Lycopodiella Serpentina

''Lycopodiella'' is a genus in the clubmoss family Lycopodiaceae. The genus members are commonly called bog clubmosses, describing their wetland habitat. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with centers of diversity in the tropical New World and New Guinea. In the past, the genus was often incorporated within the related genus '' Lycopodium'', but was segregated in 1964. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), ''Lycopodiella'' is placed in the subfamily Lycopodielloideae, along with three other genera. In this circumscription, the genus has about 15 species. Other sources use a wider circumscription, in which the genus is equivalent to the Lycopodielloideae of PPG I, in which case about 40 species and hybrids are accepted.

Description

''Lycopodiella'' are non-flowering plants. They have leafy rhizomes that grow along the ground and vertical, leafy shoots, also known as peduncles. Fertile peduncles have strobili at the top of the shoot. Individuals can have short, creeping rhizomes with simple strobili, branching rhizomes with many strobili, or anywhere in between. The North American specimens are typically shorter, have thinner shoots, and have fewer vertical shoots in the North than specimen in the South.

Life cycle

''Lycopodiella'' life cycles include an independent sporophyte stage and a long-lived gametophyte stage. Individuals reproduce by single-celled spores that disperse and germinate into small plants when in suitable conditions. This part of the plant is called the gametophyte; it produces the eggs and sperm. In ''Lycopodiella'' the gametophytes grow on the surface of the soil and are partially photosynthetic. After fertilization, the embryos grow into sporophytes, which are larger spore-bearing plants. The sporophyte is the vegetative part of the plant seen in nature. Juvenile individuals typically re-sprout in the spring or after a fire. Individuals have a base chromosome number of 78.

Taxonomy

In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), ''Lycopodiella'' is placed in the subfamily Lycopodielloideae, along with three other genera ('' Lateristachys'', ''Palhinhaea'' and '' Pseudolycopodiella''). In 2022, an additional monotypic genus, '' Brownseya'', was segregated from ''Pseudolycopodiella'' to render the latter monophyletic. Other sources do not recognize these genera, submerging them into ''Lycopodiella''.

Extant species

, the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' recognized the following species:
*'' Lycopodiella alopecuroides'' (L.) Cranfill – foxtail clubmoss; North and South America
*'' Lycopodiella andicola'' B.Øllg.
*'' Lycopodiella appressa'' (Chapm.) Cranfill – southern clubmoss, appressed bog clubmoss; eastern North America, Cuba
*'' Lycopodiella duseniana'' (B.Øllg. & P.G.Windisch) B.Øllg.
*'' Lycopodiella geometra'' B.Øllg. & P.G.Windisch – Brazil (Minas Gerais)
*''Lycopodiella inundata'' (L.) Holub – marsh clubmoss or bog clubmoss; circumpolar cool temperate
*''Lycopodiella longipes'' (Hook. & Grev.) Holub - Central and South America, Cuba
*'' Lycopodiella margueritae'' J.G.Bruce – northern prostrate clubmoss; United States (Michigan)
*'' Lycopodiella prostrata'' (R.M.Harper) Cranfill – feather stem clubmoss; southeastern United States
*''Lycopodiella raiateensis'' (J.W.Moore) comb. ined., currently '' Lycopodium raiateense'' J.W.Moore – Society Islands
*'' Lycopodiella subappressa'' J.G.Bruce, W.H.Wagner & Beitel – northern appressed clubmoss; United States (Michigan)
*'' Lycopodiella tupiana'' (B.Øllg. & P.G.Windisch) B.Øllg.

Some hybrids have also been described:
* ''Lycopodiella'' × ''brucei'' Cranfill
* ''Lycopodiella'' × ''copelandii'' (Eiger) Cranfill
* ''Lycopodiella'' × ''gilmanii'' A.Haines
* ''Lycopodiella'' × ''robusta'' (R.J.Eaton) A.Haines

Distribution and habitat

''Lycopodiella'' is found worldwide, but typically in temperate and tropical areas, a majority of which are found in North and South America. Individuals are typically found in terrestrial lowlands or montane forests on poor soils. Much of the soils are sandy and saturated and have little to no organic layer.

North America

The known ''Lycopodiella'' in North America consists of six species and four hybrids. All but one species of ''Lycopodiella'', ''Lycopodiella inundata'', are limited to the East coast, Gulf of Mexico, and/or Great Lakes region. ''L. inundata'' is found from New England to Alaska and down into California.

References

External links

Genus description

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2712726

Lycopodiaceae
Lycophyte genera