The Leh–Manali Highway is a long
highway in northernmost
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
connecting
Leh, the capital of the Union Territory of
Ladakh, to
Manali in the state of
Himachal Pradesh. It connects the
Manali Solang valley to the
Lahaul and Spiti valleys in Himachal Pradesh and the
Zanskar valley in
Ladakh. It is open for about six months in a year from the first week of May (when the snow is cleared from the highway) to October, when snowfall again blocks the high passes on the highway. Earlier the highway was closed beyond
Rohtang Pass
Rohtang Pass (Rohtang , lit: རོ་ (Ro)- corpse(s), ཐང་། (thang)- plain/field Polgreen, Lydia. ''New York Times''. Accessed 31 July 2010.) is a high mountain pass (elevation ) on the eastern end of the Pir Panjal Range of the Hima ...
during winter but after commissioning of the
Atal tunnel
Atal Tunnel (also known as Rohtang Tunnel), named after former Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee is a highway tunnel built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-Manali Highway in Himach ...
, the road now remains open beyond the tunnel.
Lahaul valley now remains connected to Manali for most part of the year through
Atal tunnel
Atal Tunnel (also known as Rohtang Tunnel), named after former Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee is a highway tunnel built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-Manali Highway in Himach ...
. With the completion of proposed
Shingo La Tunnel on new route through Zanskar valley, targeted to be completed by 2025, the whole Leh-Manali route will become an all-weather road.
[Defence ministry clears the BRO tunnel under Shinkun La in Ladakh]
Hindustan Times, 19 May 2021.
The Leh–Manali Highway acts as a trunk route for various
India-China Border Roads in Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh. It has been designed, built and being maintained by the
Border Roads Organisation
The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is a road construction executive force in India that provides support to and is now a part of the Indian Armed Forces. BRO develops and maintains road networks in India's border areas and friendly neighboring ...
(BRO) of the Indian army. It supports the heaviest army vehicles.
History
The work on the Leh-Manali road was started in 1964 and its construction was taken up from both ends. In 1989, the 473-km Manali-Leh road began serving as the second land approach to Ladakh.
Geographical features
The average elevation of Leh-Manali highway is more than 4,000 m (13,000 feet) and its highest elevation is at the
Taglang La mountain pass. It is flanked by mountain ranges on both sides, featuring stunning sand and natural rock formations. The landscape changes after getting past the Atal tunnel and the greenery starts receding upon entering the Chandra river valley in the Lahaul region that lies in the
rain-shadow. After crossing
Darcha
Darcha also known as Dartse (elevation 3,360 m or 11,020 ft) is a pair of villages (Darcha Sumdo and Darach Dangma) on the Bhaga River in the Lahaul sub-division in the Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. ...
, the greenery completely disappears and the mountain slopes on the leeward side become brown and arid. Most of the mountain peaks and highway Passes north of Darcha remains covered by snow even in summer and shine brightly in the sun. Adjacent glaciers melt (more so as the day wears on) and water overruns the highway in many places. This water is ice-cold and travellers should avoid situations where they might have to wade through it.
Road surface
The Leh-Manali highway is generally two lanes wide (one lane in each direction) without a road divider, but has only one or one and a half lanes at some stretches. Snow and rain can make the highway slushy or too slippery to travel. Past precipitation can also create travel hazards. It has over a dozen
Bailey bridges and all of them are now being upgraded to two-lane steel bridges. The highway crosses many streams of ice-cold water from snow-capped mountains and glacial melts without a bridge and it requires driving skill to negotiate fast-flowing streams. The highway has many damaged stretches and under-maintained portions, where even a little rainfall can trigger dangerous landslides. The road quality is poor from Zingzingbar to Pang and one has to drive carefully as high speed can cause discomfort.
Climate
Ladakh is a cold semi-arid desert. It is cold along the highway even in summer (May onwards); the days are warm in bright sunshine but the nights are very cold. Light woollens are required during the day and thick woollens are required at night. There is scanty rainfall between Darcha and Leh even during the monsoon season in July–September as the entire region lies in
rain shadow.
Length of highway
The total length of the highway is about . It has in Himachal Pradesh as the length in Himachal Pradesh is shorten by about after opening of the
Atal Tunnel
Atal Tunnel (also known as Rohtang Tunnel), named after former Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee is a highway tunnel built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-Manali Highway in Himach ...
avoiding the
Rohtang Pass
Rohtang Pass (Rohtang , lit: རོ་ (Ro)- corpse(s), ཐང་། (thang)- plain/field Polgreen, Lydia. ''New York Times''. Accessed 31 July 2010.) is a high mountain pass (elevation ) on the eastern end of the Pir Panjal Range of the Hima ...
, and 250 km (156 mi) in Ladakh. The state line is at
Sarchu.
Earlier Route
In Himachal Pradesh:
* 1:
Manali (altitude ) to
Marhi at elevation . It is a steady climb.
* 2: Marhi to
Rohtang Pass
Rohtang Pass (Rohtang , lit: རོ་ (Ro)- corpse(s), ཐང་། (thang)- plain/field Polgreen, Lydia. ''New York Times''. Accessed 31 July 2010.) is a high mountain pass (elevation ) on the eastern end of the Pir Panjal Range of the Hima ...
at elevation . It is a steady climb.
* 3:
Rohtang to Gramphu at elevation . It is a steady descent. The right turn (towards east) at Gramphu leads to
Spiti
Spiti (pronounced as Piti in Bhoti language) is a high-altitude region of the Himalayas, located in the north-eastern part of the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The name "Spiti" means "The middle land", i.e. the land between Tib ...
valley, Batal,
Kunzum La and
Kaza on a road along Chandra river that is unpaved until Kunzum Pass and beyond.
* 4: Gramphu to
Koksar, the first village north of Rohtang Pass . Foreign nationals have to show their passports with valid visa at the police check post here.
* 5:
Koksar to
Sissu at elevation . The highway runs along the left (south) bank of the Chandra River, with a beautiful waterfall on the other side of the river.
After this, there is main route from Sissu as mentioned above.
Travel time
After the opening of the Atal Tunnel, the journey from Manali to Leh normally requires one overnight stay en-route (Overnight
accommodations are described below). Travel time is unpredictable since the weather and road conditions can change suddenly. However, it is now possible to cover the entire journey from Manali to Leh in 14-16 hours in a single day, if there are no road blockades and traffic jams en-route.
The peak travel season is during May-June and September-October, when tourists visit Atal tunnel, Rohtang pass and Lahaul valley. Most of the domestic tourists return to Manali on the same day.
Himachal Road Transport Corporation
Himachal Road Transport Corporation, also referred to as HRTC, is the state-owned road transport corporation of the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. HRTC provides bus services to towns and cities within Himachal Pradesh and the adjoining and n ...
(HRTC) and Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC) operate buses that travel the entire highway in two days.
Buses start from Manali at 4 am until 6 pm. The travel time from Manali to Keylong is now approximately 2 hours via Atal tunnel. Private four-wheel drive taxis are available. Shared taxis are cheap as they charge per person, but they may be full of local residents. The tourist cannot stop either a bus or a shared taxi for sightseeing. Many bikers travel from Manali to Leh and other places in Ladakh on motorcycles, generally in a group.
Fuel stations
Earlier, there was no fuel station for between Tandi and Karu. Now, a new fuel station at Keylong has become operational since September 2021. Motorists and bikers should fill up at the start of this stretch. The motorcycles and vehicles with small tanks should carry additional fuel in cans. In an emergency, fuel may be available at villages and campsites en route (Jispa, Zingzingbar, Sarchu, Pang etc.), but this fuel may be adulterated and costly.
Altitude sickness
At high altitudes, the air is thin and contains less oxygen.
Acute mountain sickness is possible, whose symptoms include headache, nausea, dizziness and vomiting. It can be fatal. A traveller arriving by air from lower terrain should acclimate to the high altitude by staying at least one night at the starting point (say, Manali), and plan to stay over at either
Keylong,
Jispa or Darcha before ascending to the highway's highest passes and plains after Darcha. Travellers should minimise the time spent at the high altitudes and therefore not stay over at
Sarchu or Pang. They should carry chocolates, glucose or other high-energy food on the journey.
Accommodation
There are a variety of hotels to suit all budgets at the highway's two ends -
Manali and Leh. There are also hotels and PWD rest houses at
Sissu and at
Keylong (a district headquarter). There is one luxury hotel at
Jispa.
Guesthouses are available at Sissu, Keylong, Jispa, Rumtse, Upshi and Karu.
The remaining option is to sleep in a tent which are generally basic and inexpensive. Luxury and comfortable tents (Swiss-cottage tents) are available in Jispa and Sarchu. Tent accommodations are also available in
Darcha
Darcha also known as Dartse (elevation 3,360 m or 11,020 ft) is a pair of villages (Darcha Sumdo and Darach Dangma) on the Bhaga River in the Lahaul sub-division in the Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. ...
,
Zingzingbar, Bharatpur (below Baralacha La pass, inhabited only during tourist season) and Pang. In India, a ''dhaba'' is a roadside eatery with low prices and no frills. These are found at some otherwise uninhabited places along the highway. A dhaba is not a motel but many dhabas let the customers lie down and rest, and some can provide an inexpensive dormitory bed (without private toilet).
See also
*
National Highway 3 (India)
*
More plains
*
Atal Tunnel
Atal Tunnel (also known as Rohtang Tunnel), named after former Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee is a highway tunnel built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh-Manali Highway in Himach ...
*
Nimmu–Padam–Darcha road
*
Bilaspur–Leh railway(proposed)
References
External links
Leh–Manali Highway on OpenStreetMapMountain Passes along the routeRiding on the Manali-Leh routeLeh-Manali HighwayManali-Leh Highway on Bikemap (with GPS-track)Photos of a bike tour along the Highway from 1996. U.S. Army Map ServiceManali to leh motorcycle tour map55 Spectacular Pictures of Leh Manali Highway
{{DEFAULTSORT:Leh - Manali Highway
Scenic roads in India
Roads in Himachal Pradesh
Himalayas
Transport in Leh
Transport in Manali, Himachal Pradesh
National Highways in Ladakh