This is a list of

monetary reform Monetary reform is any movement or theory that proposes a system of supplying money and financing the economy that is different from the current system. Monetary reformers may advocate any of the following, among other proposals: * A return t ...

ers from the past to the present according to several schools of thought. Monetary reformers primarily belong to the following groups: *Supporters of publicly issued money who oppose charging

interest In finance and economics, interest is payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum (that is, the amount borrowed), at a particular rate. It is distinct ...

on issuance of money, formerly called "Greenbackers" in late 19th century United States, *the

Austrian School The Austrian School is a heterodox school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result exclusively from the motivations and actions of individuals. Austrian school ...

who generally support a return to the

gold standard A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the early 1920s, and from the la ...

full-reserve banking Full-reserve banking (also known as 100% reserve banking, narrow banking, or sovereign money system) is a system of banking where banks do not lend demand deposits and instead, only lend from time deposits. It differs from fractional-reserve bank ...

, and *the Post-Keynesian School who generally wish to regulate or reduce leverage and debt in the economy or direct it to "productive, non-speculative" uses. Most of these groups are critical of

fractional-reserve banking Fractional-reserve banking is the system of banking operating in almost all countries worldwide, under which banks that take deposits from the public are required to hold a proportion of their deposit liabilities in liquid assets as a reserve, ...

, a practice which is described by critics as "creating money out of thin air". According to the

Bank of England The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government's banker, and still one of the bankers for the Government of ...

"rather than banks lending out deposits that are placed with them, the act of lending creates deposits – the reverse of the sequence typically described in textbooks".

Public, community and self-issuance of money

Publicly issued, debt-free money or interest-free credit

Ellen Brown Ellen Hodgson Brown (born September 15, 1945) is an American author, attorney, public speaker, and advocate of alternative medicine and w:financial reform, financial reform, most prominently public banking. Brown is the founder and president of t ...

Jacob Coxey Jacob Sechler Coxey Sr. (April 16, 1854 – May 18, 1951), sometimes known as General Coxey, of Massillon, Ohio, was an American politician who ran for elective office several times in Ohio. Twice, in 1894 and 1914, he led "Coxey's Army", a grou ...

Henry Clay Dean Henry Clay Dean (27 October 1822 – 6 February 1887) was a Methodist Episcopal preacher, lawyer, orator and author who was a critic of the American Civil War and the Lincoln Administration. Early life and education Dean was born in Fayette Count ...

Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was an American polymath who was active as a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher, and political philosopher. Encyclopædia Britannica, Wood, 2021 Among the leading inte ...

Gottfried Feder Gottfried Feder (27 January 1883 – 24 September 1941) was a German civil engineer, a self-taught economist, and one of the early key members of the Nazi Party and its economic theoretician. It was one of his lectures, delivered in 1919, that d ...

Silvio Gesell Johann Silvio Gesell (; 17 March 1862 – 11 March 1930) was a German-Argentine economist, merchant, and the founder of Freiwirtschaft, an economic model for market socialism. In 1900 he founded the magazine ''Geld-und Bodenreform'' (''Monetar ...

* Joseph Huber *

Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as ...

Dennis Kucinich Dennis John Kucinich (; born October 8, 1946) is an American politician. A U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1997 to 2013, he was also a candidate for the Democratic nomination for president of the United States in 2004 and 2008. He ran for ...

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation thro ...

Gerry McGeer Gerald Grattan McGeer (6 January 1888 – 11 August 1947) was a lawyer, populist politician, and monetary reform advocate in the Canadian province of British Columbia. He served as the 22nd Mayor of Vancouver, a Member of the Legislative Assem ...

* James Robertson *

Michael Rowbotham Michael Rowbotham is a political and economic writer and commentator based in the UK who is primarily known for his two books, ''The Grip of Death: A Study of Modern Money, Debt Slavery, and Destructive Economics'' (1998) and ''Goodbye America'' ...

James Gibb Stuart James Gibb Stuart (30 August 1920 – 23 September 2013) was a financial author, owner of Ossian Publishers, and chairman of the Scottish Pure Water Association. He was known for his outspoken opposition to the European Union, and for publishing a ...

Edmund Dick Taylor Colonel Edmund Dick Taylor (October 18, 1804 – December 4, 1891) was an American businessman, politician, and soldier from Illinois. He is remembered as the first person to suggest that the United States should issue paper currency (" gree ...

Richard Werner Richard Andreas Werner (born 5 January 1967) is a German banking and development economist who is a university professor at De Montfort University. He has proposed the "Quantity Theory of Credit", or "Quantity Theory of Disaggregated Credit", whi ...

Stephen Zarlenga Stephen A. Zarlenga (1941 – 25 April 2017) was a researcher and author in the field of monetary theory, trader in stock market, stock and financial markets, and advocate of monetary reform. Biography Zarlenga's parents Dino and LisaZarlenga (2002 ...

Social credit Social credit is a distributive philosophy of political economy developed by C. H. Douglas. Douglas attributed economic downturns to discrepancies between the cost of goods and the compensation of the workers who made them. To combat what he ...

* C. H. Douglas *

Edmund Dwyer-Gray Edmund John Chisholm Dwyer-Gray (2 April 18706 December 1945) was an Irish-Australian politician, who was the 29th Premier of Tasmania from 11 June to 18 December 1939. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). Early life He was bo ...

George McElwee George Johnston McElwee (21 May 1879 – ?) was an Australian engineer and politician. He was born in Launceston, Tasmania. In 1940 he was elected to the Tasmanian Legislative Council as the Labor candidate to represent Launceston, beating t ...

* George Gray *

John Hargrave John Gordon Hargrave (6 June 1894 – 21 November 1982), (woodcraft name 'White Fox'), was a prominent youth leader in Britain during the 1920s and 1930s, Head Man of the Kibbo Kift, described in his obituary as an 'author, cartoonist, inve ...

Robert A. Heinlein Robert Anson Heinlein (; July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was an American science fiction author, aeronautical engineer, and naval officer. Sometimes called the "dean of science fiction writers", he was among the first to emphasize scientific accu ...

Denis Ireland Denis Liddell Ireland (29 July 1894 – 23 September 1974) was an Irish essayist and political activist. A northern Protestant, after service in the First World War he embraced the cause of Irish independence. He also advanced the social credit id ...

Eric de Maré Eric de Maré (1910 – 2002) was a British photographer and author, described as one of the greatest British architectural photographers. Biography Eric de Maré was born in London on the 10 September 1910, the second son of Swedish paren ...

Alfred Richard Orage Alfred Richard Orage (22 January 1873 – 6 November 1934) was a British influential figure in socialist politics and modernist culture, now best known for editing the magazine ''The New Age'' before the First World War. While he was working as a ...

Alternative Alternative or alternate may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Alternative (''Kamen Rider''), a character in the Japanese TV series ''Kamen Rider Ryuki'' * ''The Alternative'' (film), a 1978 Australian television film * ''The Alternative ...
,
complementary A complement is something that completes something else. Complement may refer specifically to: The arts * Complement (music), an interval that, when added to another, spans an octave ** Aggregate complementation, the separation of pitch-class ...
,
local currencies In economics, a local currency is a currency that can be spent in a particular geographical locality at participating organisations. A regional currency is a form of local currency encompassing a larger geographical area, while a community curren ...
and environmentalists

Herman Daly Herman Edward Daly (July 21, 1938 – October 28, 2022) was an American ecological and Georgist economist and professor at the School of Public Policy of University of Maryland, College Park in the United States, best known for his time as a s ...

* Richard Douthwaite *

Thomas H. Greco, Jr. Thomas Henry Greco Jr. (born October 9, 1936) is a community economist, who writes and consults on monetary exchange alternatives, including private credit clearing systems, complementary currencies and local currencies. Education and career Gre ...

Margrit Kennedy Margrit Kennedy (November 21, 1939, Chemnitz – December 28, 2013, Steyerberg) was a German architect, professor, environmentalist, author and advocate of complementary currencies and an interest- and inflation-free economy. In 2011, she initia ...

Bernard Lietaer Bernard Lietaer (7 February 1942 – 4 February 2019) was a Belgian civil engineer, economist, author, and educator. He studied monetary systems and promoted the idea that communities can benefit from creating their own local or complementary cu ...

E.C. Riegel Edwin Clarence Riegel (June 18, 1879 – 1953), generally known as E.C. Riegel, was an American author, consumer advocate and independent scholar who campaigned against restrictions on free markets that harmed consumers and promoted an alterna ...

Austrian School The Austrian School is a heterodox school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result exclusively from the motivations and actions of individuals. Austrian school ...
(
gold standard A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the early 1920s, and from the la ...
or
full-reserve banking Full-reserve banking (also known as 100% reserve banking, narrow banking, or sovereign money system) is a system of banking where banks do not lend demand deposits and instead, only lend from time deposits. It differs from fractional-reserve bank ...
supporters)

:''See more in

list of Austrian School economists This is a list of notable economists aligned with the Austrian School who are sometimes colloquially called "the Austrians". This designation applies even though few hold Austrian citizenship; moreover, not all economists from Austria subscribe to ...

'' *

Friedrich Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek ( , ; 8 May 189923 March 1992), often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian–British economist, legal theorist and philosopher who is best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Haye ...

Ludwig von Mises Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (; 29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian School economist, historian, logician, and Sociology, sociologist. Mises wrote and lectured extensively on the societal contributions of classical liberali ...

* Gary North *

Ron Paul Ronald Ernest Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American author, activist, physician and retired politician who served as the U.S. representative for Texas's 22nd congressional district from 1976 to 1977 and again from 1979 to 1985, as well ...

Murray Rothbard Murray Newton Rothbard (; March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American economist of the Austrian School, economic historian, political theorist, and activist. Rothbard was a central figure in the 20th-century American libertarian m ...

Peter Schiff Peter David Schiff (; born March 23, 1963) is an American stock broker, financial commentator, and radio personality. He is CEO and chief global strategist of Euro Pacific Capital Inc., a broker-dealer based in Westport, Connecticut. He is also ...

Jesús Huerta de Soto Jesús Huerta de Soto Ballester (born December 23, 1956) is a Spanish economist of the Austrian School. He is a professor in the Department of Applied Economics at King Juan Carlos University of Madrid, Spain and a Senior Fellow at the Mises Inst ...

G. Edward Griffin George Edward Griffin (born November 7, 1931) is an American author, filmmaker, and Conspiracy theory, conspiracy theorist. Griffin's writings promote a number of right-wing views and conspiracy theories regarding political, defense and health ...

Gerald Celente Gerald Celente (born November 29, 1946) is an American trend forecaster,Alderman, Leslie, , money.cnn.com, 15 December 1997, retrieved 3 August 2009Hopkins, Steve,Doctor doom – For 2008, Gerald Celente predicts the total collapse of an already ...

Javier Milei Javier Gerardo Milei (born 22 October 1970) is an Argentine politician, businessman and economist currently serving as a federal deputy of Buenos Aires. Milei became widely known for his regular television appearances where he has been critical ...

Post-Keynesians Post-Keynesian economics is a school of economic thought with its origins in ''The General Theory'' of John Maynard Keynes, with subsequent development influenced to a large degree by Michał Kalecki, Joan Robinson, Nicholas Kaldor, Sidney Wei ...

:''See more in

list of Post-Keynesian economists Economists who describe themselves or are described as Post-Keynesian include: * Athanasios Asimakopulos * Dean Baker * Terry Barker * Paul Davidson * Evsey Domar * Alfred Eichner * James K. Galbraith * Wynne Godley * Augusto Graziani * G ...

'' *

Steve Keen Steve Keen (born 28 March 1953) is an Australian economist and author. He considers himself a post-Keynesian, criticising neoclassical economics as inconsistent, unscientific and empirically unsupported. The major influences on Keen's thinking ...

* Michael Hudson

Organisations

* International: International Movement for Monetary Reform * Australia: Fair money

* Austria: Monetative

* Bulgaria: ЧИСТИ ПАРИ

* Canada: Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform, Comer

* Denmark: Gode Penge

* European Union: Positive Money Europe * Finland: Talousdemokratia

* France: Mouvement Monnaie Juste

* Germany: Monetative. * Greece: Fekyou

* Iceland: Betra Peningakerfi

* India: Money Reforms India

* Israel: שינוי-מוניטרי

* Ireland: Sensible Money

* Italy: Moneta Bene Comune

Moneta Positiva

* Netherlands: Ons Geld. * New Zealand. Positive Money NZ

* Poland. Pieniądz Pozytywny

* Portugal. Boa Moeda

* Slovakia. Férové Peniaze

* South Africa. Firstsource Money

* Spain. Dinero Positivo

* Sweden. Positiva Pengar

* Switzerland: Monetary Modernisation association "Monnaie pleine : une opportunité en Suisse pour changer la monnaie" he "sovereign money" initiative: an opportunity to change currency in Switzerland ''La revue durable'', number 60, winter-spring 2017-2018, pages 26-29. * Switzerland: Sovereign Money Initiative * United Kingdom: Positive Money * United States:

American Monetary Institute {{Notability, date=April 2022 The American Monetary Institute is a non-profit charitable trust established by Stephen Zarlenga in 1996 for the "independent study of monetary history, theory and reform." Aims The institute is dedicated to moneta ...

* United States: Alliance For Just Mone

References

{{Portal bar, Business and economics, Money, Lists

Monetary reformers Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts, such as taxes, in a particular country or socio-economic context. The primary functions which distinguish money are as ...

Monetary reform Monetary reformers