Virus name
Since it was first recorded, LdMNPV has been gone under numerous common names, taxonomical names, and acronyms. It was first reported in 1891 as Wipfelkrankheit, which is German for "treetop disease".Insect Pathology, Fernando E. Vega, Harry K. Kaya, 2012 This term is also used in English, as is "wilt disease". The term " flacherie", a name that refers to an entirely different disease, was once identified as this virus. Another antiquated term, "caterpillar cholera", was also used early in the 20th century. The virus has also been referred to as ''Borralinivirus reprimens''.The Gypsy Moth: Research Toward Integrated Pest Management, United States Department of Agriculture, 1981 It has many modern names, including "gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis virus", ''Lymantria dispar'' MNPV,Uniprot TaxonomyTransmission and effects
It is transmitted orally, when the larvae ingest material contaminated with the virus. The pathogen invades through the gut wall. It reproduces in the internal tissues, causing disintegration of internal organs and death, within 10–14 days. The host ruptures, distributing viral occlusion bodies into the environment to infect other individuals.Effect on population
The virus is called an "epizootic", causing low mortality in low density populations and high mortality in high density populations. When it is used as a pesticide to control outbreaks, it is referred to as "Gypchek".Behavior changes
Unaffected larvae feed at night and hide during the day."Scientists identify viral gene driving sick gypsy moth caterpillars to climb high and die." Life Science Weekly. NewsRX. 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2012 from HighBeam Research: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268512136.html The virus instead drives the larva to the canopy of the tree and die. The exact mechanism for how the virus induces the larva to climb to a high vantage point before dying has been linked to a gene in the virus that causes infected cells to produce an enzyme which inactivates the hormone that triggers molting behavior. The molting hormone causes the caterpillar to stop eating, particularly in preparation for molting, and the inactivation of this behavior moderating hormone causes the caterpillar to continue to climb to the canopy where it would feed before the virus destroys the caterpillar's internal organs. The larva liquefies and releases millions of virus particles to spread and infect other moth larvae. Even if it does not reach the top of the tree, the infected larva will migrate to the exposed parts of the plant. Infected larvae are also paler due to the body being filled with viral occlusions. Predators like birds are a source for the spread of the virus. The infected larvae are consumed and the virus is viable after its passage as feces, facilitating its spread.Gypchek
Gypchek is the registered name of LdMNPV, produced by the U.S. Forest Service. It is produced ''in vivo'' in spongy moth larvae reared under controlled conditions. It was registered in April 1978 with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, as an insecticide for aerial and ground use. It was re-registered in 1996 after satisfying the requirements of the EPA. It is used to control very high population densities, i.e. outbreaks. Gypchek is applied by airplane or helicopter. The U.S. Forest Service studied LdMNPV for its potential use as a microbial insecticide due to a variety of reasons. LdMNPV is naturally occurring and was implicated in population collapse. The virus is environmentally safe and targets the spongy moth. It is also able to spread the infection and persist. Its use as a direct control agent was proven in the field. Performance of Gypchek was erratic in early formulations, but has been refined.Production
LdMNPV cannot be mass-produced. In order to produce Gypchek, a laboratory strain of the spongy moth is reared and infected with the virus. After the larvae die, they are harvested and processed into a fine powder. It takes between 500 and 1,000 larvae to produce enough Gypchek to treat one acre ().Use
Use is limited to pest control programs by government entities. It is applied from the ground or the air. Gypchek is not a contact pesticide, the larvae must consume the virus to become infected. Between 1995 and 2003, Gypchek was applied to total.Safety
The virus polyhedrals comprise 12% of Gypchek with larvae body parts and other inert solids making up the remaining 88%. Gypchek's toxicological and pathogenicity testing revealed no effects on laboratory animals, wild mammals, birds, and fish at field doses. While it is non-toxic to warm-blooded animals, impurities may cause eye irritation. The appearance is listed as, "dried insect body parts and virus polyhedral" and has a musty odor. For handlers and mixers, normal clothes, a medical face mask and goggles are recommended. In case of skin contact, wash with soap and water. If in eyes, flush with water. If irritation persists, seek medical attention.Toxicity
LdMNPV has undergone numerous tests in regards to toxicity and mortality, all of which show no adverse effects except varying irritation for ocular doses administered to the eyes of rabbits. LdMNPV was found to not infect other members of the order Lepidoptera, orIn rats
Spongy moth NPV doses were shown to have no mortality or toxicity in rats. Four studies showed no toxicity or mortality across various doses and processes. One study (Terrell et al. 1976c) which noted decreased weight, noted that the rats used in the test were suffering from overt physical and behavioral changes including the control. Mortality in this study were 3 treated with LdNPV and 8 in the control group. One study (Shope et al. 1975) which showed no toxicity indicated had an antigen response in treated mice. A long-term test also confirmed this. A study into ocular irritation in rats found no irritation after the animals were observed for 21 days. Three inhalation tests found no mortality or toxicity. An inhalation study in sacrificed animals found the persistence of NPV of 95.96% at day 1, 68.0% at day 7 and 8.09% at day 14. One intraperitoneal study found no mortality or adverse effects. A study done by Shope et al. 1975 done by inoculation had a bacterial abscess at the site of inoculation, but did not differ between results in immunosuppressed mice and immunocompetent mice.Other mammals
A study done on mice, shrews and two opossums showed no toxicity, no adverse effects or abnormalities, and the animals were sacrificed twelve days after last exposure. A study done on purebred beagles were found to have no toxicity after exposure for 90 days with doses of approximately 0.2, 1.6, and 17 mg/kg/day based on terminal body weights in each dose group. A study done on albino guinea pigs found no toxicity, mortality or irritation after dermal application of LdNPV. One study performed found a 'positive' reaction, but no conclusions were drawn as to the reason for the reaction. Three studies on rabbits found no irritation, toxicity or mortality with dermal application. Three studies with application to the eye found no significant irritation. Two studies found evidence of irritation in ocular tests. A third study using LdMNPV powder in a 50 mg dose was found to be a moderate eye irritant; a test rabbit died during this study, but its death was found not to be of LdMNPV, the findings noted the presence of diarrhea. Irritation was reported in a study using 'LDP 53 air dried sample' lasting from 4 to 14 days; analysis found the presence of '' Staph epidermidis'', ''Birds
In many tests across various species, birds have shown no toxicity or mortality to LdMNPV. Two oral studies, one on mallard ducks and the other on black-capped chickadees and house sparrows, had no adverse effects. Two field test studies found no significant difference on songbirds and caged quail populations at one to two months after application.Insects
Studies performed on 46 species of non-target ''Lepidoptera'' species, adult '' Cyrtophleba coquilletti'' flies and '' Megachile rotundata'' bees found no infection, or significant mortality versus controls. Additional studies on honeybees found no detrimental effects. Studies on 17 genera and 31 species of ants were found not to be adversely affected by treatment with Gypchek.Aquatic invertebrates
Tests on '' Daphnia'', backswimmers, midges and water boatmen found no significant effects on survival. Another test found that the mortality rate for ''Daphnia'' fed spongy moth larvae in virus treated water was similar to those in virus free water, 2.2% versus 3.1%.Identification of the gene
In 2011, the gene responsible for the behavior was identified. The baculovirus geneZombie caterpillars in the media
' Zombie' caterpillars is a popular description of the behavior of ''L. d.'' subsp. ''dispar'' infected with LdMNPV. National Geographic described the gruesome effect of LdMNPV; "The virus forces the "zombie" caterpillars to climb trees, where the invader eventually liquifies its hosts' bodies into a dripping goo." Many news sources also reported the zombie-like nature of the infected caterpillar, stemming from the virus's ability to alter its behavior and liquify it in order to spread the infection. These same stories often referred to the discovery of EGT as the driving force behind the behavior of the infected larvae. The 'zombie' tag has also been used for caterpillars parasitized by a wasp.References
External links
* {{Taxonbar, from=Q6708125 Baculoviridae Insect viral diseases Lymantria dispar