The late Ottoman genocides is a historiographical theory which sees the concurrent Armenian,

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

, and

Assyrian Assyrian may refer to: * Assyrian people, the indigenous ethnic group of Mesopotamia. * Assyria, a major Mesopotamian kingdom and empire. ** Early Assyrian Period ** Old Assyrian Period ** Middle Assyrian Empire ** Neo-Assyrian Empire * Assyrian ...

genocides Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people—usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group—in whole or in part. Raphael Lemkin coined the term in 1944, combining the Greek word (, "race, people") with the Lat ...

that occurred during the 1910s–1920s as parts of a single event rather than separate events which were initiated by the Young Turks. Although some sources, including '' The Thirty-Year Genocide'' by the historians

Benny Morris Benny Morris ( he, בני מוריס; born 8 December 1948) is an Israeli historian. He was a professor of history in the Middle East Studies department of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in the city of Beersheba, Israel. He is a member of t ...

and

Dror Ze'evi Dror Ze'evi (born 1953, Haifa) is an Israeli historian who studies political, social and cultural history of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey and the Levant. Ze'evi's father, , was deputy head of Mossad, and his mother, Galila, is an interior designe ...

, characterize this event as a genocide of Christians, others such as those written by the historians Dominik J. Schaller and contend that such an approach "ignores the Young Turks' massive violence against non-Christians", in particular against Muslim Kurds. The historian and sociologist Uğur Ümit Üngör states that the mass violence and

enslavement Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to per ...

which occurred in the late

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

and its

successor state Succession of states is a concept in international relations regarding a successor state that has become a sovereign state over a territory (and populace) that was previously under the sovereignty of another state. The theory has its roots in 19th- ...

includes—but is not limited to—the persecutions of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction in the 19th and early 20th century, the Adana massacre of Armenians in 1909, the

Greek genocide The Greek genocide (, ''Genoktonia ton Ellinon''), which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914� ...

(1913–1922), the

Assyrian genocide The Sayfo or the Seyfo (; see below), also known as the Assyrian genocide, was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian / Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish ...

(1914–1924), the

Armenian genocide The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through th ...

(1915–1917), the 1921 Koçgiri massacres of Kurdish rebels, "the mass violence against Kurds from the 1925 Sheikh Said conflict to the 1938 Dersim massacre", the 1934 Thrace pogroms against Jews, and the 1955 Istanbul pogrom against Greeks and Armenians. Other scholars sometimes also include the earlier

Hamidian massacres The Hamidian massacres also called the Armenian massacres, were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1890s. Estimated casualties ranged from 100,000 to 300,000, Akçam, Taner (2006) '' A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide an ...

of Armenians in the 1890s or the deportations of Kurds between 1916 and 1934. According to the journalist

Thomas de Waal Thomas Patrick Lowndes de Waal (born 1966) is a British journalist and writer on the Caucasus. He is a senior fellow at Carnegie Europe. He is best known for his 2003 book '' Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War''. Lif ...

, there is a lack of a work similar to historian Timothy Snyder's '' Bloodlands'' that attempts to cover all of the mass violence in

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

and the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historicall ...

between 1914 and 1921. De Waal suggests that while "the genocide of 1915–1916 would stand out as the biggest atrocity of this period...

uch a work Uch ( pa, ; ur, ), frequently referred to as Uch Sharīf ( pa, ; ur, ; ''"Noble Uch"''), is a historic city in the southern part of Pakistan's Punjab province. Uch may have been founded as Alexandria on the Indus, a town founded by Alexan ...

would also establish a context that would allow others to come to terms with what happened and why, and also pay homage to the many Muslims who died tragically in this era".

References

Bibliography

*{{cite book , author-last=Roshwald , author-first=Aviel , year=2013 , chapter=Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlNoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 , editor-last=Breuilly , editor-first=John , title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism , location=

Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...

and

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * ...

, publisher=

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books ...

, pages=220–241 , doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011 , isbn=9780191750304 Ethnic cleansing in Asia Ethnic cleansing in Europe Genocides in Asia Genocides in Europe Genocide studies Historiography of the Ottoman Empire Massacres in the Ottoman Empire Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire Persecution of Jews Persecution of Kurds in Turkey Persecution of Ottoman Muslims