Lady Hyegyeong of the Pungsan Hong clan (혜경궁 풍산 홍씨, 惠慶宮豊山洪氏; 6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816), also known as Queen Heongyeong (헌경왕후, 獻敬王后), was a Korean writer and

Crown Princess A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The female form of the title is crown princess, which may refer either to an heiress apparent or, especially in earlier times, to the wife ...

during the

Joseon Dynasty Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...

. She was the wife of

Crown Prince Sado Crown Prince Sado (Hangul: 사도세자, Hanja: 思悼世子; 13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762), personal name Yi Seon (Hangul: 이선, Hanja: 李愃), was the second son of King Yeongjo of Joseon. His biological mother was Royal Noble ...

and mother of

King Jeongjo Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800), personal name Yi San (Korean language, Korean: 이산; Hanja: 李祘), sometimes called Jeongjo the Great (Korean language, Korean: 정조대왕; Hanja: 正祖大王), was the 22nd monarc ...

. In 1903, Emperor Gojong gave her the posthumous name of Heongyeong, the Virtuous Empress (헌경의황후, 獻敬懿皇后).

Early life

Lady Hong was born in 1735, the third child and second daughter of the scholar Hong Bong-han of the Pungsan Hong clan and his first wife, Lady Yi of the Hansan Yi clan. Lady Hong was the great-great-great granddaughter of

Princess Jeongmyeong Princess Jeongmyeong (27 June 1603 – 8 September 1685) was a Joseon Royal Princess as the tenth daughter of King Seonjo, from Queen Inmok. During her older half-brother's reign, she suffered hardships, and her title was revoked, but later it wa ...

, a daughter of

Seonjo of Joseon Seonjo of Joseon (26 November 1552 – 16 March 1608) was the fourteenth king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea from 1567 to 1608. He was known for encouraging Confucianism and renovating state affairs at the beginning of his reign. However, politi ...

and

Queen Inmok Queen or QUEEN may refer to: Monarchy * Queen regnant, a female monarch of a Kingdom ** List of queens regnant * Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king * Queen dowager, the widow of a king * Queen mother, a queen dowager who is the mothe ...

. One of her father’s younger half-sisters eventually married Jo Eom (조엄, 趙曮) (1719 - 1777) of the

Pungyang Jo clan The Pungyang Jo clan () is a Korean clan that traces its origin to Namyangju, Gyeonggi Province. According to the 2015 Korean census, the clan has 124,262 members. Origin Jo Maeng (조맹, 趙孟), who was also known by the name of Ba-woo or B ...

, and became the great-grandmother to

Queen Shinjeong Queen Sinjeong (Hangul: 신정왕후, Hanja: 神貞王后; 21 January 1809 – 4 June 1890), also known as Queen Dowager Hyoyu (효유왕대비), of the Pungyang Jo clan, was the only wife of Crown Prince Hyomyeong and mother of Heonjong of Joseo ...

, wife of

Crown Prince Hyomyeong Crown Prince Hyomyeong (18 September 1809 – 25 June 1830), born Yi Yeong, and posthumously honored as King Munjo, was a member of the Joseon Dynasty. Life and death The prince was the eldest son of King Sunjo, husband of Queen Sinjeong and ...

and mother of King Heonjong. Thus making Lady Hong be a first cousin twice removed of the future Queen. In her memoirs, Lady Hyegyeong recalls being very attached to her parents, sleeping in her parents' room and accompanying her mother during her confinement for the birth of her brother, Hong Nak-sin. Lady Hyegyeong's parent's marriage suffered strain after the death of her paternal grandfather, but the couple reconciled when the young child refused to eat. She was taught to read and write vernacular Korean by an aunt-in-law, Lady Shin of the

Pyeongsan Shin clan The Pyeongsan Sin clan or Pyeongsan Shin clan () is one of the great aristocratic houses which originated from Korea. The clan was key in the foundation of the Goryeo dynasty and gained its power during this time. However, it became less promi ...

Selection as Crown Princess

In 1744, a royal edict was sent out requesting that families with eligible girls submit their names for the selection of a spouse for the son of

King Yeongjo Yeongjo of Joseon (31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776), personal name Yi Geum (Korean: 이금, Hanja: 李昑), was the 21st monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Sukjong, by his concubine Royal Noble Consort Suk ...

, the

. Lady Yi was unwilling to submit her nine-year-old daughter for consideration, but her husband insisted. For the first selection process, the Hong family was not particularly wealthy, so Lady Yi stitched outfits suitable for presentation at court from old clothes. Lady Hong thought that she would be too young to be successful, but she was summoned to a private audience with the crown prince's mother and eldest sister. During the second presentation, three girls were selected, but Lady Hong writes in her memoir that

complimented her as a "beautiful daughter-in-law," during their meeting. The nine-year-old Lady Hong moved into a pavilion outside the

palace A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome which ...

, where she was tutored for a month by her parents and palace staff. The wedding ceremony with nine-year-old

was held over a period of seven days in the first month of 1744.

Palace life

Lady Hyegyeong's family initially enjoyed a close relationship with their royal in-laws and her father was employed in various official roles during his lifetime. Hong Bong-han even tutored

early in his daughter's marriage. Lady Hyegyeong recalls that, as early as 1745, Prince Sado was displaying strange behaviours, at several points losing consciousness. The marriage was consummated in the same month as the 14-year-old Prince Sado's capping ceremony in 1749. Lady Hyegyeong gave birth to a son in 1750, but he died in 1752. Later the same year, she had another son named Yi San. The birth of a male heir so soon after the death of her eldest son meant that the court was particularly happy to welcome Yi San. The crown Princess later gave birth to her first daughter, Princess Cheongyeon in 1754, and another daughter, Princess Cheongseon, in 1756.

Crown Prince Sado's illness

During their marriage, Prince Sado's showed signs of increasingly severe mental illnesses. The symptoms included a sudden terror of thunder, inability to speak before his father, and a wish for death. After an argument with his father in 1756, Sado berated an official and, in his haste to pursue him, knocked over a candlestick that started a fire, burning down several buildings. Lady Hyegyeong, who was five months pregnant with Princess Cheongseon, ran to collect her son. When

discovered in 1757 that Prince Sado had fathered a daughter, Princess Cheonggeun, with a secondary consort, Court Lady Park, he criticised Lady Hyegyeong severely for helping Sado hide this. Afterwards, Lady Hyegyeong disguised the woman and snuck her out of the palace, hiding her at the home of

Princess Hwawan Princess Hwawan (; 9 March 1738 – 10 June 1808) was a Joseon princess and the ninth daughter of King Yeongjo of Joseon. Biography Princess Hwawan was born in 1738, and she received the title ''Hwawan'' in 1743. She was the ninth daughter of King ...

. Lady Hyegyeong attempted to support her husband in his illness. Her role in his life included procuring sufficient cloth to make multiple sets of clothes, as the prince's, "clothing phobia," that arose in 1757 caused him to often burn outfits before selecting one to wear. In the sixth month, Prince Sado entered their pavilion holding the severed head of a eunuch, which he forced the

ladies-in-waiting A lady-in-waiting or court lady is a female personal assistant at a court, attending on a royal woman or a high-ranking noblewoman. Historically, in Europe, a lady-in-waiting was often a noblewoman but of lower rank than the woman to whom sh ...

to view. Later, he became violent towards the ladies-in-waiting, causing Lady Hyegyeong to report to his mother,

Royal Noble Consort Yeong Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Yi clan (영빈 전의 이씨, 暎嬪全義李氏; 15 August 1696 — 23 August 1764), alternatively known as Lady Seonhui (선희궁, 宣禧宮),Literally translates to "Seonhui Palace". was a concubine ...

, that his illness was worsening. Royal Noble Consort Yeong wanted to speak to Prince Sado, but was persuaded not to, as Lady Hyegyeong said she feared for her own safety if he found out that his wife had spoken to others about it. In her memoirs, Lady Hyegyeong describes fearing for the safety of herself and her children when Prince Sado was having

manic episodes Mania, also known as manic syndrome, is a mental and behavioral disorder defined as a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together wit ...

. In 1760, she recalls Prince Sado threw a

go board Go equipment refers to the board, stones (playing pieces), and bowls for the stones required to play the game of Go. The quality and materials used in making Go equipment varies considerably, and the cost varies accordingly from economical to ex ...

at her, which hit her in the face and caused such a large bruise around her eye that she had to miss a ceremony for

's moving house. Hyegyeong palaquin

In 1762, Prince Sado summoned his wife. Convinced she was going to die, Lady Hyegyeong first visited her son Yi San. On arriving, Prince Sado requested that she bring him their son's cap to wear to meet his father, but Lady Hyegyeong presented him with his own cap. When he left, Lady Hyegyeong returned to her son, where she later heard a eunuch requesting a rice chest from the kitchens. At this, Yi San ran outside to beg for his father's life and Lady Hyegyeong attempted suicide with scissors, but was stopped. She then went to the wall next to the courtyard where Sado was being sentenced by

and listened to her husband beg for his life. She then listened to the sound of Sado trying to get out of the chest. Lady Hyegyeong wrote a letter begging clemency of

for herself and Yi San. The same day, her elder brother arrived with an edict to escort her to her father's home. Lady Hyegyeong was carried to a

palanquin The litter is a class of wheelless vehicles, a type of human-powered transport, for the transport of people. Smaller litters may take the form of open chairs or beds carried by two or more carriers, some being enclosed for protection from the el ...

, where she fainted. Yi San later joined his mother at his grandfather’s Hong Bong-han's house, along with his consort and younger sisters. Eight days later, Prince Sado was pronounced dead and Lady Hyegyeong returned to the palace for the mourning rituals.

Aftermath

She wrote '' The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong'' (), detailing her life as the ill-fated Crown Princess, her husband's descent into madness and the deeds for which he was eventually put to death.

Titles

* 6 August 1735 - January 1744: Lady Hong, daughter of Hong Bong-han of the Pungsan Hong clan * January 1744 - 12 July 1762: Her Highness, The Crown Princess of Joseon (왕세자빈; 王世子嬪) * 12 July 1762 - 17 April 1776: Her Highness, The Crown Princess Dowager of Joseon (왕세자대빈; 王世子大嬪) ** Crown Princess Consort Hye (혜빈, 惠嬪) * 17 April 1776 - 13 January 1816: Lady Hyegyeong (혜경궁, 惠慶宮) * Posthumous title: Queen Heongyeong (헌경왕후; 興慶王后)

Family

* Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather ** Hong Yi-sang (홍이상, 洪履祥) (1549 - 1615) * Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother ** Lady Kim of the

Andong Kim clan {{unreferenced, date=December 2014 The Andong Kim clan (Hangul: 안동 김씨, Hanja: 安東金氏) refers to two Korean clans. They were prominent yangban families during Korea's Joseon Dynasty originating from Andong, North Gyeongsang provin ...

(정경부인 안동 김씨, 贈貞敬夫人安東金氏) (1554 - 1616) * Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather ** Hong Yeong (홍영, 洪霙) (1584 - 1645) * Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother ** Lady Yi of the Yeonan Yi clan (정경부인 연안 이씨, 貞敬夫人延安李氏) (? - 1656) * Great-Great-Great-Grandfather **

Hong Ju-won Hong Ju-won (Hangul: 홍주원, Hanja: 洪柱元; 1606 – 3 November 1672), formally called Lord Yeongan (), of the Pungsan Hong clan (풍산홍씨, 豊山洪氏), was a Joseon nobleman and the husband of Princess Jeongmyeong, only daughter of ...

( 홍주원, 洪柱元) (1606 - 1672) * Great-Great-Great-Grandmother **

(정명공주, 貞明公主) (1603 - 1685); King Seonjo's and

’s only daughter * Great-Great-Grandfather ** Hong Man-yong (홍만용, 洪萬容) (1631 - 1692) * Great-Great-Grandmother ** Lady Song of the Yeosan Song clan (본관: 여산 송씨, 礪山宋氏) (1629 - 1677) * Great-Grandfather ** Hong Joong-ki (홍중기, 洪重箕) (1650 - 1706) * Great-Grandmother ** Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (본관: 전주 이씨, 全州李氏); (이민서의 딸) daughter of Yi Min-seo (이민서, 李敏敍) (1633 - 1688) * Grandfather ** Hong Hyeon-bo (1680 - 1740) (홍현보) * Grandmother ** Lady Im of the

Pungcheon Im clan The Pungcheon Im clan () is a Korean clan based in Kwail County, South Hwanghae Province. According to the research held in 2015, the number of Pungcheon Im clan’s member was 143881. Their founder was who was from Shaoxing, China and came to ...

(본관: 풍천 임씨); Hong Hyeon-bo's first wife, daughter of Im Bang (임방, 任埅) (1640 - 1724) *** Step-grandmother - Lady Yi of the Seongju Yi clan (성주 이씨) * Father ** Hong Bong-han (1713 - 1778) (홍봉한, 洪鳳漢) *** Half-aunt - Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (풍산홍씨, 豊山洪氏) (1717 - 1808) *** Half-uncle - Jo Eom (조엄, 趙曮) (1719 - 1777) *** Uncle - Hong In-han (홍인한, 洪麟漢) (1722 - 5 July 1776) *** Aunt - Internal Princess Consort Pyeongsan of the Pyeongsan Shin clan (평산부부인 신씨) **** Cousin - Hong Nak-won (홍낙원, 洪樂源) **** Cousin - Hong Nak-sul (홍낙술, 洪樂述) **** Cousin - Hong Nak-jin (홍낙진, 洪樂進) **** Cousin - Hong Nak-sun (홍낙손, 洪樂遜) **** Cousin - Hong Nak-joon (홍낙준, 洪樂浚) **** Cousin - Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (풍산 홍씨) ***** Cousin-in-law - Sim Neung-pil (심능필, 沈能弼) *** Uncle - Hong Jun-han (홍준한, 洪俊漢) (1731 - ?) *** Uncle - Hong Yong-han (홍용한, 洪龍漢) (1734 - 1809) * Mother ** Internal Princess Consort Hansan of the Hansan Yi clan (1713 - 1755) (한산부부인 한산 이씨, 韓山府夫人韓山李氏) *** Maternal Grandfather: Yi Jib (1670 - 1727) (이집, 李潗) *** Maternal Grandmother: Lady Yu of the Gigye Yu clan (본관: 기계 유씨, 杞溪兪氏) ** Stepmother - Lady Kim of the

Gimhae Kim clan The Gimhae Kim clan () is one of the Korean clans. This clan traces their origin to Suro of Geumgwan Gaya. King Suro was the founder of Gaya confederacy, and his descendant, Kim Yu-sin is renowned for unifying the Silla polity. It was considered ...

(정부인 김해 김씨, 貞夫人金海金氏) * Siblings ** Older brother: Hong Nak-in (홍낙인, 洪樂仁) (1729 - 19 June 1777) *** Sister-in-law: Lady Min of the

Yeoheung Min clan The Yeoheung Min clan () is a Korean clan that traces its origin to Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province. The 2015 Korean Census counted 167,124 members of the Yeoheung Min clan. Origin The Yeoheung Min clan's progenitor was Min Ching-do (민칭도, 閔� ...

(본관: 여흥 민씨, 驪興閔氏) **** Nephew: Hong Soo-yeong (홍수영, 洪守榮) ** Older sister: Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (본관: 풍산 홍씨, 豊山洪氏); died young ** Younger brother: Hong Nak-sin (홍낙신, 洪樂信) (1739 - 1796) *** Sister-in-law: Lady Jo of the

Imcheon Jo clan Imcheon Jo clan () was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Buyeo County, South Chungcheong Province. According to the research in 2015, the number of Imcheon Jo clan was 14258. Their founder was Jo Su gang (). He was a 5th son of Jo Yu ...

(본관: 임천 조씨, 林川趙氏); (조명건의 딸) daughter of Jo Myeong-geon ** Younger brother: Hong Nak-im (홍낙임, 洪樂任) (1741 - 1801) *** sister-in-law: Lady Jo of the

(본관: 임천 조씨, 林川趙氏); (조명건의 딸) daughter of Jo Myeong-geon ** Younger sister: Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (본관: 풍산 홍씨, 豊山洪氏) *** Brother-in-law: Yi Bok-il of the Jeonju Yi clan (이복일, 李復一) (1746 - ?) ** Younger brother: Hong Nak-ryun (홍낙륜, 洪樂倫) (November 1750 - 1813) *** Sister-in-law: Lady Kim of the Cheongpung Kim clan (본관: 청풍 김씨, 淸風金氏) *** Sister-in-law: Lady Yi of the Deoksu Yi clan (본관: 덕수 이씨, 德水李氏) ** Younger half-brother: Hong Nak-jwa (홍낙좌) *** Sister-in-law: Lady Shin of the Pyeongsan Shin clan (평산 신씨, 平山申氏) ** Younger half-brother: Hong Nak-woo (홍낙우) ** Younger half-brother: Hong Nak-dong (홍낙동) ** Younger half-brother: Hong Nak-yi (홍낙이) *** Sister-in-law: Lady Kim of the

(안동 김씨, 安東金氏) * Husband ** Yi Seon, Crown Prince Sado (13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762) (이선 사도세자) *** Father-in-law: Yi Geum, King Yeongjo of Joseon (31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776) (조선 영조) *** Mother-in-law:

Royal Noble Consort Yeongbin Yi Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Yi clan (영빈 전의 이씨, 暎嬪全義李氏; 15 August 1696 — 23 August 1764), alternatively known as Lady Seonhui (선희궁, 宣禧宮),Literally translates to "Seonhui Palace". was a concubine ...

(15 August 1696 – 23 August 1764) (영빈 이씨) **** Legal mother-in-law: Queen Jeongseong of the Daegu Seo clan (12 January 1693 – 3 April 1757) (정성왕후 서씨) **** Legal mother-in-law: Queen Jeongsun of the Gyeongju Kim clan (2 December 1745 – 11 February 1805) (정순왕후 김씨) * Issue ** Yi Jeong, Crown Prince Uiso (27 September 1750 - 17 April 1752) (이정 의소세자) ** Yi San, King Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800) (조선 정조) *** Daughter-in-law: Queen Hyoui of the Cheongpung Kim clan (5 January 1754 - 10 April 1821) (효의왕후 김씨) ** Princess Cheongyeon (1754 - 9 June 1821) (청연공주) *** Son-in-law: Kim Gi-seong (1752 - 1811) (김기성, 金箕性) **** Grandson: Kim Jae-chang (김재창, 金在昌) (1770 - 1849) **** Granddaughter: Lady Kim of the

Gwangsan Kim clan The Gwangsan Kim clan (Hangul: 광산 김씨, Hanja: 光山金氏) is a Korean clan with its bon-gwan located in Gwangsan, present-day Gwangju. The members of the Gwangsan Kim clan are the descendants of Kim Heung-gwang (김흥광), the third ...

(본관: 광산 김씨, 光山金氏) (1771 - 1787); married Jo Jae-gyu (조재규, 趙在奎) of the Imcheon Jo clan (임천 조씨) (1772 - 1843) **** Grandson: Kim Jae-sam (김재삼, 金在三) (1776 -1837) **** Unnamed grandson; died prematurely **** Unnamed grandson; died prematurely **** Unnamed grandson; died prematurely **** Unnamed grandson; died prematurely **** Unnamed grandson; died prematurely **** Granddaughter: Lady Kim of the

(본관: 광산 김씨, 光山金氏); died prematurely ** Princess Cheongseon (1756 - 20 July 1802) (청선공주)Married in 1766 *** Son-in-law: Jeong Jae-hwa (1754 - 1790) (정재화, 鄭在和) **** Grandson: Jeong Ui (정의, 鄭漪) (1782 - 1832) **** Granddaughter: Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (본관: 연일 정씨, 延日鄭氏); married Min Chi-seong (민치성, 閔致成) of the Yeoheung Min clan **** Granddaughter: Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (본관: 연일 정씨, 延日鄭氏); married Hong Hyeok (홍혁, 洪赫) of the Pungsan Hong clan

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Literature

*The novel '' The Red Queen'' by Margaret Drabble is based on the story of Lady Hyegyeong.

References

Notes

Works cited

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Hyegyeong 19th-century Korean people 1735 births 1816 deaths 18th-century Korean women writers 18th-century Korean writers People from Seoul 18th-century memoirists