Larnaca ( el, Λάρνακα ; tr, Larnaka) is a city on the south east coast of

Cyprus Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...

and the capital of the district of the same name. It is the third-largest city in the country, after

Nicosia Nicosia ( ; el, Λευκωσία, Lefkosía ; tr, Lefkoşa ; hy, Նիկոսիա, romanized: ''Nikosia''; Cypriot Arabic: Nikusiya) is the largest city, capital, and seat of government of Cyprus. It is located near the centre of the Mesaor ...

and

Limassol Limassol (; el, Λεμεσός, Lemesós ; tr, Limasol or ) is a city on the southern coast of Cyprus and capital of the district with the same name. Limassol is the second largest urban area in Cyprus after Nicosia, with an urban populatio ...

, with a metro population of 144,200 in 2015. Larnaca is known for its palm-tree seafront also called Finikoudes (Greek: Φινικούδες) as well as the Church of Saint Lazarus, Hala Sultan Tekke, Kamares Aqueduct, and Larnaca Castle. It is built on the ruins of ancient Citium, which was the birthplace of Stoic philosopher

Zeno Zeno ( grc, Ζήνων) may refer to: People * Zeno (name), including a list of people and characters with the name Philosophers * Zeno of Elea (), philosopher, follower of Parmenides, known for his paradoxes * Zeno of Citium (333 – 264 BC), ...

. Larnaca is home to the country's primary airport,

Larnaca International Airport Larnaca International Airport – Glafcos Clerides (''Diethnís Aeroliménas Lárnakas''). tr, Larnaka Uluslararası Havaalanı). is an international airport located southwest of Larnaca, Cyprus. Larnaca International Airport is Cyprus' main ...

. It also has a seaport and a marina.

Names

The name ''Larnaca'' originates from the Ancient Greek noun 'coffer, box; chest, e.g. for household stores; cinerary urn, sarcophagus, coffin; drinking trough, chalice'. An informal etymology attributes the origin of the name to the many ''larnakes'' (

sarcophagi A sarcophagus (plural sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a box-like funeral receptacle for a corpse, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried. The word ''sarcophagus'' comes from the Greek ...

) that have been found in the area. Sophocles Hadjisavvas, a state archeologist, states that " he city's U.S.consul of the last quarter of the 19th century, claimed to have explored more than 3,000 tombs in the area of Larnaca, so-called after the immense number of sarcophagi found in the modern town". In the vernacular, Larnaca is also known as ''Scala'' ( el, Σκάλα from the word , a loanword from the Italian , meaning "ladder" or " landing stage") referring to the historical port. During the Middle Ages, until the end of the 18th century, a small port-anchorage close to Larnaca Bay is referred to on maps, engravings, in travel descriptions and documents as Scala di Saline'' and may account for this second name; other names that appear on maps include: Porto delle Salines, Rada delle Saline, Ponta delle Saline, Punta delle Salino, Golfo delle Saline, Port Salines, Selines, Salines, Le Seline, Le Salline, Saline, Salin, Salinas, Arnicho di Salinas, Port of Lazarus, Lazare Marine, Marina, and Commercio ustoms

History

The former city-kingdom of

Kition Kition ( Egyptian: ; Phoenician: , , or , ; Ancient Greek: , ; Latin: ) was a city-kingdom on the southern coast of Cyprus (in present-day Larnaca). According to the text on the plaque closest to the excavation pit of the Kathari site (as ...

was originally established in the 13th century BC. New cultural elements appearing between 1200 BC and 1000 BC (personal objects, pottery, new architectural forms and ideas) are interpreted as indications of significant political changes and the arrival of the Achaeans, the first Greek colonists of Kition. Around the same time,

Phoenicians Phoenicia () was an ancient thalassocratic civilization originating in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. The territory of the Phoenician city-states extended and shrank throughout their histo ...

settled the area. At the archaeological sites of Kiteon, remains that date from the 13th century BC have been found. Around 1000 BC, Kition was rebuilt by

and it subsequently became a center of Phoenician culture. The remains of the sites include cyclopean walls and a complex of five temples and a

naval A navy, naval force, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. It in ...

port. It was conquered in the first millennium BC by a series of great powers of the region. First by the

Assyrian Empire Assyrian may refer to: * Assyrian people, the indigenous ethnic group of Mesopotamia. * Assyria, a major Mesopotamian kingdom and empire. ** Early Assyrian Period ** Old Assyrian Period ** Middle Assyrian Empire ** Neo-Assyrian Empire * Assyrian ...

, then by Egypt. Like most Cypriot cities, Kition belonged to the Persian or

Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire (; peo, 𐎧𐏁𐏂, , ), also called the First Persian Empire, was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC. Based in Western Asia, it was contemporarily the largest emp ...

. In 450 BC, the

Athenian Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...

general

Cimon Cimon or Kimon ( grc-gre, Κίμων; – 450BC) was an Athenian ''strategos'' (general and admiral) and politician. He was the son of Miltiades, also an Athenian ''strategos''. Cimon rose to prominence for his bravery fighting in the naval Batt ...

died at sea, while militarily supporting the revolt against Persia's rule over Cyprus. On his deathbed, he urged his officers to conceal his death from both their allies and the Persians. Strong earthquakes hit the city in 76 AD and the year after. Earthquakes of 322 AD and 342 "caused the destruction not only of Kition but also of Salamis and Pafos". Kition's harbor silted up, and the population moved to the seafront farther south, sometime after this. (Contributing factors to the silting are thought to have been earthquakes,

deforestation Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated ...

and

overgrazing Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either livestock in poorly managed agricultural applications, game reserves, or nature re ...

.) The commercial port was located at Skala, during the

Ottoman Period The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

starting in 1571. Skala is the name of the seashore immediately south of the Larnaca castle—and its neighborhood. The Kamares aqueduct was built in 1747—bringing water to the city from a source around from the city.

Geography

The

Salt Lake A salt lake or saline lake is a landlocked body of water that has a concentration of salts (typically sodium chloride) and other dissolved minerals significantly higher than most lakes (often defined as at least three grams of salt per litre). ...

fills with water during the winter season and is visited by flocks of flamingoes who stay there from November until the end of March. It usually dries up in the summer. In the past, it yielded good quality salt scraped from the dried surface. The salt from the lake is now considered unsuitable for consumption.

Climate

The climate in this area is described by the

Köppen Climate Classification System Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Bernd Köppen (born 1951), German pianist and composer * Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan * Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author a ...

as a

hot semi-arid climate A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi- ...

(''BSh'') due to its low annual rainfall and hot summer temperatures resulting in highly negative water balance. It is sometimes described as a

mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate (also called a dry summer temperate climate ''Cs'') is a temperate climate sub-type, generally characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, fairly wet winters; these weather conditions are typically experienced in the ...

due to the pronounced rainy season in winter and virtually rainless summers, but this winter rainfall is below the required amount to avoid the semi-arid classification.

Landmarks

The city's landmarks include: the Church of Saint Lazarus; the Catacomb of Phaneromeni Church; Hala Sultan Tekke; the Kamares Aqueduct; and the Fort of Larnaca. So-called "Foinikoudes" is the

promenade An esplanade or promenade is a long, open, level area, usually next to a river or large body of water, where people may walk. The historical definition of ''esplanade'' was a large, open, level area outside fortress or city walls to provide cle ...

along Athenon Avenue on the seafront. A row of palm trees (

Cypriot Greek Cypriot Greek ( el, κυπριακή ελληνική or ) is the variety of Modern Greek that is spoken by the majority of the Cypriot populace and Greek Cypriot diaspora. It is considered a divergent dialect as it differs from Standard Mo ...

: , ) lines either side of it.

Monuments

* A bust of Kimon the Athenian stands on the Foinikoudes Promenade, with this quote referring to him on the

pedestal A pedestal (from French ''piédestal'', Italian ''piedistallo'' 'foot of a stall') or plinth is a support at the bottom of a statue, vase, column, or certain altars. Smaller pedestals, especially if round in shape, may be called socles. In c ...

: "Even in death he was victorious" ( el, "Kαι νεκρός ενίκα", links=no). * The marble bust of

stands at the crossroads near the American Academy. Zeno was born in Kition in 334 BC. After studying philosophy in

Athens Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...

, he founded the famous Stoic school of philosophy. * The Armenian Genocide Memorial stands on Athinon Avenue.

Economy

Larnaca's economy has been growing since 1975, after the loss of the Port of Famagusta, which handled 80% of general cargo, and the closure of Nicosia International Airport, meant that Larnaca's airport and seaport had increasingly important roles in the economy of the island. A €650m upgrade of Larnaca Airport has been completed. The service sector, including tourism, employs three-quarters of Larnaca's labour force. Many travel and tour operators and other travel-related companies have a head office Larnaca.

Education

There are over a hundred educational institutions in the city, including the American Academy, Larnaca Nareg Armenian school and the Alexander College.

Culture

Arts

Larnaca has a theatre and an art gallery, which are operated by the municipality. The Cornaro Institute was a cultural centre founded by the celebrated Cypriot artist

Stass Paraskos Stass Paraskos ( el, Στας Παράσκος; 17 March 1933 – 4 March 2014) was an artist from Cyprus, although much of his life was spent teaching and working in England. Early life Paraskos was born in Anaphotia, a village near the cit ...

in the Old Town in 2007, which staged contemporary art exhibitions and other cultural events, prior to its closure by Larnaca Municipality in 2017.

Music

Local institutions include the Municipal Wind Orchestra.

Sports

Local teams include (

football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, Kick (football), kicking a Football (ball), ball to score a Goal (sport), goal. Unqualified, Football (word), the word ''football'' normally means the form of football tha ...

:) AEK Larnaca FC and ALKI Larnaca FC. Due to the Turkish occupation of

Famagusta Famagusta ( , ; el, Αμμόχωστος, Ammóchostos, ; tr, Gazimağusa or ) is a city on the east coast of Cyprus. It is located east of Nicosia and possesses the deepest harbour of the island. During the Middle Ages (especially under th ...

, the two teams of Famagusta, Anorthosis and

Nea Salamina Nea Salamis Famagusta or Nea Salamina Famagusta ( el, Νέα Σαλαμίνα Αμμοχώστου) is a Cypriot sports club based in Ammochostos (also known by its romanized name, Famagusta), Cyprus. The club is named after Salamis (or Sal ...

, are located here. Local

sports arena An arena is a large enclosed platform, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theatre, musical performances, or sporting events. It is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectato ...

s include AEK Arena - Georgios Karapatakis, GSZ Stadium, " Antonis Papadopoulos" and " Ammochostos". International competitions held in the city, include the Larnaka International Marathon since 2017, the Shooting Shotgun European Championships in 2012, the FIVB Beach Volleyball SWATCH Youth World Championship in 2012, the European Under-19 Football Championship final in 1998 and the European Under-17 Football Championship final in 1992. Larnaca attracts windsurfers from around the world especially in autumn. Mackenzie Beach hosts windsurfing centre together with an extreme sports centre.

Festivals

Much of the activity is centered on the city promenade during the major festivals. The most important of these is '' Kataklysmos'' or the ''Festival of the Flood'', celebrated in early summer with a series of cultural events. The festival used to last for about a week, but, in recent years, with the increased commercialism of peripheral stalls, rides and temporary

Loukoumades Lokma, also known by their Greek name, loukoumades, are pastries made of leavened and deep fried dough balls, soaked in syrup or honey, sometimes coated with cinnamon or other ingredients. The dish was described as early as the 13th century by ...

restaurants, the festival has been extended to about three weeks, during which the seafront is closed to traffic in the evenings.

Museums

Museums found in Larnaca include the Larnaca District Archaeological Museum, Pierides Museum, Agios Lazaros Byzantine Museum, Kallinikeio Municipal Museum of Athienou, Larnaca Medieval Museum, Larnaca Municipal Museum of Natural History, Larnaca Municipal Historical Archives - Museum of Larnaca, Folklore Museum ‘Kostas Kaimakliotis’ - Aradippou, Theasis Museum, Kyriazis Medical Museum and Museum of Michel Platini.

Cuisine

The beaches of Larnaca are lined with nearly identical seafood restaurants catering to tourists. Although there are many continental and international restaurants in Larnaca, visitors do not miss out on indulging in the local food. Many of the staple dishes involve beans, such as ''fasolaki'' ( French beans cooked in red wine with lamb), and ''louvi me lahana'' ( black-eyed peas with

chard Chard or Swiss chard (; ''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''vulgaris'', Cicla Group and Flavescens Group) is a green leafy vegetable. In the cultivars of the Flavescens Group, the leaf stalks are large and often prepared separately from the leaf bla ...

). Some of the standard appetizers are potato salad, kohlrabi salad, and hot grilled black olives. The next course may include Cyprus village sausage and sheftalia, dolmades and keftedes, kolokassi in tomato sauce, and several aubergine-based dishes. Baked or grilled lamb ('' souvla'') usually appears somewhere in the course of dining, as does some kind of fish.

Neighbourhoods

Larnaca's neighbourhoods include Skala, Prodromos, Faneromeni, Drosia, Kamares, Vergina and Agioi Anargyroi.

Transport

Aerial view of the Larnaca International Airport in 2022

The city's

transport hub A transport hub is a place where passengers and cargo are exchanged between vehicles and/or between transport modes. Public transport hubs include railway stations, rapid transit stations, bus stops, tram stops, airports and ferry slips ...

s are

and Larnaca Port—the Republic's busiest

airport An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport. Airports usually consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surfac ...

and second busiest port.

Public transport

Public transport in Larnaca is served only by buses. Bus routes and timetables can be foun
here

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Larnaca Municipality is twinned with the following: *

Acapulco Acapulco de Juárez (), commonly called Acapulco ( , also , nah, Acapolco), is a city and major seaport in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, south of Mexico City. Acapulco is located on a deep, semicircular bay and has bee ...

, Mexico (since 2011) *

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, France (since 1989) *

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, Slovakia (since 2013) *

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, Greece (since 2005) *

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, Greece (since 2003) *

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, Greece (since 1998) *

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, Greece (since 2000) *

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, Greece (since 2000) *

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, Australia (since 2005) *

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, Greece (since 1999) *

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, Georgia (since 1987) *

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, Albania (since 1994) *

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, Hungary (since 1993) * Tarpon Springs, U.S. (since 2009) *

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, China (since 2007) *

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, Romania (since 2003) *

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, Italy (since 2010)

Notable residents

Zeno of Citium Zeno of Citium (; grc-x-koine, Ζήνων ὁ Κιτιεύς, ; c. 334 – c. 262 BC) was a Hellenistic philosopher from Citium (, ), Cyprus. Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, which he taught in Athens from about 300 ...

(c. 334 – c. 262 BC), Stoic philosopher * Apollonios of Kition (1st century BC), physician, nicknamed "the Cypriot Hippocrates" *

Ebubekir Pasha Ebubekir Pasha ( ota, ابوبکر پاشا; tr, Ebubekir Paşa; 1670 – 1757/1758Tosun, Sevilay"Ebubekir Paşa Ve Kıbrıs'taki İmar Faaliyetleri." Cumhuriyet University Journal of Social Sciences 28.2 (2004): 205-13. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.), also ...

(1670 – 1757/1758), Governor of Larnaca and philanthropist * Demetrios Pieridis (1811–1895), founder of the Pieridis Museum *

Dimitris Lipertis Dimitris Theophani Lipertis (; 1866–1937) was a Greek Cypriot poet. Biography Lipertis was born in Larnaca in 1866 (exact date disputed–either 22 September or 26 October). His father, Theofanis Lipertis hailed from Kyrenia, but moved to Larna ...

(1866–1937), national poet * Neoclis Kyriazis (1877–1956), medical doctor and historian * Mehmet Nazim Adil (1922–2014), leader of the Nakshbandi

Sufi Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, r ...

order (or Tekke), born in Larnaca * Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Cypriot-American academic, entrepreneur, and past-president of the Biomedical Engineering Society *

, artist * Mihalis Violaris, singer and composer who helped popularise Cypriot music in Greece * Giorgos Theofanous, composer *

Anna Vissi Anna Vissi ( el, Άννα Βίσση, , ; born 20 December 1957), is a Greek Cypriot singer and songwriter. She studied music at conservatories and performed locally before moving to the professional scene in Athens, in 1973, where she signed ...

, singer * Loucas Yiorkas, singer,

The X Factor ''The X Factor'' is a television music competition franchise created by British producer Simon Cowell and his company Syco Entertainment. It originated in the United Kingdom, where it was devised as a replacement for '' Pop Idol'' (2001–20 ...

winner in 2009 *

Ada Nicodemou Ada Nicodemou (Greek: Άντα Νικοδήμου) (born 14 May 1977) is an Australian actress of Greek Cypriot descent . She began her acting career in 1994 in TV serial ''Heartbreak High'' as Katerina Ioannou. She also starred in ''Police Res ...

, actress * Garo Yepremian, Armenian-Cypriot former NFL

placekicker Placekicker, or simply kicker (PK or K), is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points. In many cases, the placekicker also serves as the team's kickoff specialist or punter. Sp ...

, played as a member of the 1972 Miami Dolphins, to date the only team in NFL history to finish with a perfect record * Chrystalleni Trikomiti, Commonwealth Games gold-medalist rhythmic gymnast * Martino Tirimo, Cypriot classical pianist * Tio Ellinas, Cypriot racing driver

Gallery

File:Finikoudes Beach, Larnaca.jpg, Larnaca File:Fishing port (psarolimano).JPG, Fishing port "Psarolimano" File:Larnaca 01-2017 img30 Salt Lake.jpg, Hala Sultan Tekke File:Larnaca 01-2017 img01 Larnaca Fort.jpg, Castle exterior File:Castle square wharf.JPG, Castle square pier File:Kimon statue.JPG, Kimon statue File:Larnaca 01-2017 img27 Finikoudes.jpg, Finikoudes Avenue File:Palm trees promenade by night (foinikoudes).JPG, View of Larnaca from sea File:Larnaca 01-2017 img26 Larnaca Marina.jpg, Larnaca marina File:Salt lake at sunset.JPG, Larnaca Salt Lake File:Aspect of the old town.JPG, Aspect of the old town File:Aspect of the old town2.JPG, Souvenir shops File:Aspect of the old town3.JPG, Old town File:Larnaca 01-2017 img25 Kamares Aqueduct.jpg, Old aqueduct "Kamares" File:Angeloktisti (built by angels) medieval church.JPG, Angeloktisti medieval church File:Street in town center.JPG, Street in town center File:Ermou square.JPG, Ermou square File:Larnaca 01-2017 img02 StLazarus Church.jpg, Saint Lazarus File:Vessels near Larnaca port.JPG, Vessels near Larnaca port File:Larnaca Airport.JPG, Larnaca International Airport File:Larnaca castle.jpg, Larnaca Castle interior File:Larnaca 01-2017 img13 Larnaca District Administration.jpg, Building of District Administration Larnaca File:Larnaca 01-2017 img11 Municipal Gallery.jpg, Europe square File:Larnaca 01-2017 img08 Pieridis Museum of Antiquities.jpg, Pierides Museum File:Larnaca seafront panoramic.jpg, Larnaca seafront panorama File:View from Oroklini Hill towards Larnaca.jpg, Panoramic view from

Oroklini Voroklini (), more commonly and unofficially known as Oroklini ( el, Ορόκλινη), is a village in Larnaca District, Cyprus, to the north-east of Larnaca. Its population in 2011 was 6,134, and is mainly divided between Cypriot and British re ...

Hill towards Larnaca File:Larnaca 01-2017 img12 Armenian Genocide Memorial.jpg, The Armenian Genocide Memorial, unveiled in 2008

References

External links

Municipality
* {{Authority control Cities in ancient Cyprus Communities in Larnaca District Mediterranean port cities and towns in Cyprus