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Ludwik Tadeusz Waryński (24 September 1856 at Martynówka – 2 March 1889 in
Shlisselburg Shlisselburg ( rus, Шлиссельбу́рг, p=ʂlʲɪsʲɪlʲˈburk; german: Schlüsselburg; fi, Pähkinälinna; sv, Nöteborg), formerly Oreshek (Орешек) (1323–1611) and Petrokrepost (Петрокрепость) (1944–1992), is ...
) was an activist and theoretician of the
socialist Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the e ...
movement in
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
. Waryński Ludwik Tadeusz, at Encyklopedia PWN.
/ref>


Biography

Waryński was born at Martynówka,
Kiev Governorate Kiev Governorate, r=Kievskaya guberniya; uk, Київська губернія, Kyivska huberniia (, ) was an administrative division of the Russian Empire from 1796 to 1919 and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1919 to 1925. It wa ...
(Мартинівка in present-day Kaniv Raion,
Cherkasy Oblast Cherkasy Oblast ( uk, Черка́ська о́бласть, Cherkaska oblast, ), also referred to as Cherkashchyna ( uk, Черка́щина, ) is an oblast (province) of central Ukraine located along the Dnieper River. The administrative center ...
,
Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
), the son of a
January Uprising The January Uprising ( pl, powstanie styczniowe; lt, 1863 metų sukilimas; ua, Січневе повстання; russian: Польское восстание; ) was an insurrection principally in Russia's Kingdom of Poland that was aimed at ...
insurrectionist. In 1865, he began his education at the gymnasium in
Bila Tserkva Bila Tserkva ( uk, Бі́ла Це́рква ; ) is a city in the center of Ukraine, the largest city in Kyiv Oblast (after Kyiv, which is the administrative center, but not part of the oblast), and part of the Right Bank. It serves as the admi ...
. Beginning in 1874 he studied in
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
at the Technological Institute, where he met other socialists, and joined the Polish Socialist Youth. Student disturbances at the Institute in 1875 led to Waryński being forced to leave. He returned to his father's residence under police surveillance, and spent the next year educating himself. Early in 1877, he arrived in Warsaw and dedicated himself to furthering socialism in Polish. He founded the first socialist magazine in the lands of the Russian-occupied Poland. He then joined the Agronomical School in
Puławy Puławy (, also written Pulawy) is a city in eastern Poland, in Lesser Poland's Lublin Voivodeship, at the confluence of the Vistula and Kurówka Rivers. Puławy is the capital of Puławy County. The city's 2019 population was estimated at 47,417 ...
while still a leader of Warsaw's workers movement. In 1879 Tsarist police found him in Warsaw and forced him to leave Russia. He moved to
Lvov Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukrain ...
, and, one year later, to
Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
, where he continued his socialist work. He was arrested by
Austro-Hungarian Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
police in February 1879 and jailed until his trial in February 1880, at which he was acquitted (after making a long speech defending the socialist ideas). Nevertheless, he was forced to leave for Switzerland, where his socialist ideas and international contacts developed further. Waryński was the author of the Brussels Program, an ideological declaration of Polish socialists. During his stay in Switzerland, he also met his future wife Anna Sieroszewska (sister of
Wacław Sieroszewski Wacław Kajetan Sieroszewski (24 August 1858 – 20 April 1945) was a Polish writer, Polish Socialist Party activist, and soldier in the World War I-era Polish Legions (decorated with the Virtuti Militari). For activities subversive of the Rus ...
), with whom he had a son, Tadeusz. In 1882, Waryński returned to Warsaw, where he created the first Polish workers' party, called The Proletariat. In 1883 he was arrested by the Tsarist secret police and, after a trial with 29 co-defendants in 1885, sentenced to 16 years in prison in Shlisselburg. He died there of
tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...
4 years later.


Legacy

During the times of the
People's Republic of Poland The Polish People's Republic ( pl, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1947 to 1989 as the predecessor of the modern Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million nea ...
, the socialist movement pioneered by Waryński was conventionally presented as the starting point of the Polish socialist tradition. Countless Polish schoolchildren memorized ''Elegia o śmierci Ludwika Waryńskiego'', the powerful poem of Waryński's death by
Władysław Broniewski Władysław Kazimierz Broniewski (17 December 1897, Płock – 10 February 1962, Warsaw) was a Polish poet, writer, translator and soldier. Known for his revolutionary and patriotic writings. Life He was the son of Antoni, a bank clerk. As a y ...
. He was commemorated on the Polish 100 zloty banknote between 1975 and 1996. In 1952 a Warsaw factory was named after Waryński and became a large producer of excavators, bulldozers, cranes and other building equipment (pl: ''Warszawskie Zakłady Budowy Urządzeń Przemysłowych'', en: Warsaw Industrial Machinery Construction Works). Today, after privatisation and transformation, it is the core of the Waryński Holding Group (see external link: http://www.warynski.pl/home-en/). A 1979 Polish movie ''
Biały mazur ''Biały mazur (The White Mazurka)'' is a Polish historical film. It was released in 1979. ''Biały mazur'' is a biographical film about Ludwik Waryński. Cast * Tomasz Grochoczyński as Ludwik Waryński * Anna Chodakowska as Filipina Płask ...
'' is a biography of Waryński. There are several monuments to Waryński in Poland and Ukraine.


Footnotes


Bibliography

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Warynski, Ludwik 1856 births 1889 deaths People from Cherkasy Oblast People from Kiev Governorate People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent 19th-century Polish nobility Polish socialists Polish revolutionaries 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis Tuberculosis deaths in Russia Prisoners of Shlisselburg fortress