Niamey
Niamey () is the capital and largest city of Niger. Niamey lies on the Niger River, primarily situated on the east bank. Niamey's population was counted as 1,026,848 as of the 2012 census. As of 2017, population projections show the capital dis ...
,
Niger
)
, official_languages =
, languages_type = National languagesTuareg people
The Tuareg people (; also spelled Twareg or Touareg; endonym: ''Imuhaɣ/Imušaɣ/Imašeɣăn/Imajeɣăn'') are a large Berber ethnic group that principally inhabit the Sahara in a vast area stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Alg ...
.
The camp became the largest in the Sahel during the extreme drought of 1973-1975.
Location
The Sahel is a belt of grassland and savanna, with areas of woods and shrubs, that runs along the southern rim of the Sahara desert.
It includes parts of
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (, ; , ff, 𞤄𞤵𞤪𞤳𞤭𞤲𞤢 𞤊𞤢𞤧𞤮, italic=no) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of , bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to ...
,
Niger
)
, official_languages =
, languages_type = National languagesChad.
The people of the region mostly live through herding, farming and fishing. Farming in most areas depends on the rain that falls during a three-month period of the summer,
although irrigation is practiced along the banks of rivers and lakes.
The region is subject to periodic droughts.
Refugee camp
A long period of below-average rainfall occurred in the Sahel between the late 1960s and the early 1980s. The drought was extreme between 1968 and 1974, with around 100,000 people dying. Farmers and pastoralists were forced to move, with many ending up in refugee camps.
The Lazaret camp was mostly occupied by Tuareg nomads who had moved south from Mali, and held up to 20,000 people.
Traditionally breeders, the Tuaregs had been forced to seek refuge in the camps when the drought killed their herds.
The nomads at Lazaret had lost at least one sixth of their strength before resigning themselves to move to the camp.
Some of them, suffering from acute malnutrition, died after reaching the camp from diseases such as measles or pneumonia.
Lazaret was one of the most extended of the Sahelian camps, situated north of
Niamey
Niamey () is the capital and largest city of Niger. Niamey lies on the Niger River, primarily situated on the east bank. Niamey's population was counted as 1,026,848 as of the 2012 census. As of 2017, population projections show the capital dis ...
, the capital of
Niger
)
, official_languages =
, languages_type = National languagesOuallam.
The local authorities largely delegated management of the camps to charitable organizations, the Catholic Mission in the case of Lazaret. This organization relied on people among the refugees who were recognized as chiefs to handle distribution of supplies and to maintain a degree of order.
Each quarter of the camp was named after the place of origin of the refugees and reproduced the social structure of that region.
Some of the housing was made of mats purchased by the Catholic mission while the rest were made from cardboard, rags or other material recovered by the refugees from the streets of the capital.
The Red Cross undertook many of the camp operations, supplying a clinic, tents and food.
Many of the refugees lacked such basic equipment as pots in which to store water.
The Red Cross feared that an epidemic of cholera would break out in the camps once the 1974 rainy season began.
The nomad refugees in the Lazaret camp were most at risk.
They were in poor health and the crowded conditions were ideal for the spread is disease.
In October 1974 the camp was moved to a new location, Lazaret II, from Niamey in order to limit contact between the refugees and the capital.
The new camp remained full, with the families grouped by place of origin: Gao,
Bourem
Bourem is a commune and small town in the Gao Region of northeastern Mali. The town sits on the left bank of the River Niger
The Niger River ( ; ) is the main river of West Africa, extending about . Its drainage basin is in area. Its ...
,
Timbuktu
Timbuktu ( ; french: Tombouctou;
Koyra Chiini: ); tmh, label=Tuareg, script=Tfng, ⵜⵏⴱⴾⵜ, Tin Buqt a city in Mali, situated north of the Niger River. The town is the capital of the Tombouctou Region, one of the eight administrativ ...
or
Kidal
Kidal ( Tuareg Berber: ⴾⴸⵍ, KDL, Kidal) is a town and commune in the desert region of northern Mali. The town lies northeast of Gao and is the capital of the Kidal Cercle and the Kidal Region. The commune has an area of about and incl ...
.
The French Red Cross renewed its aid for another year.
In April 1975 UNESCO reported that 13,000 nomads had been counted in the Lazaret camp.
Later the whole population had to move again to the Gao plateau in Mali, where nothing had been prepared for their reception.
Normal rainfall arrived in 1976. Goats and sheep gave birth and livestock levels began to return to normal.
The refugees from Lazaret began to return to their grazing lands.
Later history
Despite the drought, the period from 1970 to 1988 was one in which the economy of Niger boomed, driven by revenue from the uranium mines at
Arlit
Arlit is an industrial town and capital of the Arlit Department of the Agadez Region of northern-central Niger, built between the Sahara Desert and the eastern edge of the Aïr Mountains. It is 200 km south by road from the border with ...
. In this period, the population of Niamey grew from 108,000 to 398,365 inhabitants.
The city expanded from in 1970 to by 1977, in the process annexing the peripheral villages.
The flimsy huts of Lazaret were replaced by solid buildings of baked mud.
One of the first bilingual (French and Hausa) schools in Niger was founded in Lazaret in October 1983.
As of 2003 Lazaret was the location for a major market, mostly for animals and animal products brought from the countryside for sale to the butchers and industrial users of Niamey.