Lausanne Conference of 1922–23

, neighboring_municipalities= Bottens, Bretigny-sur-Morrens, Chavannes-près-Renens, Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne, Crissier, Cugy, Écublens, Épalinges, Évian-les-Bains (FR-74), Froideville, Jouxtens-Mézery, Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, Lugrin (FR-74), Maxilly-sur-Léman (FR-74), Montpreveyres, Morrens, Neuvecelle (FR-74), Prilly, Pully, Renens, Romanel-sur-Lausanne, Saint-Sulpice, Savigny
, twintowns =

Lausanne ( , , , ) ; it, Losanna; rm, Losanna. is the capital and largest city of the Swiss French speaking canton of Vaud. It is a hilly city situated on the shores of Lake Geneva, about halfway between the Jura Mountains and the Alps, and facing the French town of Évian-les-Bains across the lake. Lausanne is located northeast of Geneva, the nearest major city.

The municipality of Lausanne has a population of about 140,000, making it the fourth largest city in Switzerland after Basel, Geneva, and Zurich, with the entire agglomeration area having about 420,000 inhabitants (as of January 2019). The metropolitan area of Lausanne-Geneva (including Vevey-Montreux, Yverdon-les-Bains, Valais and foreign parts), commonly designated as '' Arc lémanique'' was over 1.3 million inhabitants in 2017 and is the fastest growing in Switzerland.

Initially a Celtic and Roman settlement on the shores of the lake, Lausanne became a town at the foot of Notre Dame, a cathedral built in the 12th century. In the 20th century, Lausanne became a focus of international sport, hosting the International Olympic Committee (which has recognized the city as the "Olympic Capital" since 1994), the Court of Arbitration for Sport and some 55 international sport associations. It lies in a noted wine-growing region. The city has a 28-station metro system, making it the smallest city in the world to have a rapid transit system. Lausanne hosted the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics.

History

The Romans built a military camp, which they called , at the site of a Celtic settlement, near the lake where Vidy and Ouchy are situated; on the hill above was a fort called or (The "-y" suffix is common to many place names of Roman origin in the region (e.g.) Prilly, Pully, Lutry, etc.). By the 2nd century AD, it was known as and in 280 as . By 400, it was , and in 990 it was mentioned as .

After the fall of the Roman Empire, insecurity forced the residents of Lausanne to move to its current centre, a hilly site that was easier to defend. The city which emerged from the camp was ruled by the Counts of Savoy and the Bishop of Lausanne.

From 888 to 1032, the initially relatively small town belonged to the kingdom of Upper Burgundy. During the 11th century, Lausanne developed into a political, economic and religious center. The city became the center of the secular rule of the bishops. In the period that followed, especially in the 12th and 13th centuries, Lausanne flourished. Finally, in 1275, the Lausanne Cathedral was consecrated in the presence of Pope Gregory X and King Rudolf I of Germany.

It was invaded by forces from the canton of Bern and remained under their domination from 1536 to 1798. The iconoclastic Bernese stripped the Lausanne cathedral of its Roman Catholic trappings, and a number of its cultural treasures, including the hanging tapestries in the cathedral, were permanently removed. Lausanne has made repeated requests to recover them, but they never were returned.

After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Lausanne became (along with Geneva) a place of refuge for French Huguenots. In 1729, a seminary was opened by Antoine Court and Benjamin Duplan. By 1750, 90 pastors had been sent back to France to work clandestinely; this number would rise to 400. Official persecution ended in 1787; a faculty of Protestant theology was established at Montauban in 1808, and the Lausanne seminary was finally closed on 18 April 1812. During the Napoleonic Wars, the city's status changed. In 1803, it became the capital of a newly formed Swiss canton, Vaud, under which it joined the Swiss Federation.

Modern history and heritage

In 1923, the city was the venue for the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, which established the modern Turkish Republic. In 1964, the city played host to the Swiss National Exhibition, displaying its newly found confidence to play host to major international events.

From the 1950s to 1970s, a large number of Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese immigrated to Lausanne, settling mostly in the industrial suburb of Renens.

The city has served as a refuge for European artists. While under the care of a psychiatrist at Lausanne, T. S. Eliot composed most of his 1922 poem ''The Waste Land'' ("by the waters of Leman I sat down and wept"). Ernest Hemingway also visited from Paris with his wife during the 1920s, to holiday. In fact, many creative people – such as historian Edward Gibbon and Romantic era poets Shelley and Byron — have sojourned, lived, and worked in Lausanne or nearby.

The city has been traditionally quiet, but in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a series of demonstrations took place that exposed tensions between young people and the police. In the early 1980s, the Lôzane Bouge protests demanded the city "open an autonomous centre, lower cinema ticket prices, liberalise cannabis and end the process of keeping records on homosexuals, all accompanied by leaflets, chants, and songs in the street". Protests occurred in 2003, against the G8 meetings.

In June of 2022, Lausanne launched Plateforme 10, an art district comprising three museums. The trio of museums included Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts (MCBA), Photo Elysée, and the Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (MUDAC).

Geography

Topography

The most important geographical feature of the area surrounding Lausanne is Lake Geneva (''Lac Léman'' in French). Lausanne is built on the southern slope of the Swiss plateau, with a difference in elevation of about between the lakeshore at Ouchy and its northern edge bordering Le Mont-sur-Lausanne and Épalinges. Lausanne boasts a dramatic panorama over the lake and the Swiss and Savoyan Alps.

In addition to its generally southward-sloping layout, the centre of the city is the site of an ancient river, the Flon, which has been covered since the 19th century. The former river forms a gorge running through the middle of the city south of the old city centre, generally following the course of the present ''Rue Centrale'', with several bridges crossing the depression to connect the adjacent neighbourhoods. Due to the considerable differences in elevation, tourists should make a note as to which plane of elevation they are on and where they want to go, otherwise they will find themselves tens of metres below or above the street in which they are trying to go. The name '' Flon'' is also used for the metro station located in the gorge.

The municipality includes the villages of Vidy, Cour, Ouchy, Mornex, Chailly, La Sallaz, Vennes, Montblesson, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Montheron and Chalet-à-Gobet () as well as the exclave of Vernand.

Lausanne is located at the limit between the extensive wine-growing regions of Lavaux (to the east) and la Côte (to the west).

Lausanne has an area, , of (depending on calculation method). Of this area, or 15.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 38.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 45.9% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.0% is unproductive land.Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics
2018 data accessed 26 July 2020

Of the built-up area, industrial buildings made up 1.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 22.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 12.4%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.6% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 7.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 9.4% is used for growing crops and 4.9% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes and streams.

The municipality was part of the old Lausanne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and it became the capital of the new district of Lausanne.Nomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz
. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

Climate

Lausanne has an average of 119.7 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is May during which time Lausanne receives an average of of rain. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 12.1 days. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 8.8 days.
The USDA Hardiness Zone for Lausanne-Pully is 8b with an average minimum temperature of −7.0 C over the past 20 years (1997–2016).

Spring and the City.jpg, Spring
Summer and the City.jpg, Summer
Autumn and the City.jpg, Autumn
Winter and the City.jpg, Winter

Politics

Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is ''Gules, chief argent''.

Administrative divisions

The city is divided into 18 ''quartiers'', or districts, sometimes composed of several neighborhoods. They are: Centre (1), Maupas/Valency (2), Sébeillon/Malley (3), Montoie/Bourdonnette (4), Montriond/Cour (5), Sous-Gare/Ouchy (6), Montchoisi (7), Florimont/Chissiez (8), Mousquines/Bellevue (9), Vallon/Béthusy (10), Chailly/Rovéréaz (11), Sallaz/Vennes/Séchaud (12), Sauvabelin (13), Borde/Bellevaux (14), Vinet/Pontaise (15), Bossons/Blécherette (16), Beaulieu/Grey/Boisy (17), and Les Zones foraines (90).

Government

The municipality (''la Municipalité'') constitutes the executive government of the City of Lausanne and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of seven councilors (french: link=no, conseiller municipal/conseillère municipale), each presiding over a directorate. One of the members act as mayor (''syndic''). In the mandate period 2021–2026 (''la législature'') the Municipality is presided by le Syndic Grégoire Junod. Directoral tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Communal Council are carried by the Municipality. The regular election of the Municipality by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every five years. Any resident of Lausanne allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipality. Since 14 April 2003, due to the constitution by canton of Vaud not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal level, but also foreigners with a residence permit of at least 10 years in Switzerland and 3 years in the canton of Vaud. The current mandate period is from 1 Jue 2021 to 30 May 2026. The delegates are elected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is later on elected as such by a public election as well by a system of Majorz, while the heads of the other departments are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Town Hall (''L'Hôtel de Ville''), in the old city on ''Place de la Palud''.

, Lausanne's Municipality is made up of three representatives of the PS (Social Democratic Party, of whom one is also the mayor), and two members of PES (Green Party), and one each of le Parti Ouvrier et Populaire Vaudois (POP), and PLR ( Les Libéraux-Radicaux (PLR)), giving the left parties a very strong six out of seven seats. The last regular election was held on 7 and 28 March 2021.

Simon Affolter is Town Chancellor (chancelier municipal) since and Patrizia Marzullo Darbellay is Deputy Town Chancellor since for the Municipality.

Parliament

The Communal Council (''Conseil communal'') holds legislative power. It is made up of 100 members, with elections held every five years. The Communal Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Municipality and the administration. The sessions of the Communal Council are public. Unlike members of the Municipality, members of the Communal Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Lausanne allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Communal Council. Since 14 April 2003, due to the constitution by canton of Vaud not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal level, but also foreigners with a residence permit of at least 10 years in Switzerland and 3 years in the canton of Vaud. The Parliament holds its meetings in the Town Hall (''Hôtel de Ville''), in the old city on ''Place de la Palud''.

The last election of the Communal Council was held on 7 March 2021 for the mandate period (''la législature'') from 1 June 2021 to 31 May 2026. As of this election the Communal Council consist of 29 (-4) members of the Social Democratic Party (PS), 24 (+7) Green Party (PES), 21 (0) Les Libéraux-Radicaux (PLR), 13 (+2) ''Ensemble à Gauche'' (an alliance of the left parties POP (''Parti Suisse du Travail – Parti Ouvrier et Populaire'') and solidaritéS and ''indépendant.e.s''), 7 (-5) Swiss People's Party (UDC), and 6 (0) members of the Green Liberal Party (pvl)).

Elections

National Council

In the 2019 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the Green Party which received 27.3% (+11.4) of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the PS (26.7%, -4.2), PLR (15.1%, -3.6), the UDC (9.3%, -6), the POP/solidaritéS (9%, +1.9), the pvl (6.9%, +3.4). In the federal election a total of 26,070 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 39.7%.

In the 2015 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS which received 30.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the PLR (18.7%), the Green Party (15.9%), and the UDC (15.4%). In the federal election, a total of 26,116 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 41.0%.

Twin towns and sister cities

* Akhisar, Turkey
* Osijek, Croatia
* Pernik, Bulgaria

Demographics

Population

Lausanne has a population () of . , 42% of the population were resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 9.9%. It has changed at a rate of 8.3% due to migration and at a rate of 2.6% due to births and deaths.Swiss Federal Statistical Office
. Retrieved 21 June 2011. The population of the greater Lausanne area (''grand Lausanne'') is 402,900 (as of December 2014).

Of the population in the municipality, 58% or 80,828 have a Swiss citizenship, while 16,908 or 12.1% are from Lausanne and still lived there in December 2013. There were 27,653 or 19.8% who are from somewhere else in the same canton, while 36,276 or 26.0% have a Swiss citizenship in another canton. 58,9562 or 42.0% have a foreign citizenship.

In 2000, most of the population spoke French (98,424 or 78.8%), with German being second most common (5,365 or 4.3%) and Italian being third (4,976 or 4.0%). There were 62 people who speak Romansh.

In there were 840 live births to Swiss citizens and 623 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 862 deaths of Swiss citizens and 127 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 22 while the foreign population increased by 496. There were 9 Swiss men and 57 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 2230 non-Swiss men and 1802 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 883 and the non-Swiss population increased by 2221 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.6%.

The age distribution, , in Lausanne is; 11,818 children or 9.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 12,128 or 9.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 21,101 people or 16.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 22,158 people or 17.6% are between 30 and 39, 18,016 people or 14.4% are between 40 and 49, and 13,940 people or 11.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 11,041 people or 8.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 8,277 people or 6.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 5,896 people or 4.7% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 1,171 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older.Canton of Vaud Statistical Office
. Retrieved 29 April 2011.

, there were 58,100 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 48,990 married individuals, 7,797 widows or widowers and 10,027 individuals who are divorced.STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000
. Retrieved 2 February 2011.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.64 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.61 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 6.5% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 62,258 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.9 persons per household. There were 31,205 households that consist of only one person and 2,184 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 63,833 households that answered this question, 48.9% were households made up of just one person and there were 306 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 13,131 married couples without children and 11,603 married couples with children. There were 3,883 single parents with a child or children. There were 2,130 households that were made up of unrelated people, and 1,575 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 1,833 single family homes (or 23.1% of the total) out of a total of 7,925 inhabited buildings. There were 3,634 multi-family buildings (45.9%), along with 1,955 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (24.7%) and 503 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.3%). Of the single family homes 324 were built before 1919, while 153 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (498) were built between 1919 and 1945. The most multi-family homes (933) were built before 1919 and the next most (906) were built between 1919 and 1945. There were 180 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB – Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 – Gebäude und Wohnungen
. Retrieved 28 January 2011.

there were 69,383 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 22,408. There were 9,579 single room apartments and 7,388 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 61,056 apartments (88.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 6,840 apartments (9.9%) were seasonally occupied and 1,487 apartments (2.1%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.1 new units per 1000 residents.

the average price to rent an average apartment in Lausanne was 1064.08 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$850, £480, €680 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 597.46 CHF (US$480, £270, €380), a two-room apartment was about 792.33 CHF (US$630, £360, €510), a three-room apartment was about 1044.64 CHF (US$840, £470, €670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2024.55 CHF (US$1620, £910, €1300). The average apartment price in Lausanne was 95.3% of the national average of 1116 CHF.Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental prices
2003 data. Retrieved 26 May 2010. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.17%.

Historic population

The historical population is given in the following chart:

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Religion

From the Reformation in the 16th century, the city was mostly Protestant until the late 20th century, when it received substantial immigration, particularly from largely Catholic countries. Catholics now form a plurality of the city's population. The Jewish community gathers at the Synagogue of Lausanne.

From the , 47,225 people (37.8% of the population) were Roman Catholic, while 33,993 (27.2%) belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2,698 members of an Orthodox church (2.16%), there were 65 individuals (0.05%) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 4,437 individuals (3.55%) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 849 individuals (0.68%) who were Jewish, and 7,501 (6.00%) who were Muslim. There were 452 individuals who were Buddhist, 772 individuals who were Hindu and 343 individuals who belonged to another church. 21,080 (16.88%) belonged to no church, were agnostic or atheist, and 7,590 individuals (6.08%) did not answer the question.

Crime

In 2014 the crime rate, of crimes listed in the Swiss Criminal Code, in Lausanne was 167.3 per thousand residents. During the same period, the rate of drug crimes was 49.5 per thousand residents, and the rate of violations of immigration, visa and work permit laws was 21 per thousand residents.

Transport

Lausanne is served by an extensive network of local, national and international public transport. National and international passenger trains of the Swiss Federal Railways depart from Lausanne railway station, which is also the hub of the RER Vaud commuter rail system, and a stop on the city's metro. The metro and local buses are operated by Transports publics de la région lausannoise (TL), with many routes run using trolleybuses. Additional commuter trains are run by the Lausanne–Echallens–Bercher railway (LEB) from Lausanne-Flon station. Ships across Lake Geneva are provided by the Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman (CGN).

Lausanne became the first city in Switzerland to have a rubber-tyred metro system, with the m2 Line which opened in October 2008. The rolling stock is a shorter version of the one used on Paris Métro Line 14. Further expansion of the system is planned, as is the re-introduction of trams.

Lausanne is connected to the A1 motorway on its west side (Geneva – Zürich axis) and to the A9 on its north and east side (for transit with Italy and France); the interchange between these two motorways is on the north-west side of the city.

Lausanne Airport is located at Blécherette, and also houses a Boeing 737 Simulator. The city is also directly linked by train to the Geneva International Airport, four times an hour, in 42min.

Economy

, Lausanne had an unemployment rate of 8%. , there were 114 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 25 businesses involved in this sector. 6,348 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 698 businesses in this sector. 83,157 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 6,501 businesses in this sector.

There were 59,599 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which women made up 47.4% of the workforce. the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 75,041. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 93, of which 56 were in agriculture, 34 were in forestry or lumber production and 3 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 6,057 of which 1,515 or (25.0%) were in manufacturing, 24 or (0.4%) were in mining and 3,721 (61.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 68,891. In the tertiary sector; 8,520 or 12.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2,955 or 4.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 4,345 or 6.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4,671 or 6.8% were in the information industry, 6,729 or 9.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 8,213 or 11.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 5,756 or 8.4% were in education and 14,312 or 20.8% were in health care.

, there were 55,789 workers who commuted into the municipality and 19,082 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.9 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 1.9% of the workforce coming into Lausanne are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work.Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Statweb
. Retrieved 24 June 2010. Of the working population, 40.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 35.1% used a private car.
Large companies headquartered in Lausanne and its metropolitan area include:
* Banque cantonale vaudoise, banking;
* Bata Corporation, shoe manufacturing;
* Bobst SA, machinery;
* Compangie financière Tradition, financial services;
* CGN, transportation;
* Edipresse, publishing;
* ELCA, IT;
* Eni Suisse SA, oil & gas;
* Kudelski Group, IT;
* Landolt & Cie, banking;
* Logitech, computer peripherals;
* Nespresso, coffee (an operating unit of Nestlé);
* Payot, retail bookstore;
* Philip Morris International, a tobacco company;
* Retraites Populaires, financial services;
* Sophia Genetics, biotechnology;
* Tetra Laval, packaging; and
* Vaudoise Assurances, insurance.

Education

In Lausanne about 40,118 or (32.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 22,934 or (18.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a ''Fachhochschule''). Of the 22,934 who completed tertiary schooling, 38.7% were Swiss men, 31.3% were Swiss women, 17.1% were non-Swiss men and 12.9% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 12,244 students in the Lausanne school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 2,648 children of which 1,947 children (73.5%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 6,601 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 5,244 students in those schools. There were also 399 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.Canton of Vaud Statistical Office – Scol. obligatoire/filières de transition
Retrieved 2 May 2011.

Lausanne is home to several museums, including the ''Collection de l'art brut'', the ''Espace Arlaud'', the ''Fondation de l'Hermitage'', the ''Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire'', the ''Musée cantonal de géologie'', the ''Musée cantonal de zoologie'', the Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts, the Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts, the Musée de l'Élysée and the ''Musée historique de Lausanne''.Canton of Vaud Statistical Office – Fréquentation de quelques musées et fondations, Vaud, 2001–2009
Retrieved 2 May 2011. In 2009 the ''Collection de l'art brut'' was visited by 27,028 people (the average in previous years was 33,356). The ''Espace Arlaud'' was visited by 9,222 people (the average in previous years was 14,206). The ''Fondation de l'Hermitage'' was visited by 89,175 people (the average in previous years was 74,839). The ''Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire'' was visited by 14,841 people (the average in previous years was 15,775). The ''Musée cantonal de zoologie'' was visited by 30,794 people (the average in previous years was 30,392). The ''Musée cantonal de géologie'' was visited by 28,299 people (the average in previous years was 24,248). The Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts was visited by 26,456 people (the average in previous years was 26,384). The Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts was visited by 28,554 people (the average in previous years was 22,879). The Musée de l'Élysée was visited by 36,775 people (the average in previous years was 37,757). The ''Musée historique de Lausanne'' was visited by 23,116 people (the average in previous years was 22,851).

, there were 12,147 students in Lausanne who came from another municipality, while 2,258 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Libraries

Lausanne is home to eight large libraries or collections of libraries. These libraries include the Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne, the library of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), the libraries of the ''Réseau EPFL'', the ''Bibliothèque municipale de Lausanne'', the ''Haute école de travail social et de la santé (EESP)'', the ''HECV Santé'', the ''Haute école de la santé La Source'' and the École cantonale d'art de Lausanne (ECAL). There was a combined total () of 3,496,260 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 1,650,534 items were loaned out.

Tertiary education

Lausanne enjoys some world class education and research establishments (see also Lausanne campus), including private schools, attended by students from around the world.
* Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
* University of Lausanne (UNIL)
** HEC Lausanne, Faculty of Business and Economics of the University of Lausanne
* University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), a hospital centre with associated research
* ''École hôtelière de Lausanne'' (EHL)
* ''École cantonale d'art de Lausanne'' (ECAL)
* International Institute for Management Development (IMD)
* Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration (IDHEAP)
* AISTS ("International Academy of Sports Science and Technology")
* Business School Lausanne (BSL)
* The Lausanne campus of the University of the Nations
* Pepperdine University maintains an international study campus in Lausanne

Primary and secondary schools

; International schools:
* École française de Lausanne-Valmont
* Lycée Pareto (Italian school)
* Brillantmont International School
* International School of Lausanne
* Collège Champittet

; Private schools:
* École Vinet
* École Alphalif

Culture and arts

Heritage sites of national significance

There are 46 buildings or sites that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. Additionally, the entire old city of Lausanne and the Vernand-Dessus region are listed in the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

* Religious Buildings: Notre-Dame Cathedral, Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-François, Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Laurent and the Synagogue at Avenue de Florimont.
* Civic Structures: Former Hôpital at Rue Mercerie 24, Former Federal Tribunal, the Former Académie at Rue Cité-Devant 7, Casino de Montbenon, St-Maire Castle, Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Fondation de l'Hermitage and House de maître, Railway station, Beau-Rivage Palace, City Hall, Hôtel des Postes, Administration Building of André & Cie. S.A., Administration Building of the Vaudoise Assurances, Apartment and Office Building at Rue du Grand-Chêne 8, Les Bains de Bellerive, ''l'Estérel'' House, House at Chemin de Chandolin 4, the Mon-Repos estate at Parc de Mon-Repos, Olympic Museum and Archives of the International Olympic Committee, the vessels of the CGN (La Suisse (1910), Savoie (1914), Simplon (1920), Rhône (1927)), Pont Chauderon, the Vernand-Dessus rural site, Site de l'Expo 64 avec Théatre de Vidy, the Tour Bel-Air and the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV).
* Museums and Libraries: Former Residence of the Bishop of Lausanne which is now the Lausanne Museum of History, ''Bibliothèque des cèdres'' (former Bibliothèque des pasteurs), Beaulieu Castle and the ''Collection de l'art brut'', Fondation Toms Pauli Collection de tapisseries and d'art textile, Galeries Saint-François, ''Musée de l'Élysée'', Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (MUDAC), Cantonal Botanical Museum and Gardens, the Roman Museum, the Palais de Rumine with the Musée cantonal de géologie, Cantonal Museum of Zoology, Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts, (Cabinet des médailles) and ''Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire''.
* Archives: Archives of the ''Banque Vaudoise'', Archives of the City of Lausanne, Archives of ''Énergie Ouest Suisse'' (EOS), the Radio Suisse Romande archives and the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland with archives.
* Archeological sites: The Roman era/medieval hill-top city and the prehistoric settlement and Roman era Vicus of Vidy (Lousanna).

Casino Montbenon.jpg, The Casino de Montbenon
Lausanne-cathe7.JPG, Lausanne Cathedral
CHUV Lausanne Suisse 045.JPG, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV)
Château St-Maire.jpg, Château Saint-Maire
Picswiss VD-46-21.jpg, Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-François
St-Laurent Lausanne.jpg, Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Laurent
Hermitagefoundation.jpg, Fondation de l'Hermitage
Gare-lausanne-IMG 0002.JPG, Lausanne railway station
Beau Rivage Hotel, Lausanne.jpg, Hôtel Beau-Rivage Palace
TschumiMutuelleAssurance03.jpg, Administrative building of the Vaudoise Assurances
Musée de l'Elysée 4.jpg, Musée de l'Élysée
Musee olympique.jpg, Olympic Museum and Archives of the International Olympic Committee
Ouchy waterfront statue.JPG, Ouchy waterfront
Lausanne synagogue.jpg, Synagogue
Tour sauvabelin.JPG, The Sauvabelin Tower
Lausanne (ship, 1991) at CGN harbour Lausanne-Ouchy 2007-12-16.jpg, Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman

Culture

The ''Orchestre de chambre de Lausanne'', the Lausanne Opera and the ''Ensemble vocal de Lausanne'' provide a diverse and rich musical life. The latter has been under the direction of Michel Corboz for many years.

In January, the Prix de Lausanne, a famous dance competition, takes place at the Palais de Beaulieu (the biggest theatre in Switzerland) over a one-week period. The event attracts dancers and some of the big names in dance from all over the world.

The Swiss Film Archive is based in Lausanne and the city hosts film festivals such as the ''Festival cinémas d'Afrique'' and the Lausanne Underground Film and Music Festival. In addition to modern cinemas, the "Capitole" (in activity since 1929) is the biggest cinema in Switzerland (currently 867 seats).

The city hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1989. Each July, the ''Festival de la cité'' is held in the old town. Other music festivals include the Bach Festival, the ''Festival et concours Bach de Lausanne'', which follows the ''Nuit de musées'' (museums' night) in the fall season.

Lausanne is also the home of the Béjart Ballet.

Monuments

* Cathedral (restored by Viollet-le-Duc)
* Saint-Maire Castle (''Château Saint-Maire'')
* Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland
* Town Hall

Museums

Lausanne is also the site of many museums:
* Archizoom
* Musée Bolo
* Olympic Museum (''Musée olympique'')
* Musée de l'Élysée
* ("Hermitage Foundation")
* Collection of Outsider Art (Collection de l'art brut)
* Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (Musée de design et d'arts appliqués contemporains)
* (Musée historique de Lausanne)
* Musée Arlaud or "Espace Arlaud"
* ''Espace des inventions'' ("Science Center for Kids") at the
* – Musée de la main ("Museum of the Hand")
*
* Cantonal Botanical Museum and Gardens (Musée et jardins botaniques cantonaux)
* (Musée monétaire cantonal) (formerly "Cabinet cantonal des médailles")
* (Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire)
* Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts (Musée cantonal des beaux-arts)
* Cantonal Museum of Zoology (Musée cantonal de zoologie)
* (Musée cantonal de Géologie)
*

Art galleries

Main contemporary art galleries

* Galerie Lucy Mackintosh (closed)
* Dubner Moderne
* Synopsism
* Espace Saint-François

Art centers or artist-run galleries

* Circuit
* Galerie Galerie 1m3
* Doll espace d'art contemporain

Music

* Contemporary composer Leonardo Balada's Symphony No. 4 is subtitled 'Lausanne'.
* Igor Stravinsky's '' L'Histoire du Soldat'' was premiered in Lausanne in September 1918.

Sports

Lausanne is home to the IOC, with water sports available on the nearby lake and mountaineering in the nearby mountains. Cycling is also a common pastime, with the vineyards in the surrounding hills providing extensive views and challenging routes. There is an annual Track and field meeting (''Athletissima''), road running through the city (the 20 km (12 mi) of Lausanne), the Tour de Romandie road cycling race, Marathon of Lausanne and triathlon competition, among other sports events. The two most important sports are ice hockey and football. Lausanne hosted the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics and the 2020 IIHF World Championship.

Local
* Lausanne HC Ice Hockey Club
* Lausanne-Sport Football Club
* Stade Lausanne Ouchy Football Club
* Stade Lausanne Rugby Club
* Lausanne-Sports Aviron Rowing Club
* Federation of Swiss Bandy
* Lausanne University Club (Luc) Rugby
* Swiss Power Wrestling (SPW) Professional Wrestling promotion and school

International
Lausanne hosts the headquarters of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), and many other international sport associations:

* European Athletics Association (EAA)
* International Baseball Federation (IBAF)
* International Federation for Equestrian Sports (, FEI)
* International Fencing Federation (, FIE)
* International Golf Federation (, IGF)
* International Federation of Gymnastics (, FIG)
* International Hockey Federation (, FIH)
* International Rowing Federation (, FISA)
* International Skating Union (ISU)
* International Swimming Federation (, FINA)
* International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF)
* International Triathlon Union (ITU)
* International University Sports Federation (, FISU)
* International Volleyball Federation (, FIVB)
* International Wushu Federation (IWUF)
* World Air Sports Federation (, FAI)
* World Archery Federation (WA; , FITA)
* World DanceSport Federation (, WDSF)
* FIDE (International Chess Federation)

International relations

In March–April 2015, the negotiations on Iran nuclear deal framework for a comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear programme took place at the Beau-Rivage Palace, where the foreign ministers and delegations from the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, China, France, the European Union, Germany (P5+1) and Iran were also hosted. The final press conference, on 2 April 2015, was held at the EPFL Learning Centre.

On 24 July 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed at the Beau-Rivage Palace.

Notable people

Public service, the military and the church

* Pierre Viret (1511–1571), a Reformed theologian and Protestant reformer
* David-Louis Constant de Rebecque (1722–1785), colonel and commandant of a Swiss regiment
* Alexandre Vinet (1797–1847), critic and theologian
* Amalric-Frédéric Buscarlet (1836–1928), overseas minister of the Church of Scotland, promoted the building of the Scots Kirk, Lausanne in 1876
* Major General Lionel Dunsterville CB CSI (1865–1946), British general, who led Dunsterforce
* Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (1867–1951), Finnish field marshal and president
* Gustave Biéler DSO MBE (1904–1944), Special Operations Executive agent during WWII
* Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh (1914–2003), Russian Orthodox ecclesiastic
* Georges-André Chevallaz (1915–2002), historian, politician, Mayor of Lausanne 1958–1973 and member of the Swiss Federal Council 1974–1983
* Jean-François Bergier (1931–2009), historian, chaired the Bergier commission
* Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1936–1998), politician
* Daniel Brélaz (born 1950), mathematician and politician, Mayor of Lausanne 2001–2016
* Simone de Montmollin (born 1968), member of the National Council (Switzerland), National Council
* Cassandre Berdoz, first woman Watchman of Lausanne Cathedral

Science and architecture

* Jean-Nicolas-Sébastien Allamand FRS (1716–1787), natural philosopher
* Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1784–1817), traveller, geographer and orientalist
* Oswald Heer (1809–1883), geologist and naturalist
* Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879), a French architect and author.
* Eugène Renevier (1831–1906), geologist and professor at the University of Lausanne.
* Léon Walras (1834–1910), economist, Professor of Economics at University of Lausanne, co-founder of the Lausanne School of economics, together with: Vilfredo Pareto.
* Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), economist, engineer, sociologist, philosopher, Professor of Economics at University of Lausanne, co-founder of the Lausanne School of economics, together with: Léon Walras
* Sir Waldemar Haffkine (1860–1930), Ukrainian bacteriologist
* Auguste Piccard (1884–1962), physicist, inventor and explorer
* Michel Mayor (born 1942), astrophysicist, winner of the 2015 Kyoto Prize and co-laureate of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics
* Bernard Tschumi (born 1944), architect, writer and educator associated with deconstructivism

Writing

* Jean Bagnyon (1412–1487), lawyer, historian, political writer and translator
* Jean-Pierre de Crousaz (1663–1750), writer, theologian and philosopher
* Edward Gibbon FRS (1737–1794), English historian, writer and Member of Parliament
* Benjamin Constant (1767–1830), political activist and writer on politics and religion.
* Charles Secrétan (1815–1895) philosopher
* Albert Chavannes (1836–1903), American author, philosopher and sociologist
* Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947), French-speaking Swiss writer
* Georges Simenon (1903–1989), Belgian writer, created ''Jules Maigret''
* Alejo Carpentier (1904–1980), Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist
* Jean Anouilh (1910–1987), French dramatist
* Jack Rollan (1916–2007), journalist
* Han Suyin (1917–2012), Chinese-born Eurasian, a physician and author of books on China
* Nanos Valaoritis (born 1921), Greek writer, poet, novelist and playwright
* Jeanlouis Cornuz (1922–2007), novel writer
* Albin Schram (1926–2005), collected letters by royals, scientists, writers and philosophers
* Jon Steele (born 1950), American expat author, cameraman and journalist

Acting

* George Sanders (1906–1972), British film and television actor and author
* James Mason (1909–1984), English actor
* Freddy Buache (born 1924), cinema critic and director of the Swiss Film Archive 1951–1996
* Capucine (1928–1990), French actress and model
* Fernand Melgar (born 1961), actor, producer, director and film editor
* Vincent Perez (born 1964), film actor and director
* David Bennent (born 1966), actor
* Élodie Frenck (born 1974), Peruvian-Swiss-French actress
* James Thiérrée (born 1974), circus performer, violinist, actor and director

Painting

* Jeanne-Charlotte Allamand (1760 – 1839), pioneer, educator and artist

* François Bocion (1828–1890), artist and teacher, painted scenes around Lake Geneva
* Eugène Grasset (1845–1917), decorative artist, pioneer in Art Nouveau design
* Elizabeth Thompson (Lady Butler) (1846–1933), British painter of history paintings
* Théophile Steinlen (1859–1923), French Art Nouveau painter and printmaker
* Marius Borgeaud (1861–1924), Post-Impressionist painter
* Félix Vallotton (1865–1925), Swiss/French painter and printmaker associated with Les Nabis
* Alice Bailly (1872–1938), radical painter, participated in the Dada movement
* René Auberjonois (painter), René Auberjonois (1872–1957), a Post-Impressionism, post-impressionist painter
* Ernest Boiceau (1881–1950), artist and designer
* Aloise Corbaz (1886–1964), outsider artist
* Lucienne Peiry (born 1961), PhD in the history of art, specialist in Outsider Art ("Art Brut"), an exhibition curator and lecturer
*Andy Picci (born 1989), conceptual artist
*Irene Pijoan (1953–2004), painter, sculptor, educator

Music and dancing

* Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937), Polish composer and pianist
* Hélène Boschi (1917–1990), pianist
* Maurice Béjart (1927–2007), dancer, choreographer and opera director, ran the Béjart Ballet Lausanne, Béjart Ballet
* Charles Dutoit (born 1936), conductor
* Manola Asensio (born 1943), ballet dancer
* Jacques Viret (born 1943), French musicologist
* Pierre Amoyal (born 1949), French violinist, artistic director of the Conservatory of Lausanne
* Rachel Kolly d'Alba (born 1981), violinist and an honorary citizen of Asunción in Paraguay

Royalty, nobility, and the landed gentry

* Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg (1887–1969), Queen of Spain as the wife of King Alfonso XIII
* Alexandra Tegleva (1894–1955), Russian noblewoman who served as a nursemaid in the Imperial Household, lived in Lausanne after the Russian Revolution
* Helen of Greece and Denmark (1896–1982), Queen mother of Romania, saved Romanian Jews in WWII
* Prince Nicholas Tchkotoua (1909–1984), Georgian writer and member of the Order of Malta
* Bhumibol Adulyadej (1927–2016), late Monarchy of Thailand, King of Thailand, educated and lived locally 1933–1945
* Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (1938–2015), last infante of Spain
* Prince Egon von Furstenberg (1946–2004), socialite, banker, fashion and interior designer
* Princess Yasmin Aga Khan (born 1949), American philanthropist
* Princess Margareta of Romania (born 1949), daughter of Michael I of Romania, King Michael I and Queen Anne of Romania
* Princess Elena of Romania (born 1950), daughter of Michael I of Romania, King Michael I and Queen Anne of Romania
* Princess Ubol Ratana (born 1951), Thai princess
* Prince Christoph of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1956–2006), European socialite

Business

* Peter Carl Fabergé (1846–1920), Russian jeweller of Fabergé eggs, founded House of Fabergé
* Coco Chanel (1883–1971), a French fashion designer and businesswoman
* Ingvar Kamprad (1926–2018), founded IKEA
* Paloma Picasso (born 1949), French and Spanish fashion designer and businesswoman
* Dominique Lévy (born 1967) art dealer

Sport

* Pierre de Coubertin (1863–1937), French baron, founder of the International Olympic Committee
* André Wicky (1928–2016), racing car driver and team owner
* Umberto Agnelli (1934–2004), head of Fiat and Juventus F.C.
*Howard Stupp (born 1955), Olympic wrestler
* Bertrand Piccard FRSGS (born 1958), psychiatrist and balloonist
* Patrik Lörtscher (born 1960), 1998 Olympic gold medalist in curling
* Stéphane Chapuisat (born 1969), footballer
* Mattia Binotto (born 1969), Italian F1 designer, team principal of Scuderia Ferrari
* Sébastien Loeb (born 1974), French professional rally, racing, and rallycross driver
* Ludovic Magnin (born 1979), footballer, 347 club caps with 63 for national side, manager of FC Zürich
* Lorik Cana (born 1983), Albanian footballer, 388 club caps and 92 for national side
* Stan Wawrinka (born 1985), tennis player
* Stéphane Lambiel (born 1985), figure skater and coach and 2006 Winter Olympic silver medallist
* Timea Bacsinszky (born 1989), tennis player
* Hugo de Sadeleer (born 1997), racing driver

Unwelcome notables

* Marie Manning (murderer), Marie Manning (1821–1849), Swiss domestic servant and, with her husband, a murderer
* Serge Voronoff (1866–1951), French quack surgeon of Russian extraction
* Gaston-Armand Amaudruz (1920–2018), neo-fascist political philosopher and Holocaust denial, Holocaust denier
* François Genoud, (1915-1996), financier and Nazi sympathizer

See also

* Franco-Provençal language
* Eurovision Song Contest 1989
* International Academy of Sport Science and Technology (AISTS)
* Lac de Sauvabelin, Tour de Sauvabelin
* Beau-Rivage Palace
* Scots Kirk, Lausanne (Church of Scotland)
* List of mayors of Lausanne
* Lausanne Conference, 1949
* Savoy#Duchy of Savoy, Treaty of Lausanne (1564)
* Italo-Turkish War#Treaty of Ouchy, Treaty of Lausanne (1912)
* Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

Notes

References

Bibliography

;Published in the 19th century
*
;Published in the 20th century
*
*

External links

City of Lausanne, official site

The official tourism homepage of LausanneMap of public transport
*

{{Authority control

Lausanne,
Cantonal capitals of Switzerland
Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of the canton of Vaud
Canton of Vaud
Populated places on Lake Geneva
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud