Late Quaternary prehistoric birds are

avian Avian may refer to: * Birds or Aves, winged animals *Avian (given name) (russian: Авиа́н, link=no), a male forename Aviation *Avro Avian, a series of light aircraft made by Avro in the 1920s and 1930s *Avian Limited, a hang glider manufactur ...

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

that became

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

during the Late

Quaternary The Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.58 million year ...

– the

Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...

Late Pleistocene The Late Pleistocene is an unofficial age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, also known as Upper Pleistocene from a stratigraphic perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division of the Pleistocene Epoch withi ...

– and before recorded

history History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...

, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by ornithological science. They became extinct before the period of global scientific exploration that started in the late 15th century. In other words, this list basically deals with extinctions between 40,000 BC and 1500 AD. For the purposes of this article, a "

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...

" is any member of the

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English ter ...

Neornithes, that is, any descendant of the

most recent common ancestor In biology and genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as the last common ancestor (LCA) or concestor, of a set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended. The ...

of all currently living birds. Giant Haasts eagle attacking New Zealand moa

The birds are known from their remains, which are

subfossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

(not fossilized, or not completely fossilized). Some are also known from folk memory, as in the case of Haast's eagle in

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island coun ...

. As the remains are not completely fossilized, they may yield organic material for molecular analyses to provide additional clues for resolving their taxonomic affiliations. The extinction of the taxa in this list was coincident with the expansion of ''

Homo sapiens Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture ...

'' beyond Africa and Eurasia, and in most cases, anthropogenic factors have played a crucial part in their extinction, be it through hunting, introduced

predator Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill t ...

s or

habitat In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...

alteration. It is notable that a large proportion of the species are from oceanic islands, especially in

Polynesia Polynesia () "many" and νῆσος () "island"), to, Polinisia; mi, Porinihia; haw, Polenekia; fj, Polinisia; sm, Polenisia; rar, Porinetia; ty, Pōrīnetia; tvl, Polenisia; tkl, Polenihia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, made up of ...

. Bird taxa that evolved on oceanic islands are usually very vulnerable to hunting or predation by rats, cats, dogs or pigs – animals commonly introduced by humans – as they evolved in the absence of

mammal Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur ...

ian predators, and therefore have only rudimentary predator avoidance behavior. Many, especially rails, have additionally become flightless for the same reason and thus presented even easier prey. Taxon extinctions taking place before the Late Quaternary happened in the absence of significant human interference. Rather, reasons for extinction are stochastic abiotic events such as

bolide A bolide is normally taken to mean an exceptionally bright meteor, but the term is subject to more than one definition, according to context. It may refer to any large crater-forming body, or to one that explodes in the atmosphere. It can be a ...

impacts,

climate change In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to ...

s, mass volcanic eruptions etc. Alternatively, species may have gone extinct due to

evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...

ary displacement by successor or competitor taxa – it is notable for example that in the early

Neogene The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...

, seabird

biodiversity Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic ('' genetic variability''), species ('' species diversity''), and ecosystem ('' ecosystem diversity'') ...

was much higher than today; this is probably due to competition by the radiation of

marine mammal Marine mammals are aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean and other marine ecosystems for their existence. They include animals such as seals, whales, manatees, sea otters and polar bears. They are an informal group, unified only by their ...

s after that time. The relationships of these ancient birds are often hard to determine, as many are known only from very fragmentary remains and complete fossilization precludes analysis of information from DNA, RNA or protein sequencing. Extinct bird species differed from extant birds by being larger, mostly restricted to islands, and often flightless. These factors made them especially vulnerable to human prosecution and to other anthropogenically related declines.

Taxonomic list of Late Quaternary prehistoric birds

All of these are Neornithes.

Struthioniformes

The

ostrich Ostriches are large flightless birds of the genus ''Struthio'' in the order Struthioniformes, part of the infra-class Palaeognathae, a diverse group of flightless birds also known as ratites that includes the emus, rheas, and kiwis. There ...

and related

ratite A ratite () is any of a diverse group of flightless, large, long-necked, and long-legged birds of the infraclass Palaeognathae. Kiwi, the exception, are much smaller and shorter-legged and are the only nocturnal extant ratites. The systematics ...

s. * † Aepyornithidae Bonaparte 1853 – elephant birds ** †'' Mullerornis'' Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894 *** †'' M. modestus (Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1869) Hansford & Turvey 2018'' ** †'' Aepyornis'' St. Hilaire 1850 *** †'' A. maximus'' St. Hilaire 1851 'Aepyornis_modestus''_Milne-Edwards_&_Grandidier_1869;_''Aepyornis_ingens.html" ;"title="Aepyornis_modestus.html" ;"title="'Aepyornis modestus">'Aepyornis modestus'' Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1869; ''Aepyornis ingens">Aepyornis_modestus.html" ;"title="'Aepyornis modestus">'Aepyornis modestus'' Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1869; ''Aepyornis ingens'' Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894; ''Aepyornis titan'' Andrews 1894; ''Mullerornis titan'' (Andrews 1894); ''Diornis maximus'' (St. Hilaire 1851)] (Giant Elephant-Bird) *** †''Aepyornis hildebrandti, A. hildebrandti'' Burckhardt 1893 ['' Aepyornis mulleri'' Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894; ''

Mullerornis hildebrandti ''Mullerornis'' is a genus of extinct elephant birds (Aepyornithidae) of Madagascar. Description ''Mullerornis'' is smaller than the more well-known ''Aepyornis ''Aepyornis'' is a genus of aepyornithid, one of three genera of ratite birds ...

'' (Burckhardt 1893); '' Aepyornis minimus''] (Hildebrandt's Elephant-Bird) ** †'' Vorombe'' Hansford & Turvey 2018 *** †'' Vorombe titan'' Andrews 1894 'Aepyornis_titan''_Andrews_1894;_''Aepyornis_ingens.html" ;"title="Aepyornis_titan.html" ;"title="'Aepyornis titan">'Aepyornis titan'' Andrews 1894; ''Aepyornis ingens">Aepyornis_titan.html" ;"title="'Aepyornis titan">'Aepyornis titan'' Andrews 1894; ''Aepyornis ingens'' Milne-Edwards and Grandidier 1894] ** * †Emeidae – moa ** ''Anomalopteryx'' *** Bush moa, ''Anomalopteryx didiformis'' (North & South Islands, New Zealand) ** ''Euryapteryx'' *** North Island broad-billed moa, ''Euryapteryx curtus'' (North Island, New Zealand) ***

Stout-legged moa The broad-billed, stout-legged moa or coastal moa (''Euryapteryx curtus'') is an extinct species of moa. These moa lived in both the North and the South Islands of New Zealand, and on Stewart Island. Its habitat was in the lowlands (duneland ...

, ''Euryapteryx geranoides'' (South Island, New Zealand) (syn.''Euryapteryx curtus'') ** '' Pachyornis'' *** Crested moa, ''Pachyornis australis'' (western South Island, New Zealand) *** Heavy-footed moa, ''Pachyornis elephantopus'' (eastern South Island, New Zealand) *** Mappin's moa, ''Pachyornis mappini'' (North Island, New Zealand) (syn.''Pachyornis geranoides'') ** '' Emeus'' ***

Eastern moa The eastern moa (''Emeus crassus'') is an extinct species of moa. When the first specimens were originally described by Richard Owen, they were placed within the genus ''Dinornis'' as three different species, but, was later split off into their o ...

, ''Emeus crassus'' (South Island, New Zealand) * † Dinornithidae – moa ** '' Dinornis'' ***

North Island giant moa The North Island giant moa (''Dinornis novaezealandiae'') is an extinct moa in the genus ''Dinornis''. Even though it might have walked with a lowered posture, standing upright, it would have been the tallest bird ever to exist, with a height ...

, ''Dinornis novaezealandiae'' (North Island, New Zealand) ***

South Island giant moa The South Island giant moa (''Dinornis robustus'') is an extinct moa from the genus ''Dinornis.'' Context The moa were ratites, flightless birds with a sternum without a keel. They also had a distinctive palate. The origin of these birds is b ...

, ''Dinornis robustus'' (South Island, New Zealand) * † Megalapterygidae – moa ** ''Megalapteryx'' *** Megalapteryx, ''Megalapteryx didinus'' (South Island, New Zealand) – may have survived until historic times (syn.''Megalapteryx benhami'') *

Struthionidae Struthionidae (; ) is a family of flightless birds, containing the extant ostriches and their extinct relatives. The two extant species of ostrich are the common ostrich and Somali ostrich, both in the genus ''Struthio'', which also contains s ...

– ostriches ** Extinct species of extant genera ***

Asian ostrich The Asian or Asiatic ostrich (''Struthio asiaticus''), is an extinct species of ostrich that lived during the Neogene period on the Indian subcontinent. The early records that ranged from the Pliocene epoch in Africa to Pleistocene- Holocene epoc ...

, ''Struthio asiaticus'' (Central Asia to China) *

Apterygidae Kiwi ( ) are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand of the order Apterygiformes. The five extant species fall into the family Apterygidae () and genus ''Apteryx'' (). Approximately the size of a domestic chicken, kiwi are by far the smalles ...

– kiwi ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Eastern tokoeka, ''Apteryx'' sp. (South Island, New Zealand) – possibly the same as the Ōkārito, Haast or South Island tokoeka.

Dromornithidae

An extinct clade of massive galloansere birds. * † Dromornithidae – The Australian ''mihirung''s or "demon ducks" ** †''Genyornis'' *** '' Genyornis newtoni'' (Australia)

Anseriformes

The group that includes modern

duck Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form ...

s and geese. *

Anatidae The Anatidae are the biological family of water birds that includes ducks, geese, and swans. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on all the world's continents except Antarctica. These birds are adapted for swimming, flo ...

– ducks, geese and swans ** †'' Cnemiornis'' *** South Island goose, ''Cnemiornis calcitrans'' (South Island, New Zealand) *** North Island goose, ''Cnemiornis gracilis'' (North Island, New Zealand) ** †''Centrornis'' *** Malagasy sheldgoose, ''Centrornis majori'' (Madagascar) (syn.''Alopochen'') ** †''Chelychelynechen'' ***

Turtle-jawed moa-nalo The turtle-jawed moa-nalo (''Chelychelynechen quassus''), also formerly referred to as the large Kauai goose, is a species of moa-nalo, one of a group of extinct, flightless, large goose-like ducks, which evolved in the Hawaiian Islands of ...

, ''Chelychelynechen quassus'' (Kauai, Hawaiian Islands) ** †''Ptaiochen'' *** Small-billed moa-nalo, ''Ptaiochen pau'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) ** †''Thambetochen'' *** Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo, ''Thambetochen chauliodous'' (Maui and Moloka‘i, Hawaiian Islands) *** O'ahu large-billed moa-nalo, ''Thambetochen xanion'' (Oahu, Hawaiian Islands) ** †''Chendytes'' *** ''

Chendytes lawi ''Chendytes lawi'' is an extinct, goose-sized flightless marine duck, once common on the California coast, the California Channel Islands, and possibly southern Oregon. It lived in the Pleistocene and survived into the Holocene. It appears ...

'' (California and Southern Oregon Coasts and Channel Islands, E Pacific) ** †'' Talpanas'' *** Kaua'i mole duck, ''Talpanas lippa'' (Kauai, Hawaiian Islands) ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Aitutaki whistling-duck, ''Dendrocygna'' sp. (Aitutaki, Cook Islands) ***

Nēnē-nui The nēnē-nui ( Hawaiian: "great nēnē") or wood-walking goose (translation of ''Branta hylobadistes'') is an extinct species of goose that once inhabited Maui and possibly (or closely related species) Kauai, Oahu and perhaps Molokai in the H ...

, ''Branta hylobadistes'' (Maui, possibly Kauai and Oahu, Hawaiian Islands) *** ''

Branta rhuax ''Branta rhuax'', the giant Hawaii goose, is an extinct goose endemic to the island of Hawaii. It was initially described as the monotypic genus ''Geochen'', but then reassigned to ''Branta'' by Storrs L. Olson in 2013 after reexamination of the ...

'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands) (formerly in monotypic genus ''Geochen'') Synonym: giant Hawai'i goose, Branta sp. (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands) ***

Chatham Islands shelduck Chatham may refer to: Places and jurisdictions Canada * Chatham Islands (British Columbia) * Chatham Sound, British Columbia * Chatham, New Brunswick, a former town, now a neighbourhood of Miramichi * Chatham (electoral district), New Brunswic ...

, ''Tadorna'' cf. ''variegata'' (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific) ***

Malagasy shelduck The Malagasy shelduck (''Alopochen sirabensis''), also known as the Sirabe shelduck, is an extinct species of waterfowl in the shelduck subfamily, described from Late Pleistocene fossils found at Antsirabe in central Madagascar. It is relate ...

, ''Alopochen sirabensis'' (Madagascar) *** Scarlett's duck, ''Malacorhynchus scarletti'' (New Zealand) *** Finsch's duck, ''Chenonetta finschi'' (New Zealand; possibly survived to 1870) ***

Bermuda flightless duck The Bermuda flightless duck (''Anas pachyscelus'') is an extinct species of flightless duck which was endemic to the island of Bermuda in the North Atlantic Ocean. It was described in 1960 by Alexander Wetmore, from Late Pleistocene subf ...

, ''Anas pachyscelus'' (Bermuda, W Atlantic) *** Macquarie Islands teal, ''Anas'' cf. ''chlorotis'' (Macquarie Islands, SW Pacific) *** Chatham Island duck, ''Anas chathamica'' (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific) *** '' Anser djuktaiensis'' (Yakutia, Russia) *** Chatham Island merganser, ''Mergus milleneri'' (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific) *** New Zealand stiff-tailed duck, ''Oxyura vantetsi'' (North Island, New Zealand) ***

New Zealand musk duck The New Zealand musk duck (''Biziura delautouri''), also known as de Lautour's duck, is an extinct stiff-tailed duck native to New Zealand. It is only known from subfossil bones. Its closest relative was the living Australian musk duck ''Biziura ...

, ''Biziura delautouri'' (New Zealand) *** Chatham Islands swan, ''Cygnus chathamicus'' (Chatham Islands) *** ''

Cygnus falconeri ''Cygnus falconeri'', the giant swan, ( Maltese: ) is an extinct, very large swan known from Middle Pleistocene-aged deposits from Malta and Sicily. Its dimensions are described as exceeding those of the living mute swan by one-third, which wo ...

'' (Malta, Sicily) *** '' Cygnus equitum'' (Malta, Sicily), occasionally placed into the genus Anser ***

New Zealand swan The New Zealand swan (Moriori: ''poūwa'', ''Cygnus sumnerensis'') is an extinct indigenous swan from the Chatham Islands and the South Island of New Zealand. Discovered as archaeological remains in 1889, it was originally considered a separate s ...

, ''Cygnus sumnerensis'' (New Zealand) ***''Anser aff. erythropus'' (Ibiza) ***'' Neochen barbadiana'' (Barbados) ***Extinct subspecies of extant species **** Chatham Islands teal, ''Anas chlorotis'' ssp. nov. (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific) ** Placement unresolved *** Giant O'ahu goose, Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. (Oahu, Hawaiian Islands) *** Long-legged shelduck", Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. (Kauai, Hawaiian Islands) *** Rota flightless duck, Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. (Rota, Marianas)

Pangalliformes

The group that includes modern

chicken The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster or cock is a term for an adu ...

s and quails. * †

Sylviornithidae Sylviornithidae is an extinct family of flightless birds, known from subfossil bones found in Holocene aged deposits on the Melanesian islands of New Caledonia and Fiji. Traditionally assumed to be within Galliformes, recent phylogenetic studi ...

– The Sylviornis or New Caledonian giant megapode ** †''Megavitiornis'' ***

Noble megapode ''Megavitiornis altirostris'' is an extinct, flightless, giant stem-galliform bird that was endemic to Fiji, it is the only known species in the genus ''Megavitornis''. Originally thought to be a megapode, more recent morphological studies indi ...

or deep-billed megapode, ''Megavitiornis altirostris'' (

Viti Levu Viti Levu (pronounced ) is the largest island in the Republic of Fiji. It is the site of the nation's capital, Suva, and home to a large majority of Fiji's population. Geology Fiji lies in a tectonically complex area between the Australian ...

Fiji Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consis ...

) ** †''Sylviornis'' *** Sylviornis, ''Sylviornis neocaledoniae'' (

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

Melanesia Melanesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from Indonesia's New Guinea in the west to Fiji in the east, and includes the Arafura Sea. The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, V ...

) True

Galliformes Galliformes is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys, chickens, quail, and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are ofte ...

* Megapodidae – megapodes ** †''Mwalau'' *** '' Mwalau walterlinii'' ( Efate,

Vanuatu Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (french: link=no, République de Vanuatu; bi, Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of ...

) ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Consumed scrubfowl, ''Megapodius alimentum'' (

Tonga Tonga (, ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga ( to, Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a Polynesian country and archipelago. The country has 171 islands – of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in ...

and Fiji) *** Lost megapode or Viti Levu scrubfowl, ''Megapodius amissus'' (Viti Levu and possibly

Kadavu Kadavu may refer to: * Kadavu Island, the fourth largest island in Fiji * Kadavu Group, an archipelago in Fiji including Kadavu Island * Kadavu Province Kadavu Province is one of fourteen provinces of Fiji, and forms part of the Eastern Division ...

and Aiwa, Fiji) – may have survived to the early 19th or the 20th century. *** Pile-builder megapode, ''Megapodus molistructor'' (New Caledonia, Tonga and possibly Aiwa, Fiji) *** ' Eua scrubfowl or small-footed megapode, ''Megapodius'' sp. (

ʻEua Eua is an island in the kingdom of Tonga. It is close to Tongatapu, but forms a separate administrative division. It has an area of , and a population in 2021 of 4,903 people. Geography Eua is a hilly island, the highest peaks are the ''Teemo ...

, Tonga) *** Lifuka scrubfowl, ''Megapodius'' sp. (

Lifuka Lifuka is an island in the Kingdom of Tonga. It is located within the Haapai Group in the centre of the country, to northeast of the national capital of Nukualofa. It is the administrative centre of the Haapai group of islands with Pangai being ...

, Tonga) *** Stout Tongan megapode ''Megapodius'' sp. (

Tongatapu Tongatapu is the main island of Tonga and the site of its capital, Nukualofa. It is located in Tonga's southern island group, to which it gives its name, and is the country's most populous island, with 74,611 residents (2016), 70.5% of the nation ...

, Tonga) *** ''Megapodius'' sp. ( Ofu,

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands ( Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands ( Manono and Apolima); ...

) *** Large Solomon Islands megapode ''Megapodius'' sp. ( Buka Island,

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capit ...

) ***

New Caledonia megapode New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...

''Megapodius'' sp. ( Grande Tierre,

) *** Loyalty megapode ''Megapodius'' sp. (

Lifou Lifou is a commune of France in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean. Geography Lifou is made up of Lifou Island, the largest and most heavily populated of the Loyalty Islands, its smaller neighbour Tiga Isla ...

and Maré, Loyalty Islands) ***

New Ireland scrubfowl New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...

or large Bismarck's megapode, ''Megapodius'' sp. ( New Ireland, Melanesia) *** '' Leipoa gallinacea'' (''Progura gallinacea'' and ''Progura naracoortensis'' are synonyms) (

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...

) *

Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular gamebirds. The family is a large one ...

– pheasants and allies ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Canary Islands quail, ''Coturnix gomerae'' (

Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; es, :es:Canarias, Canarias, ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, in Macaronesia. At their closest point to ...

East Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Africa, Europe an ...

) *** Porto Santo quail (''Coturnix alabrevis'') (

Madeira ) , anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira") , song_type = Regional anthem , image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg , map_alt=Location of Madeira , map_caption=Location of Madeira , subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...

, East Atlantic) *** Cape Verde quail (''Coturnix centensis'') (Cape Verde, East Atlantic) *** Madeiran quail (''Coturnix lignorum'') (Madeira, East Atlantic) *** Californian turkey, ''Meleagris californica'' (California,

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and th ...

)

Charadriiformes

Gull Gulls, or colloquially seagulls, are seabirds of the family Laridae in the suborder Lari. They are most closely related to the terns and skimmers and only distantly related to auks, and even more distantly to waders. Until the 21st century ...

auk An auk or alcid is a bird of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. The alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets. The word "auk" is derived from Icelandic ''álka'', from Old Norse ''alka'' (a ...

shorebirds 245px, A flock of Dunlins and Red knots">Red_knot.html" ;"title="Dunlins and Red knot">Dunlins and Red knots Waders or shorebirds are birds of the order Charadriiformes commonly found wikt:wade#Etymology 1, wading along shorelines and mudflat ...

* Laridae – gulls ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Huahine gull or Society Islands gull, ''Chroicocephalus utunui'' ( Huahine,

Society Islands The Society Islands (french: Îles de la Société, officially ''Archipel de la Société;'' ty, Tōtaiete mā) are an archipelago located in the South Pacific Ocean. Politically, they are part of French Polynesia, an overseas country of the F ...

) *** Kaua'i gull, ''Larus'' sp. ( Kaua'i,

Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands ( haw, Nā Mokupuni o Hawai‘i) are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost ...

) *** ''Larus'' sp. (

Saint Helena Saint Helena () is a British overseas territory located in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote volcanic tropical island west of the coast of south-western Africa, and east of Rio de Janeiro in South America. It is one of three constit ...

, Atlantic) – may be extant form * Charadriidae – lapwings and plovers ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Malagasy lapwing, ''Vanellus madagascariensis'' (Madagascar) * Alcidae – auks ** Extinct species of extant genera ***

Dow's puffin Dow's puffin (''Fratercula dowi'') is an extinct seabird in the auk family described in 2000 from subfossil remains found in the Channel Islands of California. It was approximately as large as the modern horned puffin and its beak appared to hav ...

, ''Fratercula dowi'' (Channel Islands, E Pacific) *

Scolopacidae Sandpipers are a large family, Scolopacidae, of waders. They include many species called sandpipers, as well as those called by names such as curlew and snipe. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil ...

– waders and snipes **Extinct species of extant genera *** Henderson Island sandpiper, ''Prosobonia'' sp. ( Henderson Island, S Pacific) *** Mangaian sandpiper, ''Prosobonia'' sp. (

Mangaia Mangaia (traditionally known as A'ua'u Enua, which means ''terraced'') is the most southerly of the Cook Islands and the second largest, after Rarotonga. It is a roughly circular island, with an area of , from Rarotonga. Originally heavily popula ...

Cook Islands ) , image_map = Cook Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , capital = Avarua , coordinates = , largest_city = Avarua , official_languages = , lan ...

) *** Ua Huka sandpiper, ''Prosobonia'' sp. ( Ua Huka,

Marquesas Islands The Marquesas Islands (; french: Îles Marquises or ' or '; Marquesan: ' (North Marquesan) and ' ( South Marquesan), both meaning "the land of men") are a group of volcanic islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in ...

) *** Forbes' snipe, ''Coenocorypha chathamensis'' (

Chatham Islands The Chatham Islands ( ) (Moriori: ''Rēkohu'', 'Misty Sun'; mi, Wharekauri) are an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean about east of New Zealand's South Island. They are administered as part of New Zealand. The archipelago consists of about t ...

, Southwest Pacific) ***

Viti Levu snipe The Viti Levu snipe (''Coenocorypha miratropica'') is an extinct species of austral snipe endemic to Fiji. A species of the mostly New Zealand genus ''Coenocorypha'', it became extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism o ...

, ''Coenocorypha miratropica'' (Viti Levu, Fiji) ***

New Caledonia snipe The New Caledonian snipe (''Coenocorypha neocaledonica'') is an extinct species of austral snipe, described from late Holocene cave deposits on the French island of New Caledonia in the western Pacific Ocean. The specific epithet is a la ...

, ''Coenocorypha neocaledonica'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia) *** Norfolk Island snipe, ''Coenocorypha'' sp. (

Norfolk Island Norfolk Island (, ; Norfuk: ''Norf'k Ailen'') is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about from Lord Howe Island. Together wit ...

, Southwest Pacific) *** '' Gallinago kakuki'' (

Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribb ...

Cayman Brac Cayman Brac is an island that is part of the Cayman Islands. It lies in the Caribbean Sea about north-east of Grand Cayman and east of Little Cayman. It is about long, with an average width of . Its terrain is the most prominent of the thr ...

Cayman Islands The Cayman Islands () is a self-governing British Overseas Territory—the largest by population in the western Caribbean Sea. The territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, which are located to the ...

Bahamas The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the North Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the a ...

, West Indies) *** '' Scolopax anthonyi'' (Puerto Rico, West Indies) *** '' Scolopax brachycarpa'' (Hispaniola, West Indies) – may have survived into historic times

Gruiformes

The group that includes modern rails and

cranes Crane or cranes may refer to: Common meanings * Crane (bird), a large, long-necked bird * Crane (machine), industrial machinery for lifting ** Crane (rail), a crane suited for use on railroads People and fictional characters * Crane (surname ...

. *

Rallidae The rails, or Rallidae, are a large cosmopolitan family of small- to medium-sized, ground-living birds. The family exhibits considerable diversity and includes the crakes, coots, and gallinules. Many species are associated with wetlands, alth ...

– rails ** †''Capellirallus'' (syn.''Gallirallus'') *** Snipe-rail, ''Capellirallus karamu'' (

North Island, New Zealand The North Island, also officially named Te Ika-a-Māui, is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the larger but much less populous South Island by the Cook Strait. The island's area is , making it the world's 14th-largest ...

) ** †''Vitirallus'' (syn.''Gallirallus'') ***

Viti Levu rail ''Vitirallus watlingi'', the Fiji rail or Viti Levu rail, was a prehistoric flightless bird from Fiji, and is the only species in the genus ''Vitirallus''. ''Vitirallus watlingi'' is thought to have been about the same size as the bar-winged rai ...

, ''Vitirallus watlingi'' (Viti Levu,

) ** †''Hovacrex'' (syn.''Gallinula'') *** Hova gallinule, ''Hovacrex roberti'' (

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Afric ...

) ** †'' Nesotrochis'' *** Antillean cave-rail, ''Nesotrochis debooyi'' (

Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and unincorporated ...

and Virgin Islands, West Indies) – may have survived until historic times *** Haitian cave-rail, ''Nesotrochis steganinos'' (Haiti, West Indies) ***

Cuban cave-rail Cuban may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Cuba, a country in the Caribbean * Cubans, people from Cuba, or of Cuban descent ** Cuban exile, a person who left Cuba for political reasons, or a descendant thereof * Cuban citizen, a pers ...

, ''Nesotrochis picapicensis'' (Cuba, West Indies) ** Extinct species of extant genera ***

New Caledonian swamphen The New Caledonian gallinule (''Porphyrio kukwiedei'') was a species of bird in the family Rallidae. It was endemic to New Caledonia and probably became extinct due to hunting, habitat loss and the presence of invasive species following hum ...

, ''Porphyrio kukwiedei'' (

, Melanesia) – may have survived into historic times ***

North Island takahē The North Island takahē ( mi, moho) (''Porphyrio mantelli'') is an extinct rail that was found in the North Island of New Zealand. This flightless species is known from subfossils from a number of archeological sites and from one possible 1894 ...

, ''Porphyrio mantelli'' (North Island, New Zealand) *** Huahine swamphen, ''Porphyrio mcnabi'' (Huahine, Society Islands) ***

Marquesas swamphen Marquesas swamphen (''Porphyrio paepae'') is a presumably extinct species of swamphen from the Marquesas Islands Hiva Oa and Tahuata. It was originally described from 600-year-old subfossil remains from Tahuata and Hiva Oa With its , Hiva Oa ...

, ''Porphyrio paepae'' (Hiva Oa and Tahuata, Marquesas) – may have survived to the late 19th century *** Buka swamphen, ''Porphyrio'' sp. (Buka, Solomon Islands) ***

Giant swamphen In folklore, giants (from Ancient Greek: ''gigas'', cognate giga-) are beings of human-like appearance, but are at times prodigious in size and strength or bear an otherwise notable appearance. The word ''giant'' is first attested in 1297 ...

, ''Porphyrio'' sp. (New Ireland, Melanesia) *** Mangaia swamphen, ''Porphyrio'' sp. (Mangaia,

Cook Islands ) , image_map = Cook Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , capital = Avarua , coordinates = , largest_city = Avarua , official_languages = , lan ...

) (not to genus ''Pareudiastes'') *** New Ireland swamphen, ''Porphyrio'' sp. (New Ireland, Melanesia) ***

Norfolk Island swamphen Norfolk () is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and south-west, and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the N ...

, ''Porphyrio'' sp. (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific) *** Rota swamphen, ''Porphyrio'' sp. (Rota, Marianas) ***''

Fulica montanei Fulica may refer to * ''Fulica'' (genus), waterbirds commonly known as coots *''Fulica chloropus'' and ''Fulica fusca'', related waterbirds commonly known as common moorhens *''Heliornis fulica'', an unrelated species commonly known as the sungrebe ...

'' (Chile) *** Ibiza rail, ''Rallus eivissensis'' (Ibiza, Mediterranean) ***

Madeira rail ) , anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira") , song_type = Regional anthem , image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg , map_alt=Location of Madeira , map_caption=Location of Madeira , subdivision_type= Sovereign s ...

, ''Rallus lowei'' (Madeira, Macaronesia) *** Porto Santo rail, ''Rallus adolfocaesaris'' (Porto Santo Island, Macaronesia) *** ''Rallus'' sp. (known from subfossil remains found on Madeira and Porto Santo Island). *** São Miguel rail, ''Rallus carvaoensis'' (São Miguel Island, Azores) ***

Pico rail Pico may refer to: Places The Moon * Mons Pico, a lunar mountain in the northern part of the Mare Imbrium basin Portugal * Pico, a civil parish in the municipality of Vila Verde * Pico da Pedra, a civil parish in the municipality of Ribeir ...

, ''Rallus montivagorum'' (Pico Island, Azores) *** São Jorge rail, ''Rallus nanus'' (erroneously previously described as ''Rallus minutus'' which is a junior homonym) (São Jorge Island, Azores) *** Graciosa rail, ''Rallus sp.'' (Graciosa, Azores) *** Terceira rail, ''Rallus sp.'' (Terceira, Azores) *** Santa Maria rail, ''Rallus sp.'' (Santa Maria Island, Azores) ***

Lifuka rail Lifuka is an island in the Kingdom of Tonga. It is located within the Haapai Group in the centre of the country, to northeast of the national capital of Nukualofa. It is the administrative centre of the Haapai group of islands with Pangai bein ...

, ''Gallirallus'' sp. (Lifuka, Tonga) ***

Nuku Hiva rail The Nuku Hiva rail (''Gallirallus epulare'') is an extinct species of flightless bird in the Rallidae, or rail family. History The rail was described in 2007 from subfossil bones collected in 1994-1995 by archaeologists B. V. Rolett, E. Con ...

, ''Gallirallus epulare'' (Nuku Hiva,

Marquesas The Marquesas Islands (; french: Îles Marquises or ' or '; Marquesan: ' (North Marquesan) and ' (South Marquesan), both meaning "the land of men") are a group of volcanic islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in t ...

) ***

Ua Huka rail The Ua Huka rail (''Gallirallus gracilitibia'') is an extinct species of flightless bird in the Rallidae, or rail family. History It was described in 2007 from subfossil remains collected in 1965 by anthropologist Yosihiko H. Sinoto and collea ...

, ''Gallirallus gracilitibia'' (Ua Huka, Marquesas) *** Niue rail, ''Gallirallus huiatua'' (Niue, Cook Islands) *** Mangaia rail, ''Gallirallus ripleyi'' (Mangaia, Cook Islands) ***

Tahuata rail The Tahuata rail (''Gallirallus roletti'') is an extinct species of flightless bird in the Rallidae, or rail family. History It was described in 2007 from subfossil remains found in 1984-1985 by Barry Rolett at the Hanamiai archaeological site, ...

, ''Gallirallus roletti'' (Tahuata, Marquesas) *** Huahine rail, ''Gallirallus storrsolsoni'' (Huahine, Society Islands) *** Hiva Oa rail, ''Gallirallus'' sp. (Marquesas, Pacific) *** ' Eua rail, ''Gallirallus vekamatolu'' ('Eua, Tonga) *** Rota rail, ''Gallirallus temptatus'' (Rota, Marianas, West Pacific) *** Aguiguan rail, ''Gallirallus pisonii'' (Aguiguan, Marianas, West Pacific) ***

Tinian rail Tinian ( or ; old Japanese name: 天仁安島, ''Tenian-shima'') is one of the three principal islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Together with uninhabited neighboring Aguiguan, it forms Tinian Municipality, one of th ...

, ''Gallirallus pendiculentus'' (Tinian, Marianas, West Pacific) *** Saipan rail, ''Gallirallus'' sp. (Saipan, Marianas, West Pacific) *** New Ireland rail, ''Gallirallus ernstmayri'' (New Ireland, Melanesia) *** Norfolk Island rail, ''Gallirallus'' sp. (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific) – may have survived to the 19th century *** Great O‘ahu crake, ''Porzana ralphorum'' (Oahu, Hawaiian Islands) *** Great Maui crake, ''Porzana severnsi'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) ***

Mangaia crake The Mangaia crake (''Porzana rua'') is an extinct species of flightless bird in the rail family, Rallidae. History The crake was described in 1986 from subfossil bones of late Holocene age found in caves on the island of Mangaia, in the so ...

, ''Porzana rua'' (Mangaia, Cook Islands) *** Liliput crake, ''Porzana menehune'' (Moloka'i, Hawaiian Islands) *** Small Oahu crake, ''Porzana ziegleri'' (Oahu, Hawaiian Islands) *** Small Maui crake, ''Porzana keplerorum'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) *** Easter Island crake, ''Porzana'' sp. (Easter Island, Southeast Pacific) *** Great Big Island crake, ''Porzana'' sp. (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands) *** Great Kaua‘i crake, ''Porzana'' sp. (Kauai, Hawaiian Islands) *** Huahine crake, ''Porzana'' sp. (Huahine, Society Islands) ***

#2, ''Porzana'' sp. (Mangaia, Cook Islands) *** Marquesas crake, ''Porzana'' sp. (Ua Huka, Marquesas) ***

Mariana crake Mariana may refer to: Literature * ''Mariana'' (Dickens novel), a 1940 novel by Monica Dickens * ''Mariana'' (poem), a poem by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson * ''Mariana'' (Vaz novel), a 1997 novel by Katherine Vaz Music *"Mariana", a so ...

, ''Porzana'' sp. (Marianas, West Pacific) – possibly 4 species *** Medium Kaua'i crake, ''Porzana'' sp. (Kauai, Hawaiian Islands) *** Medium Maui crake, ''Porzana'' sp. (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) *** Small Big Island crake, ''Porzana'' sp. (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands) *** Hodgen's waterhen, ''Gallinula hodgenorum'' (New Zealand) *** Viti Levu gallinule, ?''Gallinula'' sp. (Viti Levu, Fiji) – would also be separated in ''Pareudiastes'' if that genus is considered valid, or may be new genus. ***

Chatham Island coot The Chatham coot (''Fulica chathamensis''), also known as the Chatham Island coot, is an extinct bird in the rail family, Rallidae, that was endemic to the Chatham Islands of New Zealand. It was described from subfossil bones in 1892 by Sco ...

, ''Fulica chathamensis'' (Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific) *** New Zealand coot, ''Fulica prisca'' (New Zealand) *** Vava'u rail, ''Hypotaenidia vavauensis'' (Vava'u, Tonga) ** Placement unresolved ***

Barbados rail The Barbados rail is a fossil rail species endemic to Barbados with an undetermined taxonomic status.Storrs Olson: A new species of Nesotrochis from Hispaniola, with notes on other fossil rails from the West Indies (Aves: Rallidae) In: Proceeding ...

, Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (

Barbados Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It occupies an area of and has a population of about 287,000 (2019 estima ...

, West Indies) – formerly ''Fulica podagrica'' (''partim'') *** Easter Island rail, Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (

Easter Island Easter Island ( rap, Rapa Nui; es, Isla de Pascua) is an island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania. The island is most famous for its nearl ...

) *** Fernando de Noronha rail, Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Fernando de Noronha, Atlantic) – probably survived to historic times * Gruidae – cranes ** Extinct species of extant genera ***

Cuban flightless crane ''Antigone cubensis'', sometimes called the Cuban flightless crane, is a large, extinct species of crane which was endemic to the island of Cuba in the Caribbean. The species was originally placed in the genus '' Grus'', as ''Grus cubensis'', ...

, ''Antigone cubensis'' (Cuba, West Indies) * † Aptornithidae – Adzebills (probably belongs in distinct order) **'' Aptornis'' *** North Island adzebill, ''Aptornis otidiformis'' (North Island, New Zealand) *** South Island adzebill, ''Aptornis defossor'' (South Island, New Zealand)

Eurypygiformes

* Rhynochetidae – kagus ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Lowland kagu, ''Rhynochetos orarius'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia)

Ciconiiformes

* Ciconiidae – storks ** Extinct species of extant genera *** '' Leptoptilos robustus'' (Flores, Indonesia) *** '' Ciconia maltha'' (western and southern US) *** '' Mycteria wetmorei'' (Cuba)

Pelecaniformes

* Ardeidae – herons ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Bennu heron, ''Ardea bennuides'' (United Arab Emirates) *** ' Eua night heron, ''Nycticorax'' sp. ('Eua, Tonga) *** Lifuka night heron, ''Nycticorax'' sp. (Lifuka, Tonga) – may be same as ‘Eua species *** Niue night heron, ''Nycticorax kalavikai'' (Niue) *** Mangaia night heron, ''Nycticorax'' sp. (Mangaia, Cook Islands) ** Placement unresolved *** Ardeidae gen. et sp. indet. (Easter Island, E Pacific) *

Threskiornithidae The family Threskiornithidae includes 36 species of large wading birds. The family has been traditionally classified into two subfamilies, the ibises and the spoonbills; however recent genetic studies have cast doubt on this arrangement, and ha ...

– ibises ** †'' Apteribis'' *** Maui flightless ibis, ''Apteribis brevis'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) ***

Moloka'i flightless ibis ''Apteribis'' is an extinct genus of flightless birds in the ibis subfamily that was endemic to the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Distribution The remains of the small ibises in the genus have only been found on the islands of Ma ...

, ''Apteribis glenos'' (Moloka'i, Hawaiian Islands) *** Maui lowland apteribis, ''Apteribis'' sp. (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) ** †''Xenicibis'' *** Jamaican flightless ibis, ''Xenicibis xympithecus'' (Jamaica, West Indies)

Cathartiformes

* † Teratornithidae – teratorns ** †'' Teratornis'' ***

Merriam's teratorn ''Teratornis'' (Greek: "wonder" (teretos), "bird" (ornis)) was a genus of huge North American birds of prey – the best-known of the teratorns - of which, two species are known to have existed: ''Teratornis merriami'' and ''Teratornis woodburn ...

, ''Teratornis merriami'' (southwest and south US) ** †''

Oscaravis ''Oscaravis olsoni'' (also known as the Cuban teratorn), of the teratorn family, was a large, predatory bird that roamed the territory that is now modern-day Cuba before going extinct at the end of the Pleistocene era. Previously classified as ' ...

'' *** Cuban teratorn, ''Oscaravis olsoni'' (Cuba) *

Cathartidae The New World vulture or condor family, Cathartidae, contains seven extant species in five genera. It includes five extant vultures and two extant condors found in warm and temperate areas of the Americas. The "New World" vultures were widespr ...

– New World vultures ** †'' Pampagyps'' *** †'' Pampagyps imperator'' (Argentina) ** †''

Wingegyps ''Wingegyps'' is an extinct genus of tiny condor from the Late Pleistocene of South America. The type species ''W. cartellei'' was described from cave deposits in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil. It was close related to the genera ...

'' *** †''

Wingegyps cartellei ''Wingegyps'' is an extinct genus of tiny condor from the Late Pleistocene of South America. The type species ''W. cartellei'' was described from cave deposits in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil. It was close related to the gen ...

'' (Brazil) ** †''

Pleistovultur ''Pleistovultur'' is an extinct genus of large New World vulture from the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene of South America. The type species ''P. nevesi'' was described based in a complete and well preserved right tibiotarsus from the Cuvier ...

'' *** †''

Pleistovultur nevesi ''Pleistovultur'' is an extinct genus of large New World vulture from the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene of South America. The type species ''P. nevesi'' was described based in a complete and well preserved right tibiotarsus from the Cuv ...

'' (Brazil) ** †'' Geronogyps'' *** †'' Geronogyps reliquus'' (Peru and Argentina) ** †''

Breagyps ''Breagyps'' is an extinct genus of New World vulture in the family Cathartidae The New World vulture or condor family, Cathartidae, contains seven extant species in five genera. It includes five extant vultures and two extant condors found in ...

'' *** †''

Breagyps clarki ''Breagyps'' is an extinct genus of New World vulture in the family Cathartidae. References Cathartidae Prehistoric bird genera {{paleo-bird-stub ...

'' (southwest US) ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Pleistocene black vulture, ''Coragyps occidentalis'' (southwest and west US) ** Placement unresolved *** ?''Cathartes'' sp. (Cuba, West Indies) *** Cuban condor, ''Gymnogyps varonai'' (Cuba)

Suliformes

The group that includes modern boobies and

cormorant Phalacrocoracidae is a family of approximately 40 species of aquatic birds commonly known as cormorants and shags. Several different classifications of the family have been proposed, but in 2021 the IOC adopted a consensus taxonomy of seven ge ...

s. * Phalacrocoracidae – cormorants and shags ** Extinct species of extant genus *** Serventy's cormorant, ''Microcarbo serventyorum'' (Western Australia) *** Madagascar cormorant, ''Phalacrocorax'' sp. (Madagascar) *** Kohatu shag, ''Leucocarbo septentrionalis'' (North Island, New Zealand) * Sulidae – gannets and boobies ** Extinct subspecies of extant species *** Ua Huka booby, ''Papasula abbotti costelloi'' (Ua Huka, Marquesas)

Phoenicopteriformes

The group that includes modern

flamingo Flamingos or flamingoes are a type of wading bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, which is the only extant family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. There are four flamingo species distributed throughout the Americas (including the Caribbea ...

s * Phoenicopteridae - flamingos ** ''

Phoenicopterus copei ''Phoenicopterus copei'' is an extinct species of flamingo that inhabited North America during the Late Pleistocene. Its fossils have been discovered in Oregon, California, Mexico and Florida. Many of these localities preserve the remains of juv ...

'' (Late Pleistocene of W North America and C Mexico) ** ''

Phoenicopterus minutus ''Phoenicopterus minutus'' is an extinct species of flamingo which inhabited California during the Late Pleistocene. It was originally discovered in San Bernardino County, California in the Lake Manix beds, where it coexisted with a second, lar ...

'' (Late Pleistocene of California, US)

Procellariiformes

The group that includes modern

albatross Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Pac ...

es, petrels and storm petrels. * Procellariidae – petrels ** Extinct species of extant genera ***

Dune shearwater The dune shearwater (''Puffinus holeae''), also known as the Canarian shearwater or Hole's shearwater, was a relatively large shearwater which bred in the Canary Islands archipelago of the North Atlantic Ocean. Fossils have also been foun ...

or Hole's shearwater, ''Puffinus holeae'' (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, and Atlantic coast of Iberian peninsula) *** Lava shearwater or Olson's shearwater, ''Puffinus olsoni'' (Canary Islands, E Atlantic) *** Saint Helena shearwater ''Puffinus pacificoides'' (St Helena, S Atlantic) ***

Scarlett's shearwater Scarlett's shearwater (''Puffinus spelaeus'') is an extinct species of seabird in the petrel family Procellariidae. Its common name commemorates New Zealand palaeontologist Ron Scarlett, who recognised the bird's subfossil remains represented ...

, ''Puffinus spelaeus'' (South Island, New Zealand) *** Menorcan shearwater, ''Puffinus'' sp. (Menorca, Balearic Islands) – possibly extirpated population of extant species *** ' Eua shearwater ''Puffinus'' sp ('Eua, Tonga) *** O'ahu petrel, ''Pterodroma jugabilis'' (O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands) *** ' Eua petrel ''Puffinus'' sp ('Eua, Tonga) *** Canary Islands petrel, ''Pterodroma'' sp. (El Hierro, Canary Islands) – possibly extirpated population of extant species *** ''Pterodroma'' sp. (Chatham Islands, SW Pacific) *** ''Pterodroma'' sp. (Henderson Island, S Pacific) *** Bourne's petrel, ''Pterodroma'' sp. (Rodrigues) *** ''Pseudobulweria'' sp. ( Taravai,

Angakauitai Angakauitai is an island of the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia.Mangareva) *** ''Pterodroma'' sp. (Norfolk Island) ** Placement unresolved *** Procellariidae sp. (

, East Pacific) – possibly extirpated population of extant species

Sphenisciformes

* Spheniscidae – penguins ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Chatham penguin, ''Eudyptes warhami'' (Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific) – possibly still extant in 1867 *** Waitaha penguin, ''Megadyptes waitaha'' (South Island and Stewart Island, New Zealand)

Columbiformes

Columbidae Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...

– doves and pigeons ** †''

Dysmoropelia The Saint Helena dove (''Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos'') was a species of flightless bird in the family Columbidae. It is monotypic within the genus ''Dysmoropelia''. It was endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is k ...

'' ***

Saint Helena dove The Saint Helena dove (''Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos'') was a species of flightless bird in the family Columbidae. It is monotypic within the genus ''Dysmoropelia''. It was endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. It ...

, ''Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos'' (Saint Helena, Atlantic) – known from Pleistocene bones but might have persisted until the 16th century ** †'' Natunaornis'' ***

Viti Levu giant pigeon The Viti Levu giant pigeon or Fiji giant ground pigeon (''Natunaornis gigoura'') is an extinct flightless pigeon of Viti Levu, the largest island in Fiji. It was only slightly smaller than the dodo (''Raphus cucullatus'') and Rodrigues solitaire ...

, ''Natunaornis gigoura'' (Viti Levu, Fiji) ** †'' Bountyphaps'' *** Henderson Island archaic pigeon, ''Bountyphaps obsoleta'' (Henderson Island, S Pacific) ** †''

Tongoenas ''Tongoenas'', also known as the Tongan giant pigeon, is an extinct genus of giant pigeon that grew up to long that was once native to the islands of Tonga. It had existed as a genus for at least 60,000 years, and went extinct around 850-600 B ...

'' *** Tongan giant pigeon, ''Tongoenas burleyi'' (Tonga) ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Huahine cuckoo-dove, ''Macropygia arevarevauupa'' (Huahine, Society Islands) *** Marquesan cuckoo-dove, ''Macropygia heana'' (Marquesas, Pacific) *** Puerto Rican quail-dove, ''Geotrygon larva'' (Puerto Rico, West Indies) *** Great ground-dove, ''Gallicolumba nui'' (Marquesas and Cook Islands) *** Henderson ground dove, ''Gallicolumba leonpascoi'' (Henderson Island, S Pacific) ***

New Caledonian ground-dove The New Caledonian ground dove (''Pampusana longitarsus'') is a large, extinct species of ''Pampusana'' ground dove in the pigeon family, and the largest member of its genus. It was endemic to the island of New Caledonia in Melanesia in the ...

, ''Gallicolumba longitarsus'' (New Caledonia) *** Huahine ground-dove, ''Gallicolumba'' sp. (Huahine, Society Islands) – ''G. nui''? *** Mangaia ground-dove, ''Gallicolumba'' sp. (Mangaia, Cook Islands) – ''G. nui''? ***

Rota ground dove Rota or ROTA may refer to: Places * Rota (island), in the Marianas archipelago * Rota (volcano), in Nicaragua * Rota, Andalusia, a town in Andalusia, Spain * Naval Station Rota, Spain People * Rota (surname), a surname (including a list of peo ...

, ''Gallicolumba'' sp. (Rota, Marianas) *** Tongan tooth-billed pigeon, ''Didunculus placopedetes'' (Tonga, Pacific) *** Kanaka pigeon, ''Caloenas canacorum'' (New Caledonia, Tonga) *** Henderson imperial pigeon, ''Ducula harrisoni'' (Henderson Island, S Pacific) *** Lakeba imperial-pigeon, ''Ducula lakeba'' (Lakeba, Fiji) *** Steadman's imperial-pigeon, ''Ducula david'' ('Eua, Tonga, and Wallis Island) ***

Tongan imperial-pigeon Tongan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Tonga *Tongans, people from Tonga * Tongan language, the national language of Tonga *Tong'an District, a district in Xiamen, Fujian, China See also *Tonga (disambiguation) *T ...

, ''Ducula'' sp. ('Eua, Foa and Lifuka, Tonga) – may be ''D. david'', ''D. lakeba'' or new species *** Shutler's fruit pigeon, ''Ducula shutleri'' (Vava'u and Tongatapu, Tonga) *** ''Ducula'' cf. ''galeata'' (Cook Islands) – possibly new species *** ''Ducula'' cf. ''galeata'' (Society Islands) – possibly new species *** ''Ducula'' sp. (Viti Levu, Fiji) – may be ''D. lakeba'' *** Tubuai fruit-dove, ''Ptilinopus'' sp. (Tubuai, Austral Islands) *** '' Columba melitensis'' (Malta)

Mesitornithiformes

* Mesitornithidae – mesite ** ''Monias'' *** ''Monias'' sp. (Madagascar)

Psittaciformes

* Placement unresolved ** Psittaciformes gen. et sp. indet. (Rota, Marianas) – cf. ''Cacatua/Eclectus''? * Strigopidae – kakas and kakapos ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Chatham Islands kaka, ''Nestor chathamensis'' (Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific) * Cacatuidae cockatoos ** Extinct species of extant genera *** New Caledonian cockatoo, ''Cacatua'' sp. (New Caledonia) *** New Ireland cockatoo, ''Cacatua'' sp. (New Ireland) * Psittacidae – parrots, parakeets, and lorikeets ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Saint Croix macaw, ''Ara autocthones'' (Saint Croix, West Indies) ***

Oceanic eclectus parrot The oceanic eclectus parrot (''Eclectus infectus'') is an extinct parrot species which occurred on Tonga, Vanuatu and possibly on Fiji. Its only living relative is the eclectus parrot (''Eclectus roratus''), which has proportionally larger wings ...

, ''Eclectus infectus'' (Tonga, Vanuatu, possibly Fiji) – may have survived to the 18th century or even longer. ***

Sinoto's lorikeet Sinoto's lorikeet (''Vini sinotoi'') is a species of parrot that became extinct 700–1,300 years ago. It was identified from fossils on the Marquesas Islands The Marquesas Islands (; french: Îles Marquises or ' or '; Marquesan: ' ( Nort ...

, ''Vini sinotoi'' (Marquesas, Pacific) ***

Conquered lorikeet The conquered lorikeet (''Vini vidivici'') is a species of parrot that became extinct 700–1300 years ago. It lived in islands of Polynesia. David Steadman and Marie Zarriello wrote its species description in 1987. It was discovered in the olde ...

, ''Vini vidivici'' (Mangaia, Cook Islands, and Marqesas) *** Campbell parakeet, ''Cyanoramphus'' sp. (Campbell Island, New Zealand) ** Extinct subspecies of an extant species *** Virgin Islands parrot (''Amazona vittata'' ssp. indet.) ** Placement unresolved *** Psittacidae gen. et sp. indet. 1 (Easter Island) *** Psittacidae gen. et sp. indet. 2 (Easter Island) *** Psittacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Guam, Marianas) – cf. ''Trichoglossus/Vini''?

Cuculiformes

* Cuculidae – cuckoos ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Henderson Island koel, ''Urodynamis'' cf. ''taitensis'' *** Ancient coua, ''Coua primaeva'' (Madagascar) *** Bertha's coua, '' Coua berthae'' (Madagascar) *** ''Extinct subspecies of extant species'' **** Conkling's roadrunner, ''Geococcyx californianus conklingi'' (Inland SW North America)

Accipitriformes

Birds of prey * Accipitridae – hawks and eagles ** †''

Bermuteo The Bermuda hawk (''Bermuteo avivorus'') was the sole member of the genus ''Bermuteo''. Distribution The Bermuda hawk inhabited the island of Bermuda ) , anthem = "God Save the King" , song_type = National song , song = " Hail to Berm ...

'' *** Bermuda hawk, ''Bermuteo avivorus'' (Bermuda, W Atlantic) ** †'' Amplibuteo'' *** Woodward's eagle, ''Amplibuteo woodwardi'' (Caribbean and North America) ** †''

Gigantohierax ''Gigantohierax'' is a genus of eagle from the Quaternary of present-day Cuba. Little is known about the two known species of the genus other than their very large size. Species and discovery It is known from two species, ''Gigantohierax suarezi ...

'' *** Cuban giant-hawk, ''Gigantohierax suarezi'' (Cuba, West Indies) ** †'' Titanohierax'' *** Bahaman titan-hawk, ''Titanohierax gloveralleni'' (Bahamas, West Indies) ***

Hispaniolan titan-hawk Hispaniola (, also ; es, La Española; Latin and french: Hispaniola; ht, Ispayola; tnq, Ayiti or Quisqueya) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the West Indies, and ...

, ''Titanohierax'' sp. (Hispaniola, West Indies) **Extinct species of extant genera ***

Powerful goshawk The powerful goshawk (''Accipiter efficax''), also referred to as the greater New Caledonian goshawk, is an extinct species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It was endemic to the island of New Caledonia in Melanesia in the southwest P ...

, ''Accipiter efficax'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia) ***

Gracile goshawk The gracile goshawk (''Accipiter quartus'') is an extinct species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It was endemic to the island of New Caledonia in Melanesia in the southwest Pacific region. It was described from subfossil bones fou ...

, ''Accipiter quartus'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia) ***''Accipiter'' sp. 1 (New Ireland, Melanesia) ***''Accipiter'' sp. 2 (New Ireland, Melanesia) – one of the two New Ireland species may be Meyer's goshawk ***''Aquila'' sp. "large" (Madagascar) ***''Aquila'' sp. "small" (Madagascar) *** Borras' eagle-hawk, ''Buteogallus borrasi'' (Cuba, West Indies) – formerly in ''Aquila''/''Titanohierax'' *** Wood harrier, ''Circus dossenus'' (Moloka‘i, Hawaiian Islands) *** Eyles' harrier, ''Circus eylesi'' (New Zealand) (The Forbes' harrier, ''Circus teauteensis'', is considered as synonym of the Eyles' harrier by some authors) *** Haast's eagle, ''Hieraeetus moorei'' (South Island, New Zealand) *** A

sea eagle ('' Haliaeetus'') from

Maui The island of Maui (; Hawaiian: ) is the second-largest of the islands of the state of Hawaii at 727.2 square miles (1,883 km2) and is the 17th largest island in the United States. Maui is the largest of Maui County's four islands, whic ...

may be a valid species or subspecies; another one listed from the

is in error. ***

Malagasy crowned eagle The Malagasy crowned eagle (''Stephanoaetus mahery''), also known as the Madagascar crowned hawk-eagle, is an extinct large bird of prey endemic to Madagascar. It has been proposed that this bird, combined with elephant bird eggs, were the sourc ...

, ''Stephanoaetus mahery'' (Madagascar) **Extinct subspecies of extant species *** ''

Aquila chrysaetos simurgh ''Aquila chrysaetos simurgh'' is an extinct subspecies of the widespread golden eagle. Fossils are found in Crete; it was sometimes evaluated as a full species. Ecology It lived during the Pleistocene in Crete Crete ( el, Κρήτη, trans ...

'' (Crete) (sometimes considered as full species)

Falconiformes

Falconidae The falcons and caracaras are around 60 species of diurnal birds of prey that make up the family Falconidae (representing all extant species in the order Falconiformes). The family is divided into three subfamilies, Herpetotherinae, which inclu ...

– falcons **Extinct species of extant genera *** Bahaman caracara, ''Caracara creightoni'' (Bahamas and Cuba, West Indies) – may be same as ''C. latebrosus'' ***

Puerto Rican caracara Puerto, a Spanish word meaning ''seaport'', may refer to: Places * El Puerto de Santa María, Andalusia, Spain *Puerto, a seaport town in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines * Puerto Colombia, Colombia * Puerto Cumarebo, Venezuela * Puerto Galera, Or ...

, ''Caracara latebrosus'' (Puerto Rico, West Indies) *** ''Caracara major'' (Venezuela) *** ''Caracara seymouri'' (Peru, Ecuador) ***

Jamaican caracara The Jamaican caracara (''Caracara tellustris'') is a prehistoric species of terrestrial bird in the falcon family, Falconidae. It was native to the island of Jamaica in the Caribbean, where it probably inhabited dry forests in the island's sou ...

, ''Caracara tellustris'' (Jamaica, West Indies) *** Cuban caracara, ''Milvago carbo'' (Cuba, West Indies) *** ?''Milvago'' sp. (Jamaica, West Indies) ***

Cuban kestrel The Cuban kestrel (''Falco kurochkini'') was a species of small falcon in the family Falconidae that was formerly endemic to the island of Cuba. It was described from fossil remains from late Quaternary deposits from several sites throughout ...

, ''Falco kurochkini'' (Cuba, West Indies) – may have survived to the 17th century *** '' Phalcoboenus napieri'' (Falkland Islands)

Caprimulgiformes

Nightjars and

potoo Potoos (family Nyctibiidae) are a group of birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths. They are sometimes called poor-me-ones, after their haunting calls. The family Nyctibiidae was formerly included with the nightjars in the order Caprim ...

s * Caprimulgidae – nightjars ** Extinct species of extant genera ***

Cuban pauraque The Cuban pauraque (''Siphonorhis daiquiri''), also known as the Cuban poorwill, is an extinct species of nightjar from the island of Cuba in the Caribbean. History It was described by Storrs Olson in 1985 from subfossil material he collecte ...

, ''Siphonorhis daiquiri'' (Cuba, West Indies) – possibly extant

Aegotheliformes

Owlet-nightjars * Aegothelidae ** Extinct species of extant genera ***

New Zealand owlet-nightjar The New Zealand owlet-nightjar (''Aegotheles novazelandiae'') is an extinct, comparatively large species of owlet-nightjar (family Aegothelidae) formerly endemic to the islands of New Zealand. Fossil remains (which are common in the pellets of t ...

, ''Aegotheles novaezealandiae'' (New Zealand) – formerly ''Megaegotheles''

Apodiformes

Swifts and

hummingbird Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and comprise the Family (biology), biological family Trochilidae. With about 361 species and 113 genus, genera, they occur from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, but the vast majority of the species are ...

s. * Apodidae – swifts ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Mangaia swiftlet, ''Aerodramus manuoi'' (Mangaia, Cook Islands) – formerly ''Collocalia''

Bucerotiformes

Hornbill Hornbills (Bucerotidae) are a family of bird found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia. They are characterized by a long, down-curved bill which is frequently brightly coloured and sometimes has a casque on the upper mandibl ...

s and relatives. Formerly included in

Coraciiformes The Coraciiformes are a group of usually colourful birds including the kingfishers, the bee-eaters, the rollers, the motmots, and the todies. They generally have syndactyly, with three forward-pointing toes (and toes 3 & 4 fused at their bas ...

. * Bucerotidae – hornbills ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Lifou hornbill, ''Rhyticeros'' (''"Aceros"'') sp. (Lifou, Loyalty Islands)

Piciformes

Woodpeckers Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions ...

, puffbird and jacamars. *

Picidae Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. ...

– woodpeckers ** Extinct species of extant genera ***

Bermuda flicker The Bermuda flicker (''Colaptes oceanicus'') is an extinct woodpecker from the genus '' Colaptes''. It was confined to Bermuda and is known only by fossil remains dated to the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene. However, an old travel report by ex ...

, ''Colaptes oceanicus'' (Bermuda, known from Pleistocene bones, but might have persisted until the Holocene)

Coraciiformes

* Brachypteraciidae – ground rollers ** '' Brachypteracias'' *** Ampoza ground roller, ''Brachypteracias lagrandi'' (Madagascar)

Strigiformes

Owls and barn owls. * Strigidae – typical owls ** †''

Grallistrix The stilt-owls (''Grallistrix'') is an extinct genus of true owls which contains four species, all of which lived on the Hawaiian Islands. ''Grallistrix'' can be loosely translated as "owl on stilts". The genus received this name due to the lon ...

'' *** Kauaʻi stilt-owl, ''Grallistrix auceps'' (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) *** Maui stilt-owl, ''Grallistrix erdmani'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) *** Molokaʻi stilt-owl, ''Grallistrix geleches'' (Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) *** O'ahu stilt-owl, ''Grallistrix orion'' (O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands) ** †'' Ornimegalonyx'' *** Cuban giant owl, ''Ornimegalonxy oteroi'' (Cuba, West Indies) *** ''Ornimegalonyx'' sp. – probably subspecies of ''O. oteroi'' **†''

Asphaltoglaux The asphalt miniature owl (''Asphaltoglaux cecileae'') is an extinct species of true owl which existed in what is now California, U.S.A. during the Late Pleistocene epoch. The species is known from the La Brea Tar Pits. Its osteology suggests a ...

'' ***

Asphalt miniature owl The asphalt miniature owl (''Asphaltoglaux cecileae'') is an extinct species of true owl which existed in what is now California, U.S.A. during the Late Pleistocene epoch. The species is known from the La Brea Tar Pits. Its osteology suggests a ...

, ''Asphaltoglaux cecileae'' **†'' Oraristrix'' *** La Brea owl, ''Oraristrix brea'' ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Cuban horned owl, ''Bubo osvaldoi'' (Cuba, West Indies) *** Cretan owl, ''Athene cretensis'' (Crete, Mediterranean) *** New Caledonia boobook, ''Ninox'' cf. ''novaeseelandiae'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia) – possibly extant ***

Madeiran scops owl The Madeiran scops owl (''Otus mauli'') is a small extinct owl that once inhabited the island of Madeira in the Macaronesian archipelago off the north-west coast of Africa in the North Atlantic Ocean. History Fossil bones of the owl were fo ...

(''Otus mauli'') (Madeira) ***

São Miguel scops owl The São Miguel scops owl (''Otus frutuosoi'') is a small extinct owl that once inhabited the island of São Miguel, in the Macaronesian archipelago of the Azores, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Its scientific specific name honours the 16th-cen ...

(''Otus frutuosoi'') (Azores) ***

Kurochkin's pygmy owl Kurochkin's pygmy owl (''Glaucidium kurochkini'') is an extinct species of pygmy owl that existed in what is now California, U.S.A. during the Late Pleistocene Epoch. Discovery and naming The holotype of ''Glaucidium kurochkini'' is LACM R ...

(''Glaucidium kurochkini'') (California, United States) ***

Bermuda saw-whet owl The Bermuda saw-whet owl (''Aegolius gradyi'') was a species of owl that was endemic to Bermuda. It was described from fossil records and explorer accounts of the bird in the 17th century. The cause of its extinct Extinction is the terminat ...

(''Aegolius gradyi'') (Bermuda) – known from Pleistocene bones, but might have persist until the early 1600s *** ''

Asio ecuadoriensis ''Asio ecuadoriensis'' is an extinct species of eared owl from the Pleistocene of Ecuador. Known from bones of the legs, it was a robust predatory bird similar in size to the great horned owl. Based on the robustness of its limbs and the bone ...

'' (Ecuador) ** Placement unresolved *** Strigidae gen. et sp. indet. (Ibiza, Mediterranean) * Tytonidae – barn owls ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Puerto Rican barn owl, ''Tyto cavatica'' (Puerto Rico, West Indies) – may still have existed in 1912; likely synonym of extant ''T. glaucops'' *** Cuban dwarf barn owl, ''Tyto maniola'' (Cuba, West Indies) ***

New Caledonian barn owl The New Caledonian barn owl (''Tyto letocarti''), also referred to as Letocart's barn owl, is an extinct species of owl in the barn owl family. It was endemic to the island of New Caledonia in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific region. ...

, ''?Tyto letocarti'' (New Caledonia, Melanesia) *** Maltese barn owl, ''Tyto melitensis'' (Malta, Mediterranean) – possibly a

paleosubspecies A chronospecies is a species derived from a sequential development pattern that involves continual and uniform changes from an extinct ancestral form on an evolutionary scale. The sequence of alterations eventually produces a population that is p ...

or a synonym of ''

Tyto alba The barn owl (''Tyto alba'') is the most widely distributed species of owl in the world and one of the most widespread of all species of birds, being found almost everywhere except for the polar and desert regions, Asia north of the Himalaya ...

'' *** Noel's barn owl, ''Tyto noeli'' (Cuba, Barbuda, West Indies) (''Tyto neddi'' is a synonym) *** Hispaniolan barn owl, ''Tyto ostologa'' (Hispaniola, West Indies) *** Bahama giant barn owl, '' Tyto pollens'' (Andros, Bahamas, Cuba, West Indies) (''Tyto riveroi'' is a synonym) *** Antiguan barn owl ''Tyto'' sp. (Antigua, West Indies) *** Mussau barn owl, ''Tyto'' cf. ''novaehollandiae'' (Mussau, Melanesia) *** New Ireland greater barn owl, ''Tyto'' cf. ''novaehollandiae'' (New Ireland, Melanesia) *** New Ireland lesser barn owl, ''Tyto'' cf. ''alba/aurantiaca'' (New Ireland, Melanesia) *** Craves’s giant barn owl, ''Tyto cravesae'' (Cuba, West Indies)

Passeriformes

* Placement unresolved ** Slender-billed Kauaʻi passerine, Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) ** Tiny Kauaʻi passerine, Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) * Acanthisittidae – New Zealand wrens ** †''Pachyplichas'' *** Stout-legged wren, or South Island stout-legged wren, ''Pachyplichas yaldwyni'' (North Island, New Zealand) ***

North Island stout-legged wren The North Island stout-legged wren or Grant-Mackie's wren (''Pachyplichas jagmi'') is an extinct species of New Zealand wren, a family of small birds endemic to New Zealand. History and etymology The holotype is a right tarsometatarsus (AU 71 ...

, '' Pachyplichas jagmi'' (South Island, New Zealand) – may be subspecies of ''P. yaldwyni'' ** †''Dendroscansor'' *** Long-billed wren, ''Dendroscansor decurvirostris'' (South Island, New Zealand) *** Extinct subspecies of extant species **** North Island piwauwau, ''Xenicus gilviventris'' ssp. nov. (North Island, New Zealand) – rock wren subspecies *

Corvidae Corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, choughs, and nutcrackers. In colloquial English, they are known as the crow family or corvids. Cu ...

– crows, ravens, jays and magpies ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Chatham Islands raven, ''Corvus moriorum'' (Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific) *** High-billed crow, ''Corvus impluviatus'' (O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands) *** ''Corvus'' sp. (Pu‘u Wa‘awa‘a’, North Kona District, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands) *** New Zealand raven, ''Corvus antipodum'' (New Zealand) ****

North Island raven North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography. Etymology The word ''north' ...

, ''Corvus antipodum antipodum'' (North Island, New Zealand) **** South Island raven, ''Corvus antipodum pycrafti'' (South Island, New Zealand) *** Robust crow, ''Corvus viriosus'' (O'ahu and Moloka'i, Hawaiian Islands) *** New Ireland crow, ''Corvus'' sp. (New Ireland, Melanesia) ***

Puerto Rican crow The Puerto Rican crow (''Corvus pumilis'') is an extinct crow species in the family Corvidae that was endemic to Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands. Little is known about its habitat, but it possibly died out after the colonization ...

, ''Corvus pumilis'' (Puerto Rico and St Croix, West Indies) – probably a subspecies of '' C. nasicus'' or '' C. palmarum'' *

Hirundinidae The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerine songbirds found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in Antarctica. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The ...

– swallows and martins ** Extinct subspecies of extant species *** Henderson Island Pacific swallow, ''Hirundo tahitensis'' ssp. nov. (Henderson Island, S Pacific) *

Cettiidae Cettiidae is a newly validated family of small insectivorous songbirds ("warblers"), formerly placed in the Old World warbler "wastebin" assemblage. It contains the typical bush warblers (''Cettia'') and their relatives. As a common name, cettii ...

– bush warblers ** Extinct species of extant genera *** ʻEua bush warbler, ''Horornis'' sp. (ʻEua, Tonga) * Zosteropidae – white-eyes ** Placement unresolved *** Tongan large white-eye, Zosteropidae gen. et sp. indet. ('Eua, Tonga) *** Guam large white-eye, Zosteropidae gen. et sp. indet. (Guam, Marianas) * Sturnidae – starlings ** †''Cryptopsar'' *** Mauritius starling, ''Cryptopsar ischyrhynchus'' (Mauritius, Mascarenes) ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Huahine starling, ''Aplonis diluvialis'' (Huahine, Society Islands) *** Erromango starling, ''Aplonis'' sp. (Erromango, Vanuatu) * Turdidae – thrushes ** †'' Meridiocichla'' *** †'' Meridiocichla salotti'' (Corsica) ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Maui olomaʻo, ''Myadestes'' cf. ''lanaiensis'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) – may have survived until the 19th century * Mohoidae – Hawaiian honeyeaters ** Prehistorically extinct species of recently extinct genera *** Oʻahu kioea, ''Chaetoptila'' cf. ''angustipluma'' (Oʻahu and Maui, Hawaiian Islands) *** Narrow-billed kioea, ?''Chaetoptila'' sp. (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) * Fringillidae – finches, Hawaiian honeycreepers ** †''Orthiospiza'' *** Highland finch, ''Orthiospiza howarthi'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) ** †'' Xestospiza'' *** Cone-billed finch, ''Xestospiza conica'' (Kauaʻi and Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands) *** Ridge-billed finch, ''Xestospiza fastigialis'' (Oʻahu, Maui and Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) ** †'' Vangulifer'' *** Strange-billed finch, ''Vangulifer mirandus'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) *** Thin-billed finch, ''Vangulifer neophasis'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) ** †'' Aidemedia'' *** Oʻahu icterid-like gaper, ''Aidemedia chascax'' (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands) *** Sickle-billed gaper, ''Aidemedia zanclops'' (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands) *** Maui Nui icterid-like gaper, ''Aidemedia lutetiae'' (Maui and Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) ** Prehistorically extinct species of extant and recently extinct genera ***

Slender-billed greenfinch The slender-billed greenfinch ''("Carduelis" aurelioi)'' is an extinct songbird in the finch family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the island Tenerife in the Canary Islands, and became extinct after human settlement of the islands. Taxonomy ...

, ''Chloris aurelioi'' (Tenerife, Canary Islands) ***

Trias greenfinch The Trias greenfinch (''Chloris triasi'') is an extinct passerine from the family of finches (Fringillidae). The fossil remains were unearthed in the Cuevas de los Murciélagos near San Andrés y Sauces in the north of La Palma, Canary Islan ...

, ''Chloris triasi'' (La Palma, Canary Islands) *** Greater Azores bullfinch, ''Pyrrhula crassa'' (Graciosa, Azores) ***

Kauaʻi finch The Kauai finch (''Telespiza persecutrix'') is an extinct bird in the genus ''Telespiza'' of the family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu. It is only known from fossil remains and likely became extinct before ...

, ''Telespiza persecutrix'' (Kauaʻi and Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands) ***

Maui Nui finch The Maui Nui finch (''Telespiza ypsilon'') is an extinct member of the genus ''Telespiza'' in the family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Molokai and Maui. It is only known from fossil remains and likely became extinct befo ...

, ''Telespiza ypsilon'' (Maui and Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) *** Maui finch, ''Telespiza'' cf. ''ypsilon'' (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) *** Pila's palila, ''Loxioides kikuichi'' (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) – possibly survived until the early 18th century *** Scissor-billed koa-finch, ''Rhodacanthis forfex'' (Kauaʻi and Maui, Hawaiian Islands) *** Primitive koa-finch, ''Rhodacanthis litotes'' (Oʻahu and Maui, Hawaiian Islands) ***

Wahi grosbeak The wahi grosbeak or Oahu grosbeak (''Chloridops wahi'') is a prehistoric species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. The wahi grosbeak was endemic to dry forests on the Hawaiian islands of Kauai, Oahu, and Maui. Based on the thickness of its bill it ...

, ''Chloridops wahi'' (Oʻahu and Maui, Hawaiian Islands) ***

King Kong grosbeak The King Kong grosbeak or giant grosbeak (''Chloridops regiskongi'') is a prehistoric species of Hawaiian honeycreeper, that was endemic to Hawaii. It had the largest beak of the three ''Chloridops'' species known to have existed. The King Kong ...

, ''Chloridops regiskongi'' (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands) *** Kauaʻi grosbeak, ''Chloridops'' sp. (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) – may be same as ''Chloridops wahi'' *** Maui grosbeak, ''Chloridops'' sp. (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) *** Giant nukupu‘u, ''Hemignathus vorpalis'' (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands) *** Giant ʻakialoa, ''Hemignathus'' sp. (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands) – sometimes in genus ''Akialoa'' *** Hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa, ''Hemignathus upupirostris'' (Kauaʻi and Oʻahu) – sometimes in genus ''Akialoa'' *** ''Hemignathus aff. upupirostris'' (Maui) *** Stout-legged finch, ''Ciridops tenax'' (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) *** Molokaʻi ula-ai-hawane, ''Ciridops'' cf. ''anna'' (Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) *** Oʻahu ula-ai-hawane, ''Ciridops'' sp. (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands) ** Placement unresolved *** Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) – at least 3 species *** Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands) * Estrildidae – waxbills ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Marianas parrotfinch, ''Erythrura'' sp. (Guam and Rota, Marianas) * Emberizidae – Old World buntings ** Extinct species of extant genera *** Long-legged bunting, ''Emberiza alcoveri'' (Tenerife, Canary Islands) * Passerellidae – New World sparrows ** †''Pedinorhis'' *** Puerto Rican obscure bunting, ''Pedinorhis stirpsarcana'' (Puerto Rico, West Indies) *Icteridae - New World blackbirds, orioles, and grackles **†''Pandanaris'' *** Convex-billed cowbird, ''Pandanaris convexa'' (California & Florida south through Mexico to South America) **Extinct species of extant genera *** Large-billed blackbird, ''Euphagus magnirostris'' (California south to South America) ***

Talara cowbird Talara is a city in the Talara Province of the Piura Region, in northwestern Peru. It is a port city on the Pacific Ocean with a population of 91,444 as of 2017. Its climate is hot and dry. Due to its oil reserves, and ability to produce aviatio ...

, ''Molothrus resinosus'' (Peru) *** Talara troupial, ''Icterus turmalis'' (Peru)

References

Citations

General

* Steadman, David William (2006): ''Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds''.

University of Chicago Press The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including '' The Chicago Manual of Style' ...

. * Balouet, Jean-Christophe; Olson, Storrs L. (1989) ''Fossil birds from late Quaternary deposits in New Caledonia''. Washington, D. C. Smithsonian contributions to zoology; Nr. 469.

Smithsonian Institution Press The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded ...

* Goodman, S.M. and Patterson, B.D. (1997) ''Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar''. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. 432 S. * del Hoyo, J., Andrew Elliott, David Christie (2007) ''Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 12 Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees, Lynx Edicions, 2007. * Turvey, Samuel T. (edit.) (2009) ''Holocene Extinctions''.

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print book ...

. * Feduccia, Alan (1999) ''The Origin and Evolution of Birds''. 2nd. Edit.

Yale University Press Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day, and became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but it remains financially and operationally autonomous. , Yale Univers ...

. * *

External links

The Great New Zealand Eagle: The World's Biggest Eagle
By Neville Guthrie {{DEFAULTSORT:Late Quaternary Prehistoric Birds Birds Quaternary Late Quaternary birds