
, suspicious of the growth of Norman power in southern Italy, and at Capua in December, the pope preached a crusade against Roger II of Sicily. Upon the death of Honorius in 1130,
Anacletus II Anacletus II (died January 25, 1138), born Pietro Pierleoni, was an antipope who ruled in opposition to Pope Innocent II from 1130 until his death in 1138. After the death of Pope Honorius II, the college of cardinals was divided over his succe ...
and
Innocent II Pope Innocent II ( la, Innocentius II; died 24 September 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 February 1130 to his death in 1143. His election as pope was controversial and the fi ...
were both claimants to the papal throne. Roger supported the antipope Anacletus. In 1135, Innocent II offered Crusader indulgences to those who fought his enemies. There is no evidence that any military action was taken, but the action is viewed as a harbinger for the political crusades of the 13th century. Crusade against Markward von Anweiler. The Crusade against Markward von Anweiler (1199). The second of the so-called political crusades, that the papacy regarded as a pre-condition to a fourth crusade. In 1199,
Innocent III Pope Innocent III ( la, Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 ...
declared a crusade against Markward von Anweiler, Imperial seneschal and regent of the Kingdom of Sicily, who opposed papal claims on the regency of Sicily. Markward was regarded by Innocent as "worse than the infidels," granting those few who fought against him crusader indulgences. Among those taking arms was
Walter III of Brienne Walter III of Brienne (french: Gautier, it, Gualtiero; died June 1205) was a nobleman from northern France. Becoming Count of Brienne in 1191, Walter married the Sicilian princess Elvira and took an army to southern Italy to claim her inheritanc ...
who wished to secure his claim to Taranto by virtue of his marriage to
Elvira of Sicily Elvira of Sicily (died in 1231) was a member of the House of Hauteville who claimed the throne of the Kingdom of Sicily. She is known by an exceptional number of names, including Albinia, Elvira, Maria, Albidina and Blanche. Early life Elvira ...
. The need for the crusade ended with Markward's death in 1202. Papal Quarrel with John Lackland. Papal Quarrel with John Lackland (1208). The conflict between John of England and
Innocent III Pope Innocent III ( la, Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 ...
that led to John's excommunication has been referred to as a crusade. A Political Crusade in England. A Political Crusade in England (1215–1217). Two crusades were declared by Henry III of England against his rebellious subjects. The first began with a French knight
Savari de Mauléon Savari de Mauléon (also Savaury) ( oc, Savaric de Malleo) (died 1236) was a French soldier, the son of Raoul de Mauléon, Viscount of Thouars and Lord of Mauléon. Having espoused the cause of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, he was captured at ...
who had been in service to Hemry's predecessor, John of England, in the
First Barons' War The First Barons' War (1215–1217) was a civil war in the Kingdom of England in which a group of rebellious major landowners (commonly referred to as barons) led by Robert Fitzwalter waged war against King John of England. The conflict resul ...
. The pope,
Innocent III Pope Innocent III ( la, Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 ...
, had described Savari as ''crucesignatus pro defense Regni Anglie'', setting the stage for Henry to take the cross, with the inherent protections from Rome. The conflict was finally settled in 1217 with the
Treaty of Lambeth The Treaty of Lambeth of 1217, also known as the Treaty of Kingston to distinguish it from the Treaty of Lambeth of 1212, was a peace treaty signed by Louis of France in September 1217 ending the campaign known as the First Barons' War to uphold ...
between Henry and Louis VIII of France.Lock, P., ''The Routledge Companion to the Crusades,'' A Political Crusade in England?, c. 1215-1217. p. 167.Lloyd, S. (1985). ''Political Crusades in England, c. 1215-1217 and c. 1263-1265''. In: Edbury, P. W. (Peter W.). (1985)
Crusade and settlement
papers read at the first conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Small. Cardiff: University College Cardiff Press.
Gregory IX's Crusade against Frederick II. The Crusade against Frederick II (1228–1230), also known as the
War of the Keys The War of the Keys (1228–1230) was the first military conflict between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Papacy. Fighting took place in central and southern Italy. The Papacy made strong gains at first, securing the Papal States and i ...
. Efforts of pope Gregory IX against Frederick II. See also references under the Sixth Crusade above. Crusade against the Stedinger. The Crusade against the Stedinger (1233–1234), also known as the
Stedinger Crusade The Stedinger Crusade (1233–1234) was a Papally-sanctioned war against the rebellious peasants of Stedingen. The Stedinger were free farmers and subjects of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. Grievances over taxes and property rights turned ...
. The Stedinger were free farmers whose grievances over taxes and property rights turned into full-scale revolt. A papal-sanctioned crusade was called against the rebels. In the campaign of 1233, the small crusading army was defeated. In a follow-up campaign of 1234, a much larger crusader army was victorious. Innocent IV's Crusade against Frederick II. Pope Innocent IV's Crusade against Frederick II (1248). The conflict between the pope and the emperor began with the apostolic letter '' Ad apostolicae dignitatis apicem'' in 1245 and was not resolved until Frederick's death in 1250. Crusade against Sicily, The Crusade against Sicily (1248). Actions taken by Innocent IV after Frederick II's defeat at the
battle of Parma The Battle of Parma was fought on 18 February 1248 between the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Lombard League. The Guelphs attacked the Imperial camp when Frederick II was away. The Imperial forces were defeated''The New Cam ...
. Crusade against Conrad IV. The Crusade against Conrad IV (1250). A crusade against
Conrad IV of Germany Conrad (25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the only son of Emperor Frederick II from his second marriage with Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem. He inherited the title of King of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) up ...
that was a continuation of the crusade against his father Frederick II. Another Political Crusade in England. Another Political Crusade in England (1263–1265). The second of Henry III's political crusades began with the Second Barons' War in 1263. Again a crusade was declared by Henry III of England against his enemies, with consent two papal legates to England. The death of
Simon de Montfort Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester ( – 4 August 1265), later sometimes referred to as Simon V de Montfort to distinguish him from his namesake relatives, was a nobleman of French origin and a member of the English peerage, who led the ...
in 1265 put an end to this rebellion. Crusade against Frederico I of Montefeltro. The Crusade against Frederico I of Montefeltro (1321–1322) was a crusade proclaimed by
John XXII Pope John XXII ( la, Ioannes PP. XXII; 1244 – 4 December 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death in December 1334. He was the second and longest-reigning Avignon Pope, elected b ...
in 1321 against Federico I, Count of Montefeltro (1296–1322), and his brothers to regain possession of the March of Ancona and
Duchy of Spoleto The Duchy of Spoleto (, ) was a Lombard territory founded about 570 in central Italy by the Lombard ''dux'' Faroald. Its capital was the city of Spoleto. Lombards The Lombards had invaded Italy in 568 AD and conquered much of it, establishin ...
.
Malatesta da Verucchio Malatesta da Verucchio (1212–1312) was the founder of the powerful Italian Malatesta family and a notable ''condottiero.'' He was born in Verucchio. He was the son of Malatesta della Penna (1183-1248). He was the leader of the Guelphs in Roma ...
, ruler of Rimini, supported by the commune of Perugia, killed Federico and captured his brothers in 1322. Crusade against the Emperor Louis IV. The Crusade against the Emperor Louis IV (1328–1329) was a crusade against
Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV (german: Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328. Louis' election as king of Germany in ...
, also called the Crusade against Ludwig IV of Bavaria. Pope John XXII declared a crusade against Louis shortly after his coronation in 1328. Louis responded by installing an antipope,
Nicholas V Pope Nicholas V ( la, Nicholaus V; it, Niccolò V; 13 November 1397 – 24 March 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 March 1447 until his death in March 1455. Pope Eugene made ...
, declaring John deposed because of heresy. The crusade against Louis was renewed in 1329, and Robert of Naples sent forces against Louis and his ally Frederick II of Sicily but little came of it. Louis was also a protector of the Teutonic Knights, bestowing on the order a privilege to conquer Lithuania and Russia.


Northern Crusades

The Northern Crusades (1150–1560), also known as Baltic Crusades, occurred in northern Europe at the same time as the traditional crusades.Christiansen, Eric (1997). ''The Northern Crusades''. London: Penguin Books. Wendish Crusade. The Wendish Crusade (1147) was the first of the Northern Crusades, usually associated with the Second Crusade. A military campaign by the Holy Roman Empire and directed against the Polabian Slavs, or Wends. Swedish Crusades. The Swedish Crusades (1150s–1293) consisted of the
First Swedish Crusade The First Swedish Crusade was a mythical military expedition in the 1150s to Southwestern Finland by Swedish King Eric IX and English Bishop Henry of Uppsala. Earliest written sources of the crusade are from the late 13th century. The main s ...
(1150s), likely fictional, the Second Swedish Crusade (13th century), and the Third Swedish Crusade (1293). Drenthe Crusade. The Drenthe Crusade (1228–1232) was a papal-approved military campaign launched against
Drenthe Drenthe () is a province of the Netherlands located in the northeastern part of the country. It is bordered by Overijssel to the south, Friesland to the west, Groningen to the north, and the German state of Lower Saxony to the east. As of Nove ...
in 1228. The crusade was led by Willibrand,
Bishop of Utrecht List of bishops and archbishops of the diocese and archdioceses of Utrecht. Medieval diocese from 695 to 1580 Founders of the Utrecht diocese * * * * * Bishops * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...
, commanding a Frisian army. Willibrand's crusade ended inconclusively in 1232. Danish Crusades. The
Danish Crusades Danish may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark People * A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark * Culture of Denmark * Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish ance ...
(1191, 1293). The Danes made at least three crusades to Finland. The first is from 1187 when crusader
Esbern Snare Esbern Snare, also known as Esbern the Resolute, (1127–1204) was a '' høvding'', or chieftain, royal chancellor and crusader. His family were members of the powerful Hvide clan. In 1192, during the Crusades and after the fall of Jerusalem, h ...
mentioned in his christmas feast speech a major victory from the Finns. Two next known crusades were made in 1191 and in 1202. The latter one was led by the Bishop of Lund,
Anders Sunesen Anders Sunesen (also ''Andreas'', ''Suneson'', ''Sunesøn'', Latin: ''Andreas Sunonis'') (c. 1167 – 1228) was a Danish archbishop of Lund, Scania, from 21 March 1201, at the death of Absalon, to his own death in 1228. He is the author of ...
, with his brother. The Danes also participated in the Livonian Crusades. Livonian Crusades. The Livonian Crusades (1193–1287) are the various Christianization campaigns in the area constituting modern Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia following the 1193 call of
Celestine III Pope Celestine III ( la, Caelestinus III; c. 1106 – 8 January 1198), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 March or 10 April 1191 to his death in 1198. He had a tense relationship with several monarchs, ...
for a crusade against pagans in Northern Europe. It was conducted mostly by Germans from the Holy Roman Empire and Danes, and consisted of four parts: Crusades against the Livonians (1198–1209); Conquest of the Estonian Hinderland (1208–1226); Crusades against the Oeselians (1206–1261); Crusade against Curonians (1242–1267); and, Crusade against Semigallians (1219–1290). The principal original sources on these crusades are the ''
Livonian Rhymed Chronicle The ''Livonian Rhymed Chronicle'' (german: Livländische Reimchronik) is a chronicle written in Middle High German by an anonymous author. It covers the period 1180 – 1343 and contains a wealth of detail about Livonia — modern South Estonia a ...
'' and the ''
Livonian Chronicle of Henry The ''Livonian Chronicle of Henry'' ( la, Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae) offers a Latin narrative of events in Livonia (roughly corresponding to today's inland Estonia and the northern part of Latvia) and surrounding areas from 1180 to 1227. It wa ...
''. Crusades against Livonians. The Crusades against Livonians (1198–1209). When peaceful means of conversion failed to convert the Livonians, bishop
Berthold of Hanover Berthold of Hanover (died 24 July 1198) was a German Cistercian and Bishop of Livonia, who met his death in a crusade against the pagan Livonians. Life He was Abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Lockum in Hanover. At the death of Saint Meinh ...
arrived with a large contingent of crusaders in 1198. Berthold was surrounded soon after and killed, his forces defeated. To avenge Berthold's death,
Innocent III Pope Innocent III ( la, Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 ...
then issued a bull declaring a crusade against the Livonians.
Albert of Riga Albert of Riga or Albert of Livonia or Albrecht (german: Albert von Buxthoeven, lv, Alberts fon Buksthēvdens; c.1165 – 17 January 1229) was the third Bishop of Riga in Livonia. In 1201 he allegedly founded Riga, the modern capital of Latv ...
arrived the following year with a large force and in 1202, formed the
Livonian Brothers of the Sword german: Schwertbrüderordenfrench: Ordre des Chevaliers Porte-Glaive , image= , caption= , dates=1204–1237 , country= Terra Mariana , allegiance= Catholic Church , garrison= Wenden (Cēsis), Fellin (Viljandi), Segewold (Sigulda). Aschera ...
to aid in the conversion of the pagans. The Livonians led by
Caupo of Turaida Caupo of Turaida, or Kaupo (died 21 September 1217) was a leader of the Finnic-speaking Livonian people in the beginning of the 13th century, in what is now part of Latvia and Estonia. He is sometimes called a 'King of Livonia', the Chronicle ...
rebelled against the crusaders. Caupo's forces were defeated in 1206, and the Livonians were declared to be converted. Albert invaded with the forces of the Order in 1209, and the Livonians under duke Visvaldis were forced to submit to Albert.Urban, William (1981). ''The Livonian Crusade''. Washington University Press. Conquest of the Estonian Hinderland. Conquest of the Estonian Hinderland (1208–1226). The crusaders began operations against the
Estonians Estonians or Estonian people ( et, eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia who speak the Estonian language. The Estonian language is spoken as the first language by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to other ...
in 1208, with the help of the newly converted Livonians. From 1208–1227, war parties rampaged through Estonia. A truce was established from 1213–1215, but the Estonians were unable to develop into a centralized state. They were led by Lembitu of Lehola who was killed along with
Caupo of Turaida Caupo of Turaida, or Kaupo (died 21 September 1217) was a leader of the Finnic-speaking Livonian people in the beginning of the 13th century, in what is now part of Latvia and Estonia. He is sometimes called a 'King of Livonia', the Chronicle ...
(fighting for the crusaders), at the 1217
battle of St. Matthew's Day The Battle of Matthew's Day ( et, Madisepäeva lahing) was fought near Viljandi (probably in Vanamõisa) on 21 September 1217Battle of St. Matthew's Day (September 21) @ during the Livonian Crusade. The adversaries were the Sword Brethren ...
, a crushing defeat for the Estonians. The
Chronicle of Henry of Livonia The ''Livonian Chronicle of Henry'' ( la, Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae) offers a Latin narrative of events in Livonia (roughly corresponding to today's inland Estonia and the northern part of Latvia) and surrounding areas from 1180 to 1227. It wa ...
relates how in 1226, papal legate
William of Modena William of Modena ( – 31 March 1251), also known as ''William of Sabina'', ''Guglielmo de Chartreaux'', ''Guglielmo de Savoy'', ''Guillelmus'', was an Italian clergyman and papal diplomat.
successfully mediated peace in the area. Crusades against the Oeselians. The Crusades against the Oeselians (1206–1261). The Estonian region of Saaremaa, whose occupants were known as Oeselians, resisted the German crusaders, maintaining war fleets that continued to raid Denmark and Sweden. Danish armies led by Valdemar II of Denmark failed in Saaremaa in 1206 and 1222, as did
John I of Sweden John I ( sv, Johan Sverkersson; c. 1201 – 10 March 1222) was the king of Sweden from 1216 until his death. Background John was the son of King Sverker II of Sweden of the House of Sverker and Queen Ingegerd of the Bjälbo dynasty. When he was ...
in 1220. The
Livonian Brothers of the Sword german: Schwertbrüderordenfrench: Ordre des Chevaliers Porte-Glaive , image= , caption= , dates=1204–1237 , country= Terra Mariana , allegiance= Catholic Church , garrison= Wenden (Cēsis), Fellin (Viljandi), Segewold (Sigulda). Aschera ...
finally succeeding in converting the Oeselians to Christianity in 1226 after failing in 1216. After regressing, the Oeselians once again accepted Christianity in 1241, and signed a treaty in 1255. Conflict returned in 1261 as the Oeselians once more renounced Christianity and killed all the occupying Germans. A final peace treaty was imposed that year by the
Livonian Order The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, formed in 1237. From 1435 to 1561 it was a member of the Livonian Confederation. History The order was formed from the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword after ...
, a branch of the Teutonic Order.Woodhouse, F. C. (Frederick Charles). (1879)
The military religious orders of the Middle Ages: the Hospitallers, the Templars, the Teutonic knights, and others
With an appendix of other orders of knighthood: legendary, honorary, and modern. London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge.
Crusade against Curonians. The Crusade against Curonians (1242–1267). After the defeat of the Estonians in 1126 and the Oeselians in 1241, the crusade moved against the
Curonians :''The Kursenieki are also sometimes known as Curonians.'' The Curonians or Kurs ( lv, kurši; lt, kuršiai; german: Kuren; non, Kúrir; orv, кърсь) were a Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in what are now the western ...
who had attacked Riga in 1210 and 1228. Those in the north accepted peace with the Germans in 1230, but in the south the fighting continued. In 1260, the Curonians fought alongside the crusaders in the
battle of Durbe The Battle of Durbe ( lv, Durbes kauja, lt, Durbės mūšis, german: Schlacht an der Durbe) was a medieval battle fought near Durbe, east of Liepāja, in present-day Latvia during the Livonian Crusade. On 13 July 1260, the Samogitians sound ...
, abandoning them in the midst of battle, allowing the Lithuanians to gain victory over the Livonian Order and Teutonic Knights. The Curonians were finally subdued in 1267 and the land partitioned. This was documented by
Peter of Dusburg Peter of Dusburg (german: Peter von Dusburg; la, Petrus de Dusburg; died after 1326), also known as Peter of Duisburg, was a Priest-Brother and chronicler of the Teutonic Knights. He is known for writing the ''Chronicon terrae Prussiae'', which des ...
in his 1326 work ''
Chronicon terrae Prussiae ''Chronicon terræ Prussiæ'' (Latin for "The Chronicle of the Prussian Land") is a chronicle of the Teutonic Knights, by Peter of Dusburg, finished in 1326. The manuscript is the first major chronicle of the Teutonic Order in Prussia and the Gr ...
.''Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). " Peter of Duisburg". '' Encyclopædia Britannica''. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 294. Crusade against Semigallians. The Crusade against Semigallians (1219–1290). According to the ''Livonian Chronicle of Henry'', the Semigallians formed an alliance with
Albert of Riga Albert of Riga or Albert of Livonia or Albrecht (german: Albert von Buxthoeven, lv, Alberts fon Buksthēvdens; c.1165 – 17 January 1229) was the third Bishop of Riga in Livonia. In 1201 he allegedly founded Riga, the modern capital of Latv ...
against the Livonians before 1203, and received military support to hold back Lithuanian attacks in 1205. In 1219, this alliance was shattereded after a crusader invasion in Semigallia. Duke Viestards then formed an alliance with Lithuanians and Curonians. In 1228, Semigallians and Curonians attacked the main crusader stronghold, with the crusaders taking revenge and invaded Semigallia. In 1236, Semigallians attacked crusaders retreating to Riga after the
battle of Saule The Battle of Saule ( lt, Saulės mūšis / Šiaulių mūšis; german: Schlacht von Schaulen; lv, Saules kauja) was fought on 22 September 1236, between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and pagan troops of Samogitians and Semigallians. Betwe ...
, but by 1254, the Semigallians had been subdued by the
Livonian Order The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, formed in 1237. From 1435 to 1561 it was a member of the Livonian Confederation. History The order was formed from the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword after ...
. In 1270, the Semigallians joined Lithuanian Grand Duke
Traidenis Traidenis ( pl, Trojden, be, Трайдзень) (died 1282) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1270 (or 1269) until 1282. He is the second most prominent, after Mindaugas, Grand Duke of Lithuania in the 13th century. His reign ended a seven-ye ...
in an attack on Livonia and Saaremaa. During the
battle of Karuse The Battle of Karuse or Battle on the Ice was fought on 16 February 1270 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Livonian Order on the frozen Baltic Sea between the island of Muhu and the mainland. The Lithuanians achieved a decisive vict ...
, the Livonian Order was defeated, and its master
Otto von Lutterberg Otto von Lutterberg (died 16 February 1270) was the Landmeister of the Livonian Order of the Teutonic Knights from 1267 to 1270. History The Battle of Rakvere took place during his command of the Livonian Order, when on February 18, 1268 the c ...
killed. In 1287, a force of Semigallians attacked a crusader stronghold in
Ikšķile Ikšķile (; german: Uexküll; liv, Ikškilā; et, Üksküla; also known as ''Üxküll'') is a town in Latvia, in Ogre Municipality. It was the first capital of the Roman Catholic Bishopric of Livonia, known by the German name of Üxkül ...
and plundered nearby lands. As they returned to Semigallia, they defeated the crusaders at the
battle of Garoza The Battle of Garoza was one of the largest battles of the Livonian Crusade which occurred in 1287 between the Livonian Order and Semigallians in the territory of modern Latvia. It was a severe defeat for the order which lost its master and seve ...
, the last such victory. The Semigallians were finally subdued by 1290.'''' Prussian Crusades. The
Prussian Crusade The Prussian Crusade was a series of 13th-century campaigns of Roman Catholic crusaders, primarily led by the Teutonic Knights, to Christianize under duress the pagan Old Prussians. Invited after earlier unsuccessful expeditions against the Pr ...
s (1222–1274) were a series of 13th-century campaigns of Catholic crusaders, primarily led by the Teutonic Knights, to Christianize the pagan
Old Prussians Old Prussians, Baltic Prussians or simply Prussians (Old Prussian: ''prūsai''; german: Pruzzen or ''Prußen''; la, Pruteni; lv, prūši; lt, prūsai; pl, Prusowie; csb, Prësowié) were an indigenous tribe among the Baltic peoples that ...
. These include the Crusade of 1222–1223, the
First Prussian Uprising The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Old Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade. The crusading military order, suppor ...
of 1242–1249, and the
Great Prussian Uprising The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Old Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade. The crusading military order, suppor ...
of 1260–1274. Lithuanian Crusades. The
Lithuanian Crusade The Lithuanian Crusade was a series of economic Christian colonization campaigns by the Teutonic Order and the Livonian Order under the pretext of forcibly Christianizing the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Livonian Order occupied Riga in ...
s (1284–1435) were a series of economic Christian colonization campaigns by the Teutonic Order and the
Livonian Order The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, formed in 1237. From 1435 to 1561 it was a member of the Livonian Confederation. History The order was formed from the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword after ...
under the religious pretext of forcibly Christianizing the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Roman Catholicism. (cf. Italian Wikipedia, Crociata lituana) Crusade of Magnus II Eriksson. The Crusade of Magnus II Eriksson (1347–1351). The Crusade of Magnus II Eriksson of Sweden ( Magnus IV of Sweden) against Novgorod began in 1348, when Magnus led a crusade, marching up the Neva, converting the tribes along that river, and briefly capturing the fortress of Orekhov. The Novgorodians retook the fortress in 1349 after a seven-month siege, and Magnus fell back, partially due to the ravages of the plague. He spent much of 1351 unsuccessfully seeking support for further crusading action among the German cities.


Crusades in the Iberian Peninsula

Crusades in the Iberian peninsula, commonly referred to as the ''Reconquista'', from 1031 to 1492. Timeline.
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula This is a timeline of notable events during the period of Muslim presence in Iberia, starting with the Umayyad conquest in the 8th century. Conquest (711–756) * 711A Muslim force consisting of Arabs and Berbers of about 7,000 soldiers under ge ...
. Granada War. The
Granada War The Granada War ( es, Guerra de Granada) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1491 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada. It e ...
(1482–1491) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1491, during the reign of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the
Emirate of Granada ) , common_languages = Official language:Classical ArabicOther languages: Andalusi Arabic, Mozarabic, Berber, Ladino , capital = Granada , religion = Majority religion:Sunni IslamMinority religions:Roma ...
. It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending all Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula.


Italian Crusades

Crusades against Italian republics and cities, and Sicily. These are documented in the work by British historian
Norman Housley Norman Housley is a professor of History at the University of Leicester. Educated at the University of Cambridge, Housley was a research student of Jonathan Riley-Smith. He was research fellow in history at Girton College in 1979 and came to the ...
, ''The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343'' (1982). Mallorca Crusade. The Mallorca Crusade (1113–1115), also known as the Balearic Islands Expedition. Crusade of John of Brienne in Apulia. The Crusade of John of Brienne in Apulia (1229). Conflicts between
John of Brienne John of Brienne ( 1170 – 19–23 March 1237), also known as John I, was King of Jerusalem from 1210 to 1225 and Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1229 to 1237. He was the youngest son of Erard II of Brienne, a wealthy nobleman in Champagn ...
and his son-in-law Frederick II in Italy. Genoese Crusade against Savona and Albenga. The Genoese Crusade against Savona and
Albenga Albenga ( lij, Arbenga; la, Albingaunum) is a city and ''comune'' situated on the Gulf of Genoa on the Italian Riviera in the Province of Savona in Liguria, northern Italy. Albenga has the nickname of ''city of a hundred spires''. The economy is ...
(1240). A minor conflict summoned to suppress supporters of Frederick II. Crusade against Manfred of Sicily. The Crusade against Manfred of Sicily (1255–1266). The first crusade against
Manfred of Sicily Manfred ( scn, Manfredi di Sicilia; 123226 February 1266) was the last King of Sicily from the Hohenstaufen dynasty, reigning from 1258 until his death. The natural son of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, Manfred became regent over the ...
, the illegitimate son of Frederick II, was preached in 1255. The second was declared after Manfred's coronation as the King of Sicily in 1258. He was excommunicated by
Innocent IV Pope Innocent IV ( la, Innocentius IV; – 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254. Fieschi was born in Genoa and studied at the universitie ...
and indulgences continued to be enjoyed by those crusaders until his death at the hands of
Charles I of Anjou Charles I (early 1226/12277 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou. He was Count of Provence (1246–85) and Forcalquier (1246–48, 1256–85) i ...
, brother of Louis IX, at the
battle of Benevento The Battle of Benevento was a major medieval battle fought on 26 February 1266, near Benevento in present-day Southern Italy, between the forces of Charles I of Anjou and those of King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred's defeat and death resulted in Ch ...
of 1266. Crusade against Ezzelino III da Romano. The Crusade against Ezzelino III da Romano (1256). A crusade preached by
Innocent IV Pope Innocent IV ( la, Innocentius IV; – 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254. Fieschi was born in Genoa and studied at the universitie ...
in Venice against the tyrant
Ezzelino III da Romano Ezzelino III da Romano (25 April 1194, Tombolo7 October 1259) was an Italian feudal lord, a member of the Ezzelino family, in the March of Treviso (in modern Veneto). He was a close ally of the emperor Frederick II ( r. 1220–1250), and ruled ...
and his son
Alberico da Romano Alberico da Romano (1196 – 26 August 1260), called Alberico II, was an Italian condottiero, troubadour, and an alternatingly Guelph and Ghibelline statesman. He was also a patron of Occitan literature. Biography Alberico was born in the ca ...
. Innocent had excommunicated the father, who won an initial victory over the crusaders. Wounded in the battle of Cassano d'Adda of 1259, Ezzelino killed himself by self-neglect while imprisoned. The reaction to this crusade left no doubt that crusades against domestic enemies of the Church were every bit as serious as those against Muslims. Ezzelino was a "son of perdition" in Dante's ''Inferno'', his soul consigned to Hell. Crusade against Conradin. The Crusade against Conradin (1268).
Conradin Conrad III (25 March 1252 – 29 October 1268), called ''the Younger'' or ''the Boy'', but usually known by the diminutive Conradin (german: link=no, Konradin, it, Corradino), was the last direct heir of the House of Hohenstaufen. He was Duke ...
(1252–1268) was nominal king of Jerusalem as the son of
Conrad IV of Germany Conrad (25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the only son of Emperor Frederick II from his second marriage with Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem. He inherited the title of King of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) up ...
. He attempted to get control of the Kingdom of Sicily, causing
Charles I of Anjou Charles I (early 1226/12277 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou. He was Count of Provence (1246–85) and Forcalquier (1246–48, 1256–85) i ...
to declare a crusade against him. Conradin joined with Muslim forces at Lucera and was defeated by Charles at Tagliacozzo and later beheaded. First Crusade against the Arogonese. The Crusade against the Arogonese (1284–1285), also known as the Arogonese Crusade, or Crusade of Aragon, was part of the
War of the Sicilian Vespers The War of the Sicilian Vespers or just War of the Vespers was a conflict that started with the insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers against Charles of Anjou in 1282 and ended in 1302 with the Peace of Caltabellotta. It was fought in Sicily, ...
. The crusade was declared by
Martin IV Pope Martin IV ( la, Martinus IV; c. 1210/1220 – 28 March 1285), born Simon de Brion, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1281 to his death on 28 March 1285. He was the last French pope to have ...
against Peter III of Aragon in 1284 and was conducted by Philip III of France. The crusade effectively ended with a French loss at the
battle of the Col de Panissars The Battle of the Col de Panissars was fought on 30 September and 1 October 1285 between the forces of Philip III of France and Peter III of Aragon. It was a severe defeat for the French, who were already retiring over the Pyrenees when the ...
in 1265. The wars of the Sician Vespers continued until 1302. Second Crusade against the Arogonese. The Crusade against the Arogonese (1309) was a dispute over the succession of
Azzo VIII d'Este Azzo VIII d'Este (died 31 January 1308) was lord of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio from 1293 until his death. He inherited the family lands from his father, Obizzo II, whom Dante suggested in the '' Inferno'' he had assassinated. The Florentine poet ...
, Marquis of Ferrara. Third Crusade against the Arogonese. The Crusade against the Arogonese (1321–1322). Also known as the Anti-Ghibelline Crusades, these were crusades preached against
Matteo I Visconti Matteo I Visconti (1250–1322) was the second of the Milanese Visconti family to govern Milan. Matteo was born to Teobaldo Visconti and Anastasia Pirovano. In 1287, Matteo's uncle Ottone Visconti, archbishop and first lord of Milan, nominat ...
and his son Galeazzo I Visconti in 1321 and renewed in 1325 against
Aldobrandino II d'Este Aldobrandino II d'Este (died 1326) was the Marquess of Ferrara from 1308 until his death. He was the son of Obizzo II d'Este and Jacopina Fieschi, the niece of Pope Adrian V. Aldobrandino became lord of Ferrara at the death of his elder broth ...
and his son
Obizzo III d'Este Obizzo III d'Este (14 July 1294 – 20 March 1352) was the Marquess of Ferrara from 1317 until his death. He was the son of Aldobrandino II d'Este and Alda Rangoni. Life Obizzo was lord of Ferrara together with his brothers Rinaldo and Niccol ...
and supporters in Ferrara. Angevin forces carried out the fighting for these crusades.


Planned crusades

In the 14th century, much work was done to call for a new crusade to recapture Jerusalem. This includes proposals by Benedetto Accolti, Martin Luther's ''
On War Against the Turk ''On War Against the Turk'' (German: ''Vom Kriege wider die Türken'') was a book written by Martin Luther in 1528 and published in 1529. It was one of several pamphlets and sermons by Martin Luther about Islam and resistance to the Ottoman Empire ...
'', Francis Bacon's ''Advertisement Touching on a Holy Warre'', and Leibnitz' ''Project de conquête l'Egypte présenté à Louis XIV.'' In addition, there were other crusades that did not leave the planning stage, including the following. Crusade of Emperor Henry IV. The Crusade of Emperor Henry IV (1103) was a planned crusade planned by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV that never materialized. Crusade of Conrad III. The Crusade of Conrad III (1124) was an expedition by
Conrad III of Germany Conrad III (german: Konrad; it, Corrado; 1093 or 1094 – 15 February 1152) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was from 1116 to 1120 Duke of Franconia, from 1127 to 1135 anti-king of his predecessor Lothair III and from 1138 until his death in 1152 ...
discussed by
Ekkehard of Aura Ekkehard of Aura ( la, Ekkehardus Uraugiensis; died 1126) was the Abbot of Aura (a monastery founded by Otto, Bishop of Bamberg, on the Franconian Saale river, near Bad Kissingen, Bavaria) from 1108. A Benedictine monk and chronicler, he made up ...
in his ''Chronicon universale.'' Crusade Preached against the Mongols in Syria. A Crusade Preached against the Mongols in Syria (1260). After the Mongol takeover of Aleppo in 1260, the Franks in the kingdom called on Alexander IV and
Charles I of Anjou Charles I (early 1226/12277 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou. He was Count of Provence (1246–85) and Forcalquier (1246–48, 1256–85) i ...
for help. The pope issued the bull ''Audiat orbis'' calling for a crusade against the Mongols and excommunicating
Bohemond VI of Antioch Bohemond VI (–1275), also known as the Fair, was the prince of Antioch and count of Tripoli from 1251 until his death. He ruled while Antioch was caught between the warring Mongol Empire and Mamluk Sultanate. In 1268 Antioch was captured by t ...
for cooperating with the invaders. The abbot
Benedict of Alignan The Blessed Benedict of Alignan (died 1268) was Benedictine abbot of Nôtre Dame de la Grasse (1224) and Bishop of Marseille (1229). Biography Benedict twice visited Palestine (1239–1242 and 1260–1262), where he helped the Knights Templar buil ...
was tasked with organizing the crusade, preaching it in Acre. The defeat of the Mongols at the
battle of Ain Jalut The Battle of Ain Jalut (), also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley near what is known today as the Spri ...
in 1260 removed the Mongol threat, at the cost of an increased threat from the Mamluks. Plans for a Joint Latin-Greek Crusade. Plans for a Joint Latin-Greek Crusade (1274–1276). The
Second Council of Lyon :''The First Council of Lyon, the Thirteenth Ecumenical Council, took place in 1245.'' The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, Kingdom of Arl ...
in 1274 thwarted Charles I of Anjou's hopes of leading a new crusade. Nevertheless,
Gregory X Pope Gregory X ( la, Gregorius X;  – 10 January 1276), born Teobaldo Visconti, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 September 1271 to his death and was a member of the Secular Franciscan Order. He w ...
was favorable to a proposal from Michael VIII Palaiologos for a crusade against the Turks to restore the ancient Christian cities of Anatolia. Gregory's death in 1276), put an end to such talks. Crusade of the Genoese Women. The Crusade of the Genoese Women (1300).
Boniface VIII Pope Boniface VIII ( la, Bonifatius PP. VIII; born Benedetto Caetani, c. 1230 – 11 October 1303) was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 December 1294 to his death in 1303. The Caetani family was of baronial ...
declared 1300 a Jubilee Year, and crusading planning was generated by enthusiasm for the celebration. The women of Genoa intended to go on crusade, to the point of designing and building armored suits. Crusade of Clement V. The Crusade of Clement V (1309) was a crusade, or '' passagium generale'', against the Mamluks was planned by pope
Clement V Pope Clement V ( la, Clemens Quintus; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled ''de Guoth'' and ''de Goth''), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his d ...
. The crusade was to be executed by the Knights Hospitaller under Foulques de Villaret, fresh from his successes at Rhodes, and reduced to a ''passagium''. Instead, members of the lower classes of England, France and Germany formed a peasant army, and executed the Crusade of the Poor. French Plans for Crusade. French Plans for Crusade (1317–1333) were crusades planned for or proposed during the
Avignon Papacy The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon – at the time within the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire; now part of France – rather than in Rome. The situation aro ...
, involving three successive kings of France, Philip V, Charles IV and Philip VI. Crusade of Philip V. The Crusade of Philip V (1317–1322) was a planned crusade by Philip V of France. At the
Council of Vienne The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church and met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne, France. One of its principal acts was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar at the instigation of Phili ...
in 1312, Philip's father Philip IV of France and pope
John XXII Pope John XXII ( la, Ioannes PP. XXII; 1244 – 4 December 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death in December 1334. He was the second and longest-reigning Avignon Pope, elected b ...
had agreed to a new crusade. John continued to assure the Armenians that a crusade would soon happen, but instead turned his energies against Ludwig IV of Bavaria and to the Second Shepherds' Crusade. Crusade of Charles IV. The Crusade of Charles IV (1322–1328) was a planned crusade by
Charles IV of France Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), called the Fair (''le Bel'') in France and the Bald (''el Calvo'') in Navarre, was last king of the direct line of the House of Capet, King of France and King of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322 ...
, continuing the interest expressed by his brother Philip V. Charles entrusted his uncle
Charles of Valois Charles of Valois (12 March 1270 – 16 December 1325), the fourth son of King Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon, was a member of the House of Capet and founder of the House of Valois, whose rule over France would start in 1328 ...
to negotiate the terms, but conflicts with England took precedence. Nothing ever became of the proposed conflict and the idea died with Charles IV in 1328. Crusade of Philip VI. The Crusade of Philip VI (1330–1332). An anonymous document '' Directorium ad passagium faciendum'' proposed an extensive crusade to Philip VI of France in 1330 or 1332. The proposal was for the conquest of the Holy Land, the Byzantine empire and Russia, In RHC ''Documents arméniens'', Volume 2.IV. Crusade of Joan of Arc. The Crusade of Joan of Arc (1430). In 1430, Joan of Arc threatened to lead a crusading army against the Hussites unless they returned to the Catholic Church. This followed Martin V's threat to the Hussites and the subsequent Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade. Crusade of Pius II. The Crusade of Pius II (1464). At age 60,
Pius II Pope Pius II ( la, Pius PP. II, it, Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini ( la, Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus, links=no; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 Augus ...
took the cross in 1464 and departed for
Ancona Ancona (, also , ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region in central Italy, with a population of around 101,997 . Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic ...
where he was to meet a small Venetian fleet to attack the Turks. Pius died before the fleet arrived. Nevertheless, a fresco of the pope by Bernardino di Pinturicchio depicts an idealized (and fictional) version of his launching the crusade (Fresco #10, Pope Pius II Arrives in Ancona).


Consolidated list of Crusades

The consolidated list of the Crusades to the Holy Land from 1095 through 1578 is as follows. For the '' Reconquista'', consult the
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula This is a timeline of notable events during the period of Muslim presence in Iberia, starting with the Umayyad conquest in the 8th century. Conquest (711–756) * 711A Muslim force consisting of Arabs and Berbers of about 7,000 soldiers under ge ...
for a more detailed chronology. Eleventh century * First Crusade (1095–1099) * People's Crusade (1096) Twelfth century * Crusade of 1101 (1101–1102) (Crusade of the Faint-Hearted) * Crusade of Emperor Henry IV (1103) * Crusade of Bohemond of Taranto (1107–1108) * Norwegian Crusade (1107–1110) (Crusade of Sigurd Jorsalfar) * Mallorca Crusade (1113–1115) (Balearic Islands Expedition) * Crusade or Pilgrimage of Fulk V of Anjou (1120–1122) * Venetian Crusade (1122–1124) (Crusade of Calixtus II) * Crusade of Conrad III (1124) * Political Crusade against Roger II of Sicily (1127–1135) * Crusade of 1129 (Damascus Crusade) * Second Crusade (1147–1150) * Wendish Crusade (1147) * Crusading Project against Byzantium (1149–1150) * Pilgrimage of Rognvald Kali Kolsson (1151–1153) (Crusade of Rognvald Kali Kolsson) * Crusader Invasions of Egypt (1154–1169) * Swedish Crusades (1150s–1293) * Crusade or Pilgrimage of Henry the Lion (1172) * Crusade to the East of Philip of Flanders (1177) * Third Crusade (1189–1192) * Danish Crusades (1191, 1293) * Livonian Crusades (1193–1287) * Crusade of Emperor Henry VI (1197–1198) * Crusades against Livonians (1198–1209) * Crusade against Markward von Anweiler (1199) Thirteenth century * Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) (Unholy Crusade) * Crusade against the Bulgars (1205) * Crusades against the Oeselians (1206–1261) * Papal Quarrel with John Lackland (1208) * Conquest of the Estonian Hinderland (1208–1226) * Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229) (Cathar Crusade) * Children's Crusade (1212) * A Political Crusade in England (1215–1217) * Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) * Crusade against Semigallians (1219–1290) * Crusade against Frederick II (1220–1241) * Prussian Crusades (1222–1274) * Crusade of William VI of Montferrat (1225) * Sixth Crusade (1228–1229) (Crusade of Emperor Frederick II) * Drenthe Crusade (1228–1232) * Crusade of John of Brienne in Apulia (1229) * Crusade against the Stedinger (1233–1234) (Stedinger Crusade) * Bogomils Crusades (1234, 1252) * Crusades against the Bosnian Heritics (1235, 1241) (Bosnian Crusades) * Barons' Crusade (1239–1241) (Crusade of 1239) * Crusade of Theobald I of Navarre (1239–1240) * Crusade to Tzurulum (1239) * Crusade of Richard of Cornwall (1240–1241) * Genoese Crusade against Savona and Albenga (1240) * Crusade against the Mongols (1241) * Crusade against Curonians (1242–1267) * Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) (Crusade of Louis IX of France to the East) * Pope Innocent IV's Crusade against Frederick II (1248) * Crusade against Sicily (1248) * Crusade against Conrad IV (1250) * First Shepherds’ Crusade (1251) * Crusade against Manfred of Sicily (1255–1266) * Crusade against Ezzelino III da Romano (1256) * Crusade Preached against the Mongols in Syria (1260) * Anti-Byzantine Crusades (1261–1320) * Another Political Crusade in England (1263–1265) * Crusade of Odo of Burgundy (1265–1266) * Crusade of Charles of Anjou against Lucera (1268) * Crusade against Conradin, nominal king of Jerusalem (1268) * Crusade of James I of Aragon (1269–1270) * Eighth Crusade (1270) (Crusade of Louis IX of France to Tunis) * Lord Edward's Crusade (1271–1272) (Crusade of Lord Edward of England, the Ninth Crusade, or the Last Crusade) * Plans for a Joint Latin-Greek Crusade (1274–1276) * Crusade of Henry of Mecklenburg (1275) * Lithuanian Crusades (1284–1435) * Crusade against the Arogonese (1284–1285) (Arogonese Crusade, or Crusade of Aragon) * Siege of Acre (1291) * Crusade against Frederick III of Sicily (1298, 1299, 1302). * Crusade against the Colonna Cardinals (1298) Fourteenth century * Expedition of the Almogavars (1301–1311) * Hospitaller Crusade (1306–1310) (Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes) * Crusade of the Poor (1309) (Crusade of 1309 or the Shepards' Crusade of 1309) * Crusade against the Venetians (1309) * Crusade of Clement V (1309) *Crusade against the Arogonese (1309) * French Plans for Crusade (1317–1333) * Crusade of Philip V (1317–1322) * Second Shepherds' Crusade (1320) (The ''Pastoreaux'' of 1320) * Crusade against Frederico I of Montefeltro (1321–1322) * Crusade against Ferrara, Milan and the Ghibellines (1321–1322) (Anti-Ghibelline Crusades) *Crusade against the Arogonese (1321–1322) * Crusade of Charles IV (1322–1328) * Crusade against the Emperor Louis IV (1328–1329) * Crusade against the Catalan Grand Company (1330–1332) (Anti-Catalan Crusade) * Crusade of Philip VI (1330–1332) * The Naval Crusade of the Holy League (1332–1333) * The Holy League of Clement VI (1343) * Smyrniote Crusades (1343–1351) * Smyrna Crusade (1344) * Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois (1346) * Crusade of Magnus II Eriksson (1347–1351) * Crusade against Francesco Ordelaffi (1355–1357) * Crusade of Peter I de Lusignan (1362–1365) * Alexandrian Crusade (1365) * Crusade of Amadeus VI of Savoy (Savoyard crusade) (1366–1367) * The Great Schism and the Crusades (1382–1387). * Crusade against Charles III of Naples (1382) * Despenser's Crusade (1383) (Norwich Crusade) * Crusade of John of Gaunt (1387). * Mahdia Crusade (1390) (Barbary Crusade or Crusade of Louis II de Bourbon against Mahdia) * Crusade of Nicopolis (1396) * Crusade of Marshal Boucicaut to Constantinople (1399) Fifteenth century * Crusades against the Hussites (1420–1431) * First Anti-Hussite Crusade (1420) * Second Anti-Hussite Crusade (1421–1422) * Third Anti-Hussite Crusade (1423–1424) * Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade (1426–1428) * Crusade of Joan of Arc (1430) * Fifth Anti-Hussite Crusade (1431) * Crusade of Varna (1443–1444) * Crusades to Recover Constantinople (1453–1460) * Crusade of Nicholas V (1455–1456) * Genoese Crusade to defend Chios (1455–1457) * Crusade of St. John of Capistrano (1456) (Siege of Belgrade) * Occupation of Sporades (1457) * Crusade of Pius II (1464) * Siege of Rhodes (1480) * The Anti-Turkish Crusade (1480–1481) * Crusade of Otranto (1481) * Granada War (1482–1491) * The Waldensian Crusade in the Dauphine (1487–1491) * Spanish Crusade in North Africa (1499–1510) Sixteenth century * Siege of Rhodes (1522) * Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Algiers (1541) (Algiers Expedition) * Spanish Crusade to Mahdia (1550) * Crusade of King Sebastian of Portugal to Morocco (1578) (Battle of Alcácer Quibir or the Battle of Three Kings)


Source material

* Chronology and Maps, in ''The Oxford History of the Crusades'' (1995), edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith. * A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, in ''The Routledge Companion to the Crusades'' (2006), by historian Peter Lock.'''' * A Narrative Outline of the Crusade, ''ibid.'' * The Crusades: A Chronology, in ''The Crusades—An Encyclopedia'' (2006), edited by Alan V. Murray''.'' * Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in ''History of the Crusades'', Volume III, edited by Kenneth M. Setton (1975). * God's War: A New Introduction to the Crusades (2006), by
Christopher Tyerman Christopher Tyerman (born 22 May 1953) is an academic historian focusing on the Crusades. In 2015, he was appointed Professor of History of the Crusades at the University of Oxford. Life and career He graduated from New College, Oxford, with a f ...
.Tyerman, Christopher, ''God's War:  A New History of the Crusades'', Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2006


See also

*
Crusader States The Crusader States, also known as Outremer, were four Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291. These feudal polities were created by the Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade through conquest and political in ...
* European wars of religion *
List of sources for the Crusades The list of sources for the Crusades provides those contemporaneous written accounts and other artifacts of the Crusades covering the period from the Council of Clermont in 1095 until the fall of Acre in 1291. These sources include chronicles, ...


References

{{Reflist Medieval history of the Middle East