was a French newspaper founded in

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...

on November 24, 1789 under the title by Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, and which ceased publication on December 31, 1868. It was the main French newspaper during the

French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are conside ...

and was for a long time the official journal of the French government and at times a propaganda publication, especially under the

Napoleonic Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader wh ...

regime. had a large circulation in France and Europe, and also in America during the French Revolution.David I. Kulstein, "The Ideas of Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, Publisher of the Moniteur Universel, on the French Revolution.," ''French Historical Studies'' (1966) 4#3 pp 304-19

History

The interest aroused by the debates of the first

National Assembly In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the r ...

suggested to

Hugues-Bernard Maret Hugues-Bernard Maret (, 1 May 1763 – 13 May 1839), 1st Duke of Bassano (''Duc de Bassano''), was a French statesman, diplomat and journalist. Biography Early career Maret was born in Dijon, in the province of Burgundy, as the second son of ...

the idea of publishing them in the ''Bulletin de l'Assemblée''. Charles-Joseph Panckoucke (1736-1798), owner of the

Mercure de France The was originally a French gazette and literary magazine first published in the 17th century, but after several incarnations has evolved as a publisher, and is now part of the Éditions Gallimard publishing group. The gazette was published ...

and publisher of the famous

Encyclopédie ''Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers'' (English: ''Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts''), better known as ''Encyclopédie'', was a general encyclopedia publis ...

of 1785, persuaded him to merge this into a larger paper, the ''Gazette Nationale ou Le Moniteur Universel''. On December 2, 1799 ''Le Moniteur'' was declared an official newspaper. Napoleon controlled it via

and

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, who were responsible for its content. Due to Napoleon's strict controls of the press, the ''Moniteur's'' reports of legislative debates were replaced by bulletins of the

Grand Army Grand may refer to: People with the name * Grand (surname) * Grand L. Bush (born 1955), American actor * Grand Mixer DXT, American turntablist * Grand Puba (born 1966), American rapper Places * Grand, Oklahoma * Grand, Vosges, village and ...

and polemical articles directed against England. The words ''Gazette Nationale'' were dropped from the newspaper's name on January 1, 1811, when it became ''Le Moniteur Universel''. The newspaper also became less exclusively political, articles on literature, science, and art occupying a considerable portion of its columns. Napoleon's return from exile on Elba on March 20, 1815 confirmed ''Le Moniteur'' in its position as official journal; ''Le Moniteur'' announced in the same edition both the departure of

King Louis XVIII Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as the Desired (), was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a brief interruption during the Hundred Days in 1815. He spent twenty-three years in e ...

and the arrival of the Emperor in the Tuileries. Immediately after the

July Revolution The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (french: révolution de Juillet), Second French Revolution, or ("Three Glorious ays), was a second French Revolution after French Revolution, the first in 1789. It led to ...

of 1830, one of the first steps of the provisional government was to seize control of ''Le Moniteur'' and the government of Louis Philippe put it under the control of the ministerial departments. ''Le Moniteur'' ceased publication on December 31, 1868, being superseded as the official journal of the French Empire (and later the French Republic) by what is known now as the ''

Journal Officiel de la République Française A journal, from the Old French ''journal'' (meaning "daily"), may refer to: *Bullet journal, a method of personal organization * Diary, a record of what happened over the course of a day or other period *Daybook, also known as a general journal, ...

''.

Notes

External links

Archive
1789-1901 at gallica.bnf.fr

References

* Kulstein, David I. "The Ideas of Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, Publisher of the Moniteur Universel, on the French Revolution.," ''French Historical Studies'' (1966) 4#3 pp 304–19 * {{DEFAULTSORT:Moniteur Universel, Le 1789 establishments in France Defunct newspapers published in France Government gazettes Moniteur Universel, Le Moniteur Universel, Le Moniteur Universel, Le 1868 disestablishments in France Daily newspapers published in France

History

See also

Notes

External links

References