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Latin American art is the combined artistic expression of South America, Central America, the Caribbean, and
Mexico Mexico (Spanish language, Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a List of sovereign states, country in the southern portion of North America. It is borders of Mexico, bordered to the north by the United States; to the so ...
, as well as Latin Americans living in other regions. The art has roots in the many different
indigenous cultures Indigenous peoples are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original people ...
that inhabited the Americas before European colonization in the 16th century. The indigenous cultures each developed sophisticated artistic disciplines, which were highly influenced by religious and spiritual concerns. Their work is collectively known and referred to as
Pre-Columbian art Pre-Columbian art refers to the visual arts of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, North, Central, and South Americas from at least 13,000 BCE to the European conquests starting in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era c ...
. The blending of Amerindian, European and African cultures has resulted in a unique Mestizo tradition.


Colonial period

During the colonial period, a mixture of
indigenous Indigenous may refer to: *Indigenous peoples *Indigenous (ecology), presence in a region as the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention *Indigenous (band), an American blues-rock band *Indigenous (horse), a Hong Kong racehorse ...
traditions and European influences (mainly due to the Christian teachings of
Franciscan , image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg , image_size = 200px , caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans , abbreviation = OFM , predecessor = , ...
, Augustinian and Dominican friars) produced a very particular Christian art known as Indochristian art. In addition to indigenous art, the development of Latin American visual art was significantly influenced by Spanish,
Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...
, and French and Dutch
Baroque painting Baroque painting is the painting associated with the Baroque cultural movement. The movement is often identified with Absolutism, the Counter Reformation and Catholic Revival,Italian masters Since ancient times, Greeks, Etruscans and Celts have inhabited the south, centre and north of the Italian peninsula respectively. The very numerous rock drawings in Valcamonica are as old as 8,000 BC, and there are rich remains of Etruscan ar ...
. The
Cuzco School The Cusco School (''Escuela cuzqueña'') or Cuzco School, was a Roman Catholic artistic tradition based in Cusco, Peru (the former capital of the Inca Empire) during the Colonial period, in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. It was not limited to ...
is viewed as the first center of European-style painting in the Americas. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Spanish art instructors taught
Quechua Quechua may refer to: *Quechua people, several indigenous ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru *Quechuan languages, a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language **So ...
artists to paint religious imagery based on classical and
Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ide ...
styles. In eighteenth-century
New Spain New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( es, Virreinato de Nueva España, ), or Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the A ...
, Mexican artists along with a few Spanish artists produced paintings of a system of racial hierarchy, known as
casta () is a term which means "lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier. In the context of the Spanish Empire in the Americas it also refers to a now-discredited 20th-century theoretical f ...
paintings. It was almost exclusively a Mexican form however, one set was produced in Peru. In a break from religious paintings of the preceding centuries, casta paintings were a secular art form. Only one known casta painting by a relatively unknown painter, Luis de Mena, combines castas with Mexico's
Virgin of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe ( es, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe), also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe ( es, Virgen de Guadalupe), is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus associated with a series of five Marian apparitions, which are believed t ...
; this being an exception. Some of Mexico's most distinguished artists painted casta works, including
Miguel Cabrera José Miguel Cabrera Torres (born April 18, 1983), nicknamed "Miggy", is a Venezuelan professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter for the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Since his debut in 2003 he has been a two-t ...
. Most casta paintings were on multiple canvases, with one family grouping on each. There were a handful of single canvas paintings, showing the entire racial hierarchy. The paintings show idealized family groupings, with the father being of one racial, the mother of another racial category, and their offspring being a third racial category. This genre of painting flourished for about a century, coming to an end with Mexican independence in 1821, and the abolition of legal racial categories. In the seventeenth century, The Netherlands had captured the rich sugar-producing area of the Portuguese colony of Brazil (1630–1654). During that period, Dutch artist
Albert Eckhout Albert Eckhout (c.1610–1665) was a Dutch portrait and still life painter. Eckhout, the son of Albert Eckhourt and Marryen Roeleffs, was born in Groningen, but his training as an artist and early career are unknown. A majority of the works attrib ...
painted a number of important depictions of social types in Brazil. These depictions included images of indigenous men and women, as well as still lifes. Scientific expeditions approved by the Spanish crown began exploring Spanish America where its flora and fauna were recorded. Spaniard
José Celestino Mutis José Celestino Bruno Mutis y Bosio (6 April 1732 – 11 September 1808) was a Spanish priest, botanist and mathematician. He was a significant figure in the Spanish American Enlightenment, whom Alexander von Humboldt met with on his expedit ...
, a medical doctor and horticulturalist and follower of Swedish scientist
Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, ...
, led an expedition starting in 1784 to northern South America, the expedition is known as the ''Expedición Botánica de Nueva Granada''. Local artists were Ecuadorean Indians, who produced five thousand color drawings of nature, all being published. The crown chartered expedition whose purpose was scientific recording of the natural beauty and wealth of Nature, was a departure from the long traditional religious art. The most important scientific expedition was that of
Alexander von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 17696 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science. He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister ...
and French botanist
Aimé Bonpland Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland (; 22 August 1773 – 11 May 1858) was a French explorer and botanist who traveled with Alexander von Humboldt in Latin America from 1799 to 1804. He co-authored volumes of the scientific results of their ex ...
. They traveled for five years throughout Spanish America (1799-1804), exploring and recording scientific information as well as the attire and lifestyles local populations. Humboldt's work became an inspiration and template for continuing scientific work in the nineteenth century, as well as traveller reporters who recorded the scenes of everyday life. In 1818, the Academy of San Alejandro in
Havana Havana (; Spanish: ''La Habana'' ) is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of the La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center.
,
Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribb ...
, was founded by Alejandro Ramírez, and the French painter
Jean Baptiste Vermay Jean Baptiste Vermay (1786–1833) was a French-born Cuban painter, sculptor, caricaturist, educator, musician, and architect. He was the founding director of the Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes San Alejandro. Biography Jean-Baptiste Vermay ...
, served as the founding director. It is the oldest academy of art in Latin America.


Historiography of colonial art and architecture

The history of Latin American art has generally been written by those with training in art history departments. However, the concept of "visual culture" has now brought scholars trained in other disciplines to write the histories of art. As with the history of indigenous peoples, for many years there was a focus on either the pre-Columbian period (
Olmec The Olmecs () were the earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization. Following a progressive development in Soconusco, they occupied the tropical lowlands of the modern-day Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco. It has been speculated that ...
,
Maya Maya may refer to: Civilizations * Maya peoples, of southern Mexico and northern Central America ** Maya civilization, the historical civilization of the Maya peoples ** Maya language, the languages of the Maya peoples * Maya (Ethiopia), a popul ...
,
Aztec The Aztecs () were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec people included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl ...
,
Inca The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, ( Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts",  "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The adm ...
) art production, then a leap to the twentieth century. More recently, the colonial era and the nineteenth century have developed as fields of focus. Visual culture as a field increasingly crosses disciplinary boundaries. Colonial architecture has been the subject of a number of important studies. Colonial art has a long tradition, especially in Mexico, with there being publications of Manuel Toussaint. In recent years, there has been a boom in publications on colonial art, with some useful overviews being published in recent years. Many works deal exclusively with Spanish America. Major exhibitions on colonial art have resulted in fine catalogs as a permanent record.


Gallery

File:Francisco de Toledo Virrey.jpg, Official portrait of Viceroy
Francisco de Toledo Francisco Álvarez de Toledo ( Oropesa, 10 July 1515 – Escalona, 21 April 1582), also known as ''The Viceroyal Solon'', was an aristocrat and soldier of the Kingdom of Spain and the fifth Viceroy of Peru. Often regarded as the "best of P ...
File:Atawallpa Pizarro tinkuy.jpg, Guaman Poma de Ayala illustration of the meeting of
Atahualpa Atahualpa (), also Atawallpa ( Quechua), Atabalica, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa (c. 1502 – 26-29 July 1533) was the last Inca Emperor. After defeating his brother, Atahualpa became very briefly the last Sapa Inca (sovereign emperor) of the Inca Em ...
and
Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro González, Marquess of the Atabillos (; ;  – 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru. Born in Trujillo, Spain to a poor family, Pizarro chose ...
File:Brooklyn Museum - Virgin of Carmel Saving Souls in Purgatory - Circle of Diego Quispe Tito - overall.jpg, ''Virgin of Carmel Saving Souls in Purgatory,''. Peru. Circle of
Diego Quispe Tito Diego Quispe Tito (1611–1681) was a Quechua painter from Peru. He is considered the leader of the Cuzco School of painting. Background The son of a noble Inca family, Quispe Tito was born in Cuzco, and worked throughout his life in the distric ...
, 17th century, collection of the
Brooklyn Museum The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At , the museum is New York City's second largest and contains an art collection with around 1.5 million objects. Located near the Prospect Heights, Cro ...
File:Cusi Huarcay.jpg, ''The Marriage of Captain Martin de Loyola to Beatriz Ñusta'', detail, c. 1675–1690, Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Cuzco, Peru. File:Cuzqueña2.jpg, ''Our Lady of Bethelem'', Peru, anonymous, 18th century File:Conde de Superunda.jpg, Viceroy of Peru, Don
José Manso de Velasco, 1st Count of Superunda José Antonio Manso de Velasco y Sánchez de Samaniego, KOS ( es, José Antonio Manso de Velasco y Sánchez de Samaniego, primer Conde de Superunda) (May 10, 1689 – Jan 5, 1767) was a Spanish soldier and politician who served as governor of Chi ...
18th c. File:Retrato de una señora principal con su negra esclava por Vicente Albán.jpg, Vicente Alban. Spanish woman and her black slave. Quito, 18th century File:Mestizo. Mestiza. Mestiza.jpg, ''Mestizo, Mestiza, Mestizo'' Peruvian
casta () is a term which means "lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier. In the context of the Spanish Empire in the Americas it also refers to a now-discredited 20th-century theoretical f ...
painting, showing intermarriage ''within'' a casta category. 18th c. File:Cabrera Pintura de Castas.jpg,
Miguel Cabrera José Miguel Cabrera Torres (born April 18, 1983), nicknamed "Miggy", is a Venezuelan professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter for the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Since his debut in 2003 he has been a two-t ...
(Mexico)
Casta () is a term which means "lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier. In the context of the Spanish Empire in the Americas it also refers to a now-discredited 20th-century theoretical f ...
'' painting, From Spaniard and Mulatta, Morisca''. Oil on canvas. Private collection. 18th c. File:Dança dos Tapuias.jpg,
Albert Eckhout Albert Eckhout (c.1610–1665) was a Dutch portrait and still life painter. Eckhout, the son of Albert Eckhourt and Marryen Roeleffs, was born in Groningen, but his training as an artist and early career are unknown. A majority of the works attrib ...
, Tupi (Brazil) dancing, 17th c. File:Mulher Africana.jpg,
Albert Eckhout Albert Eckhout (c.1610–1665) was a Dutch portrait and still life painter. Eckhout, the son of Albert Eckhourt and Marryen Roeleffs, was born in Groningen, but his training as an artist and early career are unknown. A majority of the works attrib ...
African Woman in Brazil, 17th c. File:Aleijadinho-anjo.jpg,
Aleijadinho Antônio Francisco Lisboa ( or 1738 – 18 November 1814), better known as Aleijadinho (), was a sculptor, carver and architect of Colonial Brazil, noted for his works on and in various churches of Brazil. Little is known with certainty about his ...
(Brazil): ''Angel of the Passion'', ca. 1799. Congonhas do Campo File:Zentralbibliothek Zürich - Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pflanzen nebst einem Naturgemälde der Tropenländer - 000012142.jpg,
Alexander von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 17696 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science. He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister ...
(German) Drawing of volcano and climatic zones


Nineteenth-century


Gallery – Foreign artists in Latin America

File:Costumes-riojaneiro.jpg,
Johann Moritz Rugendas Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered " ...
(German) Costumes in Rio, Brazil 1823 File:Capitao-mato.jpg,
Johann Moritz Rugendas Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered " ...
(German) Slave hunter, Brazil 1823 File:Rugendasroda.jpg,
Johann Moritz Rugendas Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered " ...
(German) ''Capoeira or the Dance of War'' Brazil 1835. File:Rugendas lundu 1835.jpg,
Johann Moritz Rugendas Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered " ...
Brazilian dance ''lundu'' Brazil 1835 File:L'Exécution de la Punition de Fouet by Jean-Baptiste Debret.jpg, Jean Baptiste Debret (French) "L’execution de la Punition du Fouet" ("Execution of the Punishment of the Whip") (Brazil) File:024debret.jpg, Jean Baptiste Debret (French) "Feitors corrigeant des negres" ("Plantation overseers disciplining blacks") Brazil File:A Brazilian family in Rio de Janeiro by Jean-Baptiste Debret 1839.jpg, Jean Baptiste Debret (French) Family dining, Brazil File:Cacique Apache by Claudio Linati 1828.png,
Claudio Linati Claudio Linati (1 February 1790 – 11 December 1832) was an Italian painter and lithographer who studied under Jacques-Louis David in Paris and established the first lithographic press in Mexico. He co-founded and edited '' El Iris'', a periodica ...
(Italian) Apache chief. Mexico 1828. File:Tortilleras Nebel.jpg,
Carl Nebel Carl Nebel (18 March 1805 – 4 June 1855) was a German engineer, architect and draughtsman,Thieme-Becker, entry "Nebel, Carl" best known for his detailed paintings and lithographic prints made from them of the Mexican landscape and people during ...
(German) ''Las Tortilleras'', ''Voyage pittoresque et archéologique dans la partie la plus intéressante du Mexique''. Mexico. Early 19th c. File:Nebel Mexican War 12 Scott in Mexico City.jpg,
Carl Nebel Carl Nebel (18 March 1805 – 4 June 1855) was a German engineer, architect and draughtsman,Thieme-Becker, entry "Nebel, Carl" best known for his detailed paintings and lithographic prints made from them of the Mexican landscape and people during ...
The
Plaza de la Constitución A town square (or square, plaza, public square, city square, urban square, or ''piazza'') is an open public space, commonly found in the heart of a traditional town but not necessarily a true geometric square, used for community gatherings. ...
during the
Mexican–American War The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the (''United States intervention in Mexico''), was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed the ...
(1846–48) File:TulumCatherwood1844.jpg,
Frederick Catherwood Frederick Catherwood (27 February 1799 – 27 September 1854) was an English artist, architect and explorer, best remembered for his meticulously detailed drawings of the ruins of the Maya civilization. He explored Mesoamerica in the mid 19th c ...
(British). Main temple at
Tulum Tulum (, yua, Tulu'um) is the site of a pre-Columbian Mayan walled city which served as a major port for Coba, in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. The ruins are situated on cliffs along the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula on the Carib ...
(Mexico), from ''Views of Ancient Monuments''. File:Zacatecas1838Mayer.jpg, Daniel Thomas Egerton (British), ''The aqueduct of
Zacatecas , image_map = Zacatecas in Mexico (location map scheme).svg , map_caption = State of Zacatecas within Mexico , coordinates = , coor_pinpoint = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type ...
, Mexico'', 1838, now in the
Franz Mayer Museum The Franz Mayer Museum ( es, Museo Franz Mayer), in Mexico City opened in 1986 to house, display and maintain Latin America’s largest collection of decorative arts. The collection was amassed by stockbroker and financial professional Franz May ...
File:Brooklyn Museum - Tropical Scenery - Frederic Edwin Church - overall.jpg,
Frederic Edwin Church Frederic Edwin Church (May 4, 1826 – April 7, 1900) was an American landscape painter born in Hartford, Connecticut. He was a central figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters, best known for painting large landscapes, ...
(U.S.) ''Tropical Scenery'' (1873)


Gallery – Latin American artists

File:Carmelo Fernandez 06.jpg, Carmelo Fernández (Venezuela). Muleteer and Hat Weaver in Vélez. 1850. watercolor. National Library of Colombia File:Cristobal Rojas 36a.JPG, Cristóbal Rojas. (Venezuela) ''La taberna''. 1887. File:La Joven Madre 1889 by Arturo Michelena.jpg, Arturo Michelena (Venezuela) ''La Joven Madre'' 1889 File:Ángel DELLA Valle - La vuelta del malón - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg,
Ángel Della Valle Angel is a given name meaning "angel", "messenger". In the English-speaking world Angel is used for both boys and girls. From the medieval Latin masculine name ''Angelus'', which was derived from the name of the heavenly creature (itself derived ...
(Argentina) ''The Return of the Malón'' (1892) File:Carlos Morel - Payada en una pulpería.jpg, Carlos Morel (Argentina), ''Payada en una pulpería''. File:Prilidiano Pueyrredon - Un alto en el campo - Google Art Project.jpg, Prilidiano Pueyrredón (Argentina) ''A Stop in the Countryside'' File:Juan Manuel Blanes - La Paraguaya.png,
Juan Manuel Blanes Juan Manuel Blanes (June 8, 1830 – April 15, 1901) was a noted Uruguayan painter of the Realism (art), Realist school. Life and work Blanes was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1830. He was raised by his mother, with whom he relocated to the cou ...
(Uruguay) ''Paraguay: Image of Your Desolate Country'' (1879) File:Abdicación de O´higgins.jpg, Manuel Antonio Caro (Chile) ''The Abdication of
Bernardo O'Higgins Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (; August 20, 1778 – October 24, 1842) was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. He was a wealthy landowner of Basque-Spanish and Irish ancestry. Alth ...
'' File:Alejandro Ciccarelli - Vista de Santiago desde Peñalolén.jpg, Alejandro Ciccarelli (Chile) ''Vista de
Santiago de Chile Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated region, the Santiago Metropolitan Region, who ...
desde Peñalolén''". File:''Paisaje con cordillera y laguna'', 1870 .jpg, Antonio Smith (Chile)
Cordillera A cordillera is an extensive chain and/or network system of mountain ranges, such as those in the west coast of the Americas. The term is borrowed from Spanish, where the word comes from , a diminutive of ('rope'). The term is most commonly us ...
and Lake. Late 19th c. File:"Calle de Limache".jpg, Juan Francisco González (Chile), ''Calle de Limache''. González is considered one of Chile's greatest painters. File:José Olaya.jpg,
José Gil de Castro José Gil de Castro y Morales (1 September 1785 – c. 1840/41) was an Afro-Peruvian portrait painter, cartographer and soldier who spent many years in Chile. Biography He was born in Lima; his parents were free citizens. His first studies w ...
(Peru)
José Olaya José Silverio Olaya Balandra (1789 –  June 29, 1823) was a Peruvian hero in the Peruvian War of Independence. Biography The son of Jose Apolinario Olaya and Cordoba and doña Melchora Balandra.Pons 1981, pg. 129 He had 11 sibl ...
(1828) File:Going to church - Pancho Fierro.jpg,
Pancho Fierro Francisco Fierro Palas, called "Pancho" Fierro (c. 1807/1809, Lima – 28 July 1879, Lima) was a Peruvian painter, known primarily for his costumbrista watercolors, which depict his country's life and customs. Biography He was baptized ...
,
Afro-Peruvian Black Peruvians or Afro-Peruvians are Peruvian of mostly or partially African descent. They mostly descend from enslaved Africans brought to Peru after the arrival of the conquistadors. Early history The first Africans arrived with the conquer ...
artist, Veiled women (''tapadas'') going to church File:Francisco Laso - The Three Races or Equality before the Law - Google Art Project.jpg,
Francisco Laso José Francisco Domingo Laso de la Vega y de los Ríos (8 May 1823, Tacna - 14 May 1869, San Mateo District, Huarochirí, San Mateo District) was a Peruvian painter and politician. During his lifetime he was mostly known for his portraits, but is ...
(Peru) ''The Three Races or, Equality before the Law'' File:Meirelles-primeiramissa2.jpg,
Victor Meirelles Victor Meirelles de Lima (18 August 1832 – 22 February 1903) was a Brazilian painter and teacher who is best known for his works relating to his nation's culture and history. From humble origins, his talent was soon recognized, being admitted as ...
: ''First Mass in Brazil'', 1861, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, an example of
Brazilian academic art Brazilian Academic art was a major art style in Brazil from the early 19th century to the early 20th century, based on European academic art and produced on official institutions of professional art education. Brazilian academic art was not affil ...
File:Motta-paisagem-mnba.jpg, Agostinho José da Mota (Brazil) ''Factory at Barão de Capanema'', 1862, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes File:Almeida Júnior - Reading - Google Art Project.jpg,
José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior (8 May 1850 – 13 November 1899), commonly known as Almeida Júnior, was a Brazilian artist and designer; one of the first there to paint in the Realistic tradition of Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet. ...
(Brazil) ''Reading Woman'', 1892 File:Aderrubada-weing-1913-mnba.jpg, Pedro Weingartner (Brazil). ''After the Flood'' Meseu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro File:Victor Patricio - Corte de Cana, 1874.jpg, Victor Patricio de Landaluze (Cuba) ''Cutting Sugar Cane'', 1874 File:El Costeño.jpg, Agustín Arrieta, ''El Costeño''. Private collection. The painting shows a boy from the coast, likely Veracruz, holding a basket of fruits including mamey,
tuna A tuna is a saltwater fish that belongs to the tribe Thunnini, a subgrouping of the Scombridae (mackerel) family. The Thunnini comprise 15 species across five genera, the sizes of which vary greatly, ranging from the bullet tuna (max length: ...
and
pitahaya A pitaya () or pitahaya () is the fruit of several different cactus species indigenous to the Americas. Pitaya usually refers to fruit of the genus ''Stenocereus'', while pitahaya or dragon fruit refers to fruit of the genus ''Selenicereus'' ...
File:Valle de México José Maria Velazco 3.jpg, José María Velasco (Mexico) ''View of the Valley of Mexico''


Modernism

Modernism Modernism is both a philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, an ...
, a Western art movement typified by the rejection of traditional classical styles. This movement holds an ambivalent position in Latin American art. Not all countries developed modernized urban centers at the same time, so Modernism's appearance in Latin America is difficult to date. While Modernism was welcomed by some, others rejected it. Generally speaking, the countries of the
Southern Cone The Southern Cone ( es, Cono Sur, pt, Cone Sul) is a geographical and cultural subregion composed of the southernmost areas of South America, mostly south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Traditionally, it covers Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, bou ...
were more open to foreign influence, while countries with a stronger indigenous presence such as Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and
Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
were resistant to European culture.Lucie-Smith, Edward. Latin American Art of the 20th Century. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1993. A landmark event for Modernism in the region was, the ''Semana de Arte Moderna'' or Modern Art Week, a festival that took place in
São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for ' Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaW ...
, Brazil, in 1922, marking the beginning of Brazil's Modernismo movement. " ough a number of individual Brazilian artists were doing modernist work before the Week, it coalesced and defined the movement and introduced it to Brazilian society at large."


Constructivist movement

In general, the artistic
Eurocentrism Eurocentrism (also Eurocentricity or Western-centrism) is a worldview that is centered on Western civilization or a biased view that favors it over non-Western civilizations. The exact scope of Eurocentrism varies from the entire Western worl ...
associated with the colonial period began to fade in the early twentieth century, as Latin Americans began to acknowledge their unique identity and started to follow their own path. From the early twentieth century onward, the art of Latin America was greatly inspired by Constructivism. It quickly spread from Russia to Europe, and then into Latin America.
Joaquín Torres García Joaquín or Joaquin is a male given name, the Spanish version of Joachim. Given name * Joaquín (footballer, born 1956), Spanish football midfielder * Joaquín (footballer, born 1981), Spanish football winger * Joaquín (footballer, born 1982 ...
and Manuel Rendón have been credited with bringing the constructivism to Latin America. After a long and successful career in Europe and the United States, Torres García returned to his native Uruguay in 1934, where he both promoted Constructivism and augmented it into a uniquely Uruguayan movement:
Universal Constructivism Universal Constructivism (sometimes called Constructive Universalism) was a style of art created and developed by Joaquín Torres-García. Through the study and incorporation of basic geometric structure (Constructive) in the ancient and modern w ...
. Attracting a circle of experienced peers and young artists as followers in Montevideo, in 1935 he founded the Asociación de Arte Constructivo as an art center and exhibition space for his circle. The venue was closed in 1940 due to a lack of funding. In 1943, he opened the Taller Torres-García, a workshop and training center that operated until 1962.Barnitz, Jacqueline. ''Twentieth Century Art of Latin America''. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2001.


Muralism

Muralism or Muralismo is an important artistic movement generated in Latin America. It is popularly represented by the Mexican muralism movement of
Diego Rivera Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez, known as Diego Rivera (; December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957), was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the ...
,
David Alfaro Siqueiros David Alfaro Siqueiros (born José de Jesús Alfaro Siqueiros; December 29, 1896 – January 6, 1974) was a Mexican social realist painter, best known for his large public murals using the latest in equipment, materials and technique. Along with ...
,
José Clemente Orozco José Clemente Orozco (November 23, 1883 – September 7, 1949) was a Mexican caricaturist and painter, who specialized in political murals that established the Mexican Mural Renaissance together with murals by Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Si ...
, and
Rufino Tamayo Rufino del Carmen Arellanes Tamayo (August 25, 1899 – June 24, 1991) was a Mexican painter of Zapotec heritage, born in Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico.Sullivan, 170-171Ades, 357 Tamayo was active in the mid-20th century in Mexico and New York, ...
. In
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the eas ...
, José Venturelli and Pedro Nel Gómez were influential muralists.
Santiago Martinez Delgado Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated region, the Santiago Metropolitan Region, whose ...
championed muralism in
Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the ...
, as did Gabriel Bracho in Venezuela. In the Dominican Republic, Spanish exile José Vela Zanetti was a prolific muralist, painting over 100 murals in the country. The Ecuadorian artist Oswaldo Guayasamín (a student of Orozco), the Brazilian
Candido Portinari Candido Portinari (December 29, 1903 – February 6, 1962) was a Brazilian painter. He is considered one of the most important Brazilian painters as well as a prominent and influential practitioner of the neo-realism style in painting. Portinari ...
, and Bolivian Miguel Alandia Pantoja are also noteworthy. Some of the most impressive ''Muralista'' works can be found in Mexico, Colombia, New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago and Philadelphia. Mexican Muralism "enjoyed a type of prestige and influence in other countries that no other American art movement had ever experienced." Through Muralism, artists in Latin America found a distinctive art form that provided for political and cultural expression, often focusing on issues of social justice related to their indigenous roots.


''Generación de la Ruptura''

'' Generación de la Ruptura,'' or "Rupture Generation," (sometimes simply known as "Ruptura") is the name given to an art movement in Mexico in the 1960s in which younger artists broke away from the established national style of Muralismo. Born out of the desire of younger artists for greater freedom of style in art, this movement is marked by expressionistic and figurative styles. Mexican artist José Luis Cuevas is credited with initiating the ''Ruptura''. In 1958, Cuevas published a paper called ''La Cortina del Nopal'' ("The Cactus Curtain"), which condemned Mexican muralism as overly political, calling it "cheap journalism and harangue" rather than art. Representative artists include José Luis Cuevas, Alberto Gironella, and Rafael Coronel.


Nueva Presencia

'' Nueva Presencia'' ("new presence") was an artist group founded by artists Arnold Belkin and Francisco Icaza in the early 1960s. In response to WWII atrocities such as the
Holocaust The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
and the atomic bomb, the artists of Nueva Presencia shared an anti-aesthetic rejection of contemporary trends in art and believed that the artist had a social responsibility. Their beliefs were outlined in the Nueva Presencia manifesto, which was published in the first issue of the poster review of the same name. "No one, especially the artist, has the right to be indifferent to the social order." Members of the group included Francisco Corzas (b. 1936), Emilio Ortiz (b. 1936), Leonel Góngora (b.1933), Artemio Sepúlveda (b. 1936), and José Muñoz, and photographer Ignacio "Nacho" López.


Surrealism

The French poet and founder of Surrealism,
André Breton André Robert Breton (; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet, the co-founder, leader, and principal theorist of surrealism. His writings include the first '' Surrealist Manifesto'' (''Manifeste du surréalisme'') ...
, after visiting Mexico in 1938, proclaimed it to be "the surrealist country par excellence."
Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to ...
, an artistic movement originating in post-World War I Europe, strongly impacted the art of Latin America. This is where the Mestizo culture, the legacy of European conquer over indigenous peoples, embodies contradiction, a central value of Surrealism.Baddeley, Oriana & Fraser, Valerie. Drawing the Line: Art and Cultural Identity in Contemporary Latin America. London: Verso, 1989. The widely known Mexican painter
Frida Kahlo Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón (; 6 July 1907 – 13 July 1954) was a Mexican painter known for her many portraits, self-portraits, and works inspired by the nature and artifacts of Mexico. Inspired by the country's popular culture, ...
painted self-portraits and depictions of traditional Mexican culture in a style that combines
Realism Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: * Classical Realism *Literary realism, a mov ...
, Symbolism and
Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to ...
. Although, Kahlo did not commend this label, once saying, "They thought I was a Surrealist, but I wasn't. I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality." Kahlo's work commands the highest selling price of all Latin American paintings, and the second-highest for any female artist. Other female Mexican Surrealists include Leonora Carrington (a British woman who relocated to Mexico) and
Remedios Varo María de los Remedios Alicia Rodriga Varo y Uranga (16 December 1908 – 8 October 1963) was a Spanish-born Mexican surrealist artist working in Spain, France, and Mexico. Early life Remedios Varo Uranga was born in Anglès, is a small town ...
(a Spanish exile). Mexican artist
Alberto Gironella Alberto Gironella (26 September 1929 – 2 August 1999) was a self-taught Mexican painter born in Mexico City. Heavily influenced by the politics and artist in Mexico, he showcased his works in Brazil, United States, Spain, France, Japan, Swe ...
, Chilean artists
Roberto Matta Roberto Sebastián Antonio Matta Echaurren (; November 11, 1911 – November 23, 2002), better known as Roberto Matta, was one of Chile's best-known painters and a seminal figure in 20th century abstract expressionist and surrealist art. Bio ...
, Mario Carreño Morales, and
Nemesio Antúnez Nemesio Antúnez Zañartu (Born in Santiago, May 4, 1918 - May 19, 1993) was an influential Chilean painter and engraver who founded Workshop 99. Biography Born to Nemesio Antúnez and Luisa Zañartu, he was the eldest of three sons, all of wh ...
, Cuban artist
Wifredo Lam Wifredo Óscar de la Concepción Lam y Castilla (; December 8, 1902 – September 11, 1982), better known as Wifredo Lam, was a Cuban artist who sought to portray and revive the enduring Afro-Cuban spirit and culture. Inspired by and in conta ...
, and Argentinean artist
Roberto Aizenberg Roberto Aizenberg (22 August 1928 – 16 February 1996), nicknamed "Bobby", was an Argentine painter and sculptor. He was considered the best-known orthodox surrealist painter in Argentina. Early years Aizenberg was the grandson of Russian- ...
have also been classified as Surrealists. File:Varo Remedios (6857423303).jpg,
Remedios Varo María de los Remedios Alicia Rodriga Varo y Uranga (16 December 1908 – 8 October 1963) was a Spanish-born Mexican surrealist artist working in Spain, France, and Mexico. Early life Remedios Varo Uranga was born in Anglès, is a small town ...
(Mexico) ''Roulotte'', 1956


Contemporary Art

Since roughly the 1970s, artists from all parts of Latin America have made important contributions to international contemporary art, from conceptual sculptors like
Doris Salcedo Doris Salcedo (b. 1958) is a Colombian-born visual artist and sculptor."Doris Salcedo"
Art 21, Retrieved 1 ...
(from Colombia) and Daniel Lind-Ramos (from Puerto Rico), to painters like Myrna Báez (from Puerto Rico), to artists working in media like photography, such as Vik Muniz (from Brazil).


Styles and trends


Figuration

European classical art styles have made a long-lasting impression on the art of Latin America. Into the twentieth century, many Latin American artists continued to be schooled in the traditional 19th-century style, resulting in a continued emphasis on figurative work. Due to the far reach of figuration, the work often spans upon a number of different styles such as
Realism Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: * Classical Realism *Literary realism, a mov ...
, Pop art,
Expressionism Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it ra ...
, and
Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to ...
, only naming a few. While these artists confront issues that range from the personal to the political, many have a shared interest in indigenous issues and the heritage of European
cultural imperialism Cultural imperialism (sometimes referred to as cultural colonialism) comprises the cultural dimensions of imperialism. The word "imperialism" often describes practices in which a social entity engages culture (including language, traditions, ...
. One movement devoted to figuration was
Otra Figuración Otra Figuración was an art movement in Argentina founded by Jorge de la Vega, Ernesto Deira, Rómulo Macció, and Luis Felipe Noé Luis Felipe Noé (born May 26, 1933) is an Argentine artist, writer, intellectual and teacher. He is known in his ...
(Other Figuration), an Argentine artist group and commune formed in 1961 and disbanded in 1966. Members
Rómulo Macció Romulo Macció (1931 – 11 March 2016) was an Argentine painter who was associated with the avant-garde art movement named Nueva Figuracion, which favored a new form of figurative art. Apart from Nueva Figuracion he participated in another group ...
,
Ernesto Deira Ernesto Deira ( July 26, 1928- July 1, 1986) was an Argentine artist associated with the Nueva Figuración (New Figuration) movement in Latin America. Together they called for a return to figurative art, rejecting both abstraction and traditional ...
,
Jorge de la Vega Jorge de la Vega (27 March 1930 – 26 August 1971) was an Argentine painter, graphic artist, draftsman, singer, and songwriter.Standish, Peter. Dictionary of Twentieth Century Culture : Hispanic Culture of South America. New York: Gale Research, ...
, and
Luis Felipe Noé Luis Felipe Noé (born May 26, 1933) is an Argentine artist, writer, intellectual and teacher. He is known in his home country as ''Yuyo''. In 1961 he formed Otra Figuración (another figuration) with three other Argentine artists. Their eponymo ...
lived together and shared a studio in Buenos Aires. Artists of Otra Figuración worked in an expressionistic abstract figurative style featuring vivid colors and collage. Although Otra Figuración were contemporaries of Nueva Presencia, there was no direct contact between the two groups. People who are sometimes associated with the group are Raquel Forner, Antonio Berni, Alberto Heredia, and Antonio Seguí.


Parody and sociopolitical critique

Art in Latin America has often been used as a means of social and political critique. Mexican graphic artist
José Guadalupe Posada José Guadalupe Posada Aguilar (2 February 1852 – 20 January 1913) was a Mexican political lithographer who used relief printing to produce popular illustrations. His work has influenced numerous Latin American artists and cartoonists bec ...
drew harsh images of Mexican elites as skeletons,
calavera A calavera (Spanish – for "skull") is a representation of a human skull. The term is most often applied to edible or decorative skulls made (usually by hand) from either sugar (called Alfeñiques) or clay, used in the Mexican celebration of t ...
s. This was done prior to the
Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
, strongly influencing later artists, such as
Diego Rivera Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez, known as Diego Rivera (; December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957), was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the ...
. A common practice among Latin American figurative artists is to parody Old Master paintings, especially those of the Spanish court produced by
Diego Velázquez Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptized June 6, 1599August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age. He was an individualistic artist of th ...
in the 17th century. These parodies serve a dual purpose, referring to the artistic and cultural history of Latin America, and critiquing the legacy of European cultural imperialism in Latin American nations. Two notable artists who frequently employed this technique are
Fernando Botero Fernando Botero Angulo (born 19 April 1932) is a Colombian figurative artist and sculptor, born in Medellín. His signature style, also known as "Boterismo", depicts people and figures in large, exaggerated volume, which can represent politic ...
and
Alberto Gironella Alberto Gironella (26 September 1929 – 2 August 1999) was a self-taught Mexican painter born in Mexico City. Heavily influenced by the politics and artist in Mexico, he showcased his works in Brazil, United States, Spain, France, Japan, Swe ...
. Colombian figurative artist
Fernando Botero Fernando Botero Angulo (born 19 April 1932) is a Colombian figurative artist and sculptor, born in Medellín. His signature style, also known as "Boterismo", depicts people and figures in large, exaggerated volume, which can represent politic ...
, whose work features unique "puffy" figures in various situations addressing themes of power, war, and social issues, has used this technique to draw parallels between current governing bodies and the Spanish monarchy. His 1967 painting ''The Presidential Family'', is an early example. The painting, echoing
Diego Velázquez Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptized June 6, 1599August 6, 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age. He was an individualistic artist of th ...
's 1656 Spanish court painting ''
Las Meninas ''Las Meninas'' (; ) is a 1656 painting in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, by Diego Velázquez, the leading artist of the Spanish Golden Age. It has become one of the most widely analyzed works in Western painting, due to the way its complex an ...
'' (The Maids of Honor), contains a self-portrait of Botero standing behind a large canvas. The thick, "puffy" presidential family, decked out in fashionable finery and staring blandly out of the canvas, appear socially superior, drawing attention to social inequality. According to Botero, his "puffy" figures are not meant to be satirical. He painted a powerful series of canvases, which are based on photos of torture by the U.S. military of Iraqi prisoners at
Abu Ghraib Abu Ghraib (; ar, أبو غريب, ''Abū Ghurayb'') is a city in the Baghdad Governorate of Iraq, located just west of Baghdad's city center, or northwest of Baghdad International Airport. It has a population of 189,000 (2003). The old road ...
prison. . : ''The deformation you see is the result of my involvement with painting. The monumental and, in my eyes, sensually provocative volumes stem from this. Whether they appear fat or not does not interest me. It has hardly any meaning for my painting. My concern is with formal fullness, abundance. And that is something entirely different.'' Mexican painter and collagist
Alberto Gironella Alberto Gironella (26 September 1929 – 2 August 1999) was a self-taught Mexican painter born in Mexico City. Heavily influenced by the politics and artist in Mexico, he showcased his works in Brazil, United States, Spain, France, Japan, Swe ...
, whose style mixes elements of
Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to ...
and Pop art, also produced parodies of official Spanish court paintings. He completed dozens of versions of Velásquez's ''Queen Mariana'' from 1652. Gironella's parodies critique the Spanish rule of Mexico by incorporating subversive imagery. ‘’La Reina de los Yugos’’ or "The Queen of Yokes" (1975–81) depicts Mariana with a skirt made of upside-down ox yokes, signifying both Spanish dominance over Mexico's indigenous peoples, and those people's subversion of Spanish rule. The yokes are rendered useless by being upturned. " ironella'shallmark was the use of particular Spanish Grocery cans (sardines, mussels, etc.) in his works, and soda bottle caps nailed or glued around the rim of his paintings." Cuban artist
Sandra Ramos Sandra Ramos (born Oct, 1969) is a Cuban contemporary painter, printmaker, collagist, video and installation artist who explores nationality, gender, and identity in her work. She is known for works featuring her character of the Cuban Pioneer gir ...
' paintings, etchings, installations, collages, and digital animation often tackle taboo subjects in contemporary Cuban society such as racism, mass migration,
communism Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, ...
and social injustices in contemporary Cuban society.


Photography

Photographers captured on film, indigenous peoples as well as distinct social types, such as the
gaucho A gaucho () or gaúcho () is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly. The figure of the gaucho is a folk symbol of Argentina, Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, and the south of Chilean Patagonia. Gauchos became greatly admired and ...
s of Argentina. A number of Latin Americans have made significant contributions to modern photography. Guy Veloso an
José Bassit
photograph the Brazilian religiosity.
Guillermo Kahlo Guillermo Kahlo (born Carl Wilhelm Kahlo; 26 October 1871 – 14 April 1941) was a German-Mexican photographer. He photographically documented important architectural works, churches, streets, landmarks, as well as industries and companies in Me ...
photographed Mexican colonial buildings and infrastructure, such as the railway bridge at Metlac. Agustín Casasola himself took many images of the
Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
, and compiled an extensive archive of Mexican photos. Other photographers include indigenous Peruvian
Martín Chambi Martín Chambi Jiménez (November 5, 1891 – September 13, 1973) was a Peruvian photographer, originally from Puno, in southern Peru. He was one of the first major Indigenous Latin American photographers. Recognized for the profound historic and ...
, Mexican
Graciela Iturbide Graciela Iturbide (born May 16, 1942) is a Mexican photographer. Her work has been exhibited internationally, and is included in many major museum collections such as the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and The J. Paul Getty Museum. Biograp ...
, and Cuban
Alberto Korda Alberto Díaz Gutiérrez, better known as Alberto Korda or simply Korda (September 14, 1928 – May 25, 2001), was a Cuban photographer, remembered for his famous image ''Guerrillero Heroico'' of Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara. ...
, famous for his iconic image of
Che Guevara Ernesto Che Guevara (; 14 June 1928The date of birth recorded on /upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Ernesto_Guevara_Acta_de_Nacimiento.jpg his birth certificatewas 14 June 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted ...
.
Mario Testino Mario Eduardo Testino Silva OBE HonFRPS (born 30 October 1954) is a Peruvian fashion and portrait photographer. His work has featured internationally in magazines such as ''Vogue, V Magazine,'' ''Vanity Fair'' and '' GQ.'' He has also crea ...
is a noted Peruvian fashion photographer. In addition, a number of non-Latin American photographers have focused on the area, including
Tina Modotti Tina Modotti (born Assunta Adelaide Luigia Modotti Mondini, August 16/17, 1896 – January 5, 1942) was an Italian American photographer, model, actor, and revolutionary political activist for the Comintern. She left Italy in 1913 and moved to ...
and
Edward Weston Edward Henry Weston (March 24, 1886 – January 1, 1958) was a 20th-century American photographer. He has been called "one of the most innovative and influential American photographers..." and "one of the masters of 20th century photography." ...
in Mexico. Guatemalan national María Cristina Orive has worked in Argentina with
Sara Facio Sara Facio (born 18 April 1932) is an Argentine photographer. She is best known for having photographed, along with Alicia D'Amico, various cultural personalities, including Argentine writers Julio Cortázar, María Elena Walsh and Alejandra Pi ...
. Ecuadoran Hugo Cifuentes has garnered attention.


Gallery

File:Gaucho1868b.jpg, Photo of an Argentine
gaucho A gaucho () or gaúcho () is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly. The figure of the gaucho is a folk symbol of Argentina, Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, and the south of Chilean Patagonia. Gauchos became greatly admired and ...
. Courret Hermanos Fotogs., Lima, Peru (1868) File:Bingham1922 Mausoleo de Machu Picchu.jpg, Martín Chambi (Peru) photo of a man at
Machu Picchu Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru on a mountain range.UNESCO World Heritage Centre. It is located in the Machupicchu District within Urubamba Province above the Sacred Valley, whic ...
, published in ''Inca Land. Explorations in the Highlands of Peru'', 1922 File:KordaOfCheWalking.jpg,
Alberto Korda Alberto Díaz Gutiérrez, better known as Alberto Korda or simply Korda (September 14, 1928 – May 25, 2001), was a Cuban photographer, remembered for his famous image ''Guerrillero Heroico'' of Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara. ...
taking a picture of
Che Guevara Ernesto Che Guevara (; 14 June 1928The date of birth recorded on /upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Ernesto_Guevara_Acta_de_Nacimiento.jpg his birth certificatewas 14 June 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted ...
, with arms linked to his wife
Aleida March Aleida March Torres (born 19 October 1936) is a Cuban revolutionary who was Ernesto "Che" Guevara's second wife, and a member of Fidel Castro's Cuban army. Life Aleida March was an active combatant in Che Guevara's Lightning Campaign in ...
. File:Guy Veloso. Between Faith and Fever series..gif, Guy Veloso. Brazilia
Penitents
2002. Gelatin silver print


See also

* Visual arts by indigenous peoples of South America * Art of Colombia *
Art in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States. Puerto Ricans (Spanish: ''puertorriqueños'' or ''boricuas'') are the people of Puerto Rico, the inhabitants, and citizens of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and their descendants. Puerto Rico is ...
* Art of Venezuela * Indochristian art *
Brazilian art The creation of art in the geographic area now known as Brazil begins with the earliest records of its human habitation. The original inhabitants of the land, pre-Columbian Indigenous or Natives peoples, produced various forms of art; specific c ...
*
Chilean art Chilean art refers to all kinds of visual art developed in Chile, or by Chileans, from the Spanish colonization of the Americas, arrival of the Spanish conquerors to the modern day. It also includes the native Pre-Columbian art, pre-Columbian pictor ...
*
Cuban art Cuban art is an exceptionally diverse cultural blend of African, South American, European, and North American elements, reflecting the diverse demographic makeup of the island. Cuban artists embraced European modernism, and the early part of the 2 ...
*
Culture of Mexico Mexican culture is primarily influenced by its Indigenous inhabitants and the culture of Spain. Mexican culture is described as the 'child' of both western and native American civilizations. Other minor influences include those from other regio ...
*
Mexican art Various types of visual arts developed in the geographical area now known as Mexico. The development of these arts roughly follows the history of Mexico, divided into the prehispanic Mesoamerican era, the colonial period, with the period after ...
* Mexican Muralism *
Culture of Panama Panamanian culture is a hybrid of African, Native Panamanian, and European culture - specifically Spanish. For example, the ''tamborito'' is a Spanish dance that was blended with Native American rhythms and dance moves. Dance is a symbol of the ...
*
Chilote School of Religious Imagery Chilote School of Religious Imagery — es, Escuela chilota de Imaginería Religiosa—, is an artistic and cultural manifestation that was developed during the 17th century on the basis of the circular movement of evangelizing established ...
*
Latin American culture Latin American culture is the formal or informal expression of the people of Latin America and includes both high culture (literature and high art) and popular culture (music, folk art, and dance), as well as religion and other customary practices. ...
*
List of Ecuadorian artists This article is a list of Ecuadorian artists. * Aníbal Villacís (born 1927, Ambato) * Araceli Gilbert (1913–1993) * Caesar Andrade Faini (born 1913, Quito) * Camilo Egas (1889–1962) * Cecile Chong (born 1964) * Eduardo Kingman (1913� ...
*
List of Latin American artists A list of notable Latin American visual artists (painters, sculptors, photographers, video artists, etc.), arranged by nationality: Argentina * Roberto Aizenberg (1928–1996) * Antonio Alice (1886–1943) * Antonio Berni (1905–1981) * De ...
*
Paraguayan Indian art Paraguayan Indigenous art is the visual art created by the indigenous peoples of Paraguay. While indigenous artists embrace contemporary Western art media, their arts also include pre-Columbian art forms. Indigenous art includes ceramics, baske ...
*
Culture of Peru Peruvian culture is the gradual blending of Amerindian cultures with European and African ethnic groups. The ethnic diversity and rugged geography of Peru allowed diverse traditions and customs to co-exist. Peruvian culture has been deeply influenc ...
*
Peruvian art Peruvian art has its origin in the Andean civilizations. These civilizations rose in the territory of modern Peru before the arrival of the Spanish. Pre-Columbian art Peru's earliest artwork came from the Cupisnique culture, which was concen ...
*
Pre-Columbian art Pre-Columbian art refers to the visual arts of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, North, Central, and South Americas from at least 13,000 BCE to the European conquests starting in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era c ...


References


Further reading

* Ades, Dawn. ''Art in Latin America: The Modern Era, 1820-1980''. New Haven: Yale University Press 1989. *Alcalá, Luisa Elena and Jonathan Brown. ''Painting in Latin America: 1550-1820''. New Haven: Yale University Press 2014. * Angulo-Iñiguez, Diego, et al. ''Historia del Arte Hispano-Americano''. 3 vols. (Barcelona 1945-56). * Anreus, Alejandro, Diana L. Linden, and Jonathan Weinberg, eds. ''The Social and the Real: Political Art of the 1930s in the Western Hemisphere''. University Park: Penn State University Press 2006. * * Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. ''Art of Colonial Latin America''. New York: Phaidon Press 200

* Barnitz, Jacqueline. ''Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America''. Austin: University of Texas Press 2001. * Bayón, D. and M. Marx. ''History of South American Colonial Art and Architecture''. New York 1992. * Bottineau, Yves. ''Iberian-American Baroque''. New York 1970. * Cali, François. ''The Spanish Arts of Latin America''. New York 1961. * Castedo, Leopoldo. ''A History of Latin American Art and Architecture''. New York and Washington, D.C. 1969. * Craven, David. ''Art and Revolution in Latin America, 1910-1990''. New Haven: Yale University Press 2002. * Dean, Carolyn and Dana Leibsohn, "Hybridity and Its Discontents: Considering Visual Culture in Colonial Spanish America," ''Colonial Latin American Review'', vol. 12, No. 1, 2003. * * Donahue-Wallace, Kelly. ''Art and Architecture of Viceregal Latin America, 1521-1821''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2008. * Fane, Diana, ed. ''Converging Cultures: Art and Identity in Spanish America''. (exhibition catalogue Brooklyn Museum of Art 1996. * * Frank, Patrick, ed. ''Readings in Latin American Modern Art''. New Haven: Yale University Press 2004. * Goldman, Shifra M. ''Dimensions of the Americas: Art and Social Change in Latin America and the United States''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1994. * Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. ''The Word Made Image: Religion, Art, and Architecture in Spain and Spanish America, 1500-1600''. Boston 1998. * Kagan, Richard. ''Urban Images of the Hispanic World, 1493-1793''. New Haven: Yale University Press 2000. * Keleman, Pal. ''Baroque and Rococo in Latin America''. New York 1951. * ''Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century''. New York: MoMA 1992. * ''Latin American Spirit: Art and Artists in the United States''. New York: Bronx Museum 1989. * Padilla, Carmela, ed. ''Conexiones/Connections in Spanish Colonial Art''. Santa Fe 2002. * Palmer, Gabrielle and Donna Pierce. ''Cambios: The Spirit of Transformation in Spanish Colonial Art''. Exhibition Catalog, Santa Barbara Museum of Art 1992. * Ramírez, Mari Carmen and Héctor Olea, eds. ''Inverted Utopias: Avant Garde Art in Latin America''. New Haven: Yale University Press 2004. * * * Scott, John F. ''Latin American Art: Ancient to Modern''. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 1999. * ''Los Siglos de Oro en los Virreinatos de América, 1550-1700''. Exh. cat. Madrid: Museo de América, 1999. * Sullivan, Edward. ''Latin American Art''. London: Phaidon Press, 2000. * Turner, Jane, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Art''. New York: Grove's Dictionaries 2000. * Webster, Susan Verdi. ''Lettered Artists and the Languages of Empire: Painters and the Profession in Early Colonial Quito''. Austin: University of Texas Press 2017.


External links

* Walker, John
"Latin American Art"
''Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945'', 3rd. ed.
Museum of Latin American Art

Latineos - Latin America, Caribbean, arts and culture

Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520-1820
{{Latin America topics Latin American art, South American art