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Luna 27 (Luna-Resurs 1 lander or Luna-Resource-1 lander)
.
Its objective will be to detect and characterise lunar polar volatiles. The mission is a continuation of the
Luna-Glob
Luna-Glob (russian: Луна-Глоб, meaning ''Lunar sphere'') is a Moon exploration programme by Roscosmos meant to progress toward the creation of a fully robotic lunar base. When completed, the programme will continue with crewed lunar miss ...
programme.
Mission
The purpose is to
prospect for minerals,
volatiles
Volatiles are the group of chemical elements and chemical compounds that can be readily vaporized. In contrast with volatiles, elements and compounds that are not readily vaporized are known as refractory substances.
On planet Earth, the term ...
(
nitrogen
Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at se ...
,
water
Water (chemical formula ) is an Inorganic compound, inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and Color of water, nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living ...
,
carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is trans ...
,
ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous wa ...
,
hydrogen
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula . It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic ...
,
methane
Methane ( , ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane on Ea ...
and
sulfur dioxide, and
lunar water ice in permanently shadowed areas of the Moon and investigate the potential use of these natural
lunar resources
The Moon bears substantial natural resources which could be exploited in the future. Potential lunar resources may encompass processable materials such as volatiles and minerals, along with geologic structures such as lava tubes that together, ...
.
On the long term, Russia considers building a crewed base on the Moon's far side that would bring scientific and commercial benefits.
Europe's participation in the mission received final approval at a meeting of ministers in December 2016.
European Space Agency (ESA) will contribute with the development of a new type of automated landing system,
The
percussion drill is designed to go down to and collect cemented ice samples for an onboard miniaturised laboratory called ProSPA.
The scientific payload consists of fifteen instruments.
The lander mission was announced in November 2014 by Russia, and its launch is planned for August 2025.
Science payload
The lander will feature 15 science instruments that will analyse the
regolith
Regolith () is a blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock. It includes dust, broken rocks, and other related materials and is present on Earth, the Moon, Mars, some asteroids, and other terrestr ...
,
plasma in the exosphere, dust, and seismic activity.
The
European Space Agency payloads under collaboration with Russia was planned to fly ''Package for Resource Observation and in-Situ Prospecting for Exploration, Commercial exploitation and Transportation'' (PROSPECT) program's ProSEED lunar sampling drill, ProSPA chemical laboratory and volatile analysis package and ''Exospheric Mass Spectrometer L-band'' (EMS-L) high-performance communications payload on this mission, but the ProSEED and ProSPA will now fly on a NASA CLPS mission in 2025 and the EMS-L will now fly on
JAXA/
ISRO's
LUPEX lunar rover mission in 2024 due to continued international collaboration being thrown into doubt by the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014. The invasion has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. ...
and related sanctions on Russia.
The notional instrument payload includes:
* ADRON-LR, active neutron and gamma-ray analysis of regolith
* ARIES-L, measurement of
plasma in the exosphere
* LASMA-LR, laser mass-spectrometer
* LIS-TV-RPM, infrared spectrometry of minerals and imaging
* LINA, measurement of plasma and neutrals
* PmL, measurement of dust and micro-meteorites
* Radio beacon, high-power radio communication
* RAT, radio measurements of the thermal properties of the regolith
* SEISMO-LR,
seismometer
A seismometer is an instrument that responds to ground noises and shaking such as caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. They are usually combined with a timing device and a recording device to form a seismograph. The outpu ...
* Spectrometer, UV and optical imaging of mineral composition
* THERMO-L, measurement of the thermal properties of regolith
* STS-L, panoramic and local imaging
* Laser
retroreflector
A retroreflector (sometimes called a retroflector or cataphote) is a device or surface that reflection (physics), reflects radiation (usually light) back to its source with minimum scattering. This works at a wide range of angle of incidence (opt ...
, Moon libration and ranging experiments
* BUNI, power and science data support
See also
*
Lunar water
Lunar water is water that is present on the Moon. Diffuse water molecules can persist at the Moon's sunlit surface, as discovered by NASA's SOFIA observatory in 2020. Gradually water vapor is decomposed by sunlight, leaving hydrogen and oxyg ...
*
Russian lunar manned spacecraft
References
External links
Lunar and Planetary Department Moscow UniversitySoviet Luna Chronology
{{Future spaceflights
Missions to the Moon
Russian space probes
Russian lunar exploration program
2025 in Russia
2025 in spaceflight
Proposed space probes