Lublin is
the ninth-largest city in
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
and the second-largest city of historical
Lesser Poland
Lesser Poland, often known by its Polish name Małopolska ( la, Polonia Minor), is a historical region situated in southern and south-eastern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Kraków. Throughout centuries, Lesser Poland developed a s ...
. It is the capital and the center of
Lublin Voivodeship
The Lublin Voivodeship, also known as the Lublin Province ( Polish: ''województwo lubelskie'' ), is a voivodeship (province) of Poland, located in southeastern part of the country. It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Lublin, C ...
with a population of 336,339 (December 2021).
Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the
Vistula
The Vistula (; pl, Wisła, ) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest river in Europe, at in length. The drainage basin, reaching into three other nations, covers , of which is in Poland.
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in ...
River and is about to the southeast of
Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...
by road.
One of the events that greatly contributed to the city's development was the
Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo in 1385. Lublin thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between
Vilnius
Vilnius ( , ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of 592,389 (according to the state register) or 625,107 (according to the municipality of Vilnius). The population of Vilnius's functional urb ...
and
Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
; the inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The state was founded by Li ...
. The Lublin
Parliament
In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...
session of 1569 led to the creation of a
real union
Real union is a union of two or more states, which share some state institutions in contrast to personal unions; however, they are not as unified as states in a political union. It is a development from personal union and has historically bee ...
between the
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Crown of the Kingdom of ...
. Lublin witnessed the early stages of
Reformation
The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...
in the 16th century. A
Calvinist
Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Ca ...
congregation was founded and groups of radical
Arians
Arianism ( grc-x-koine, Ἀρειανισμός, ) is a Christological doctrine first attributed to Arius (), a Christian presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt. Arian theology holds that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who was begotten by God t ...
appeared in the city, making it an important global centre of
Arianism
Arianism ( grc-x-koine, Ἀρειανισμός, ) is a Christological doctrine first attributed to Arius (), a Christian presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt. Arian theology holds that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who was begotten by God ...
.
Until the
partitions at the end of the 18th century, Lublin was a royal city of the Crown Kingdom of Poland. Its delegates and
nobles
Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteri ...
had the right to participate in the
royal election
Royal may refer to:
People
* Royal (name), a list of people with either the surname or given name
* A member of a royal family
Places United States
* Royal, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
* Royal, Illinois, a village
* Royal, Iowa, a ci ...
. In 1578, Lublin was chosen as the seat of the
Crown Tribunal
The Crown Tribunal ( pl, Trybunał Główny Koronny, la, Iudicium Ordinarium Generale Tribunalis Regni) was the highest appellate court in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland for most cases. Exceptions were if a noble landowner was threatened with ...
, the highest
appeal court
A court is any person or institution, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance ...
in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and for centuries, the city has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning.
In 2011, the analytical
Financial Times Group
The ''Financial Times'' (''FT'') is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs. Based in London, England, the paper is owned by a Japanese holding company, Nikke ...
found Lublin to be one of the best cities for business in Poland.
The
Foreign Direct Investment ranking placed Lublin second among larger Polish cities in the
cost-effectiveness category. Lublin is noted for its green spaces and a high
standard of living; the city has been selected as the 2023
European Youth Capital
Turin (2010)
Antwerp (2011)
Braga (2012)
Maribor (2013)
Thessaloniki (2014)
Ganja (2016)
The 'European Youth Capital'' (abbreviated EYC) is the title awarded by the European Youth Forum to a European city, designed to empower ...
. Its historical
Old Town
In a city or town, the old town is its historic or original core. Although the city is usually larger in its present form, many cities have redesignated this part of the city to commemorate its origins after thorough renovations. There are ma ...
is one of Poland's national
monuments
A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, hist ...
(''
Pomnik historii
Historic Monument ( pl, pomnik historii) is one of several categories of objects of cultural heritage (in the singular, '' zabytek'') in Poland.
To be recognized as a Polish historic monument, an object must be declared such by the President ...
'') tracked by the
National Heritage Board of Poland
The National Institute of Cultural Heritage of Poland ( pl, Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa NID) is a Polish governmental institution responsible for documenting cultural property and the intangible cultural heritage, as well as for supporting and ...
.
History
![Krakowska Gate (5613990184)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Krakowska_Gate_%285613990184%29.jpg)
Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the sixth to seventh centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the sixth century were discovered in the centre of today's Lublin on Czwartek ("Thursday") Hill.
The period of the
early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th or early 6th century to the 10th century. They marked the start of the Mi ...
was marked by an intensification of habitation, particularly in the areas along river valleys. The settlements were centred around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the main centres of
Lendians
The Lendians ( pl, Lędzianie) were a Lechitic tribe who lived in the area of East Lesser Poland and Cherven Cities between the 7th and 11th centuries. Since they were documented primarily by foreign authors whose knowledge of Central and East Eu ...
tribe. When the tribal
stronghold
A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere' ...
was destroyed in the 10th century, the centre shifted to the northeast, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley and, after the mid-12th century, to Castle Hill. At least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in the early medieval period. One of them was most probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of
Casimir the Restorer in the 11th century.
The castle became the seat of a
castellan
A castellan is the title used in Medieval Europe for an appointed official, a governor of a castle and its surrounding territory referred to as the castellany. The title of ''governor'' is retained in the English prison system, as a remnant o ...
, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but was quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.
The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by
Mongols
The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal membe ...
,
Tatars
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different ,
Ruthenians
Ruthenian and Ruthene are exonyms of Latin origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common ethnonyms for East Slavs, particularly during the late medieval and early modern periods. The Latin term Rutheni was used in medieval sourc ...
, and
Lithuanians
Lithuanians ( lt, lietuviai) are a Baltic ethnic group. They are native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,378,118 people. Another million or two make up the Lithuanian diaspora, largely found in countries such as the United States, Uni ...
, which resulted in its destruction.
It was also ruled by
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between 1289 and 1302.
Lublin was founded as a town by
Władysław I the Elbow-high Władysław is a Polish given male name, cognate with Vladislav. The feminine form is Władysława, archaic forms are Włodzisław (male) and Włodzisława (female), and Wladislaw is a variation. These names may refer to:
Famous people Mononym
* ...
or between 1258 and 1279 during the rule of the prince
Bolesław V the Chaste
Bolesław V the Chaste ( pl, Bolesław Wstydliwy; 21 June 1226 – 7 December 1279) was Duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland from 1232 and High Duke of Poland from 1243 until his death, as the last male representative of the Lesser Polish branch o ...
.
Casimir III the Great
Casimir III the Great ( pl, Kazimierz III Wielki; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He also later became King of Ruthenia in 1340, and fought to retain the title in the Galicia-Volhynia Wars. He ...
, appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls.
From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dating to 1335–1370 exists to this day.
Jagiellonian Poland
In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from the king
Władysław II Jagiełło
Jogaila (; 1 June 1434), later Władysław II Jagiełło ()He is known under a number of names: lt, Jogaila Algirdaitis; pl, Władysław II Jagiełło; be, Jahajła (Ягайла). See also: Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło. ...
. With the coming of peace between Poland and Lithuania, it developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the countries. In 1474, the area around Lublin was carved out of
Sandomierz Voivodeship
Sandomierz Voivodeship ( pl, Województwo Sandomierskie, la, Palatinatus Sandomirensis) was a unit of administration and local government in Poland from the 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795. It was part of the Lesser Polan ...
and combined to form the
Lublin Voivodeship
The Lublin Voivodeship, also known as the Lublin Province ( Polish: ''województwo lubelskie'' ), is a voivodeship (province) of Poland, located in southeastern part of the country. It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Lublin, C ...
, the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland.
During the 15th and 16th centuries, the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Crown of the Kingdom of ...
were held in Lublin. In the 16th century, the parliaments (''
Sejm
The Sejm (English: , Polish: ), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Polish: ''Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej''), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland.
The Sejm has been the highest governing body of t ...
'') of the Kingdom of Poland were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the
Union of Lublin
The Union of Lublin ( pl, Unia lubelska; lt, Liublino unija) was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest countries in Europe at the time. It replaced the pe ...
, which united Poland and
Lithuania
Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...
. Lublin as one of the most influential cities
of the state enjoyed voting rights during the
royal elections in Poland.
Some of the artists and writers of the 16th century
Polish renaissance
The Renaissance in Poland ( pl, Renesans, Odrodzenie; literally: the Rebirth) lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and is widely considered to have been the Golden Age of Polish culture. Ruled by the Jagiellonian dynasty, the Crown ...
lived and worked in Lublin, including
Sebastian Klonowic and
Jan Kochanowski
Jan Kochanowski (; 1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language. He is commonly regarded as the greatest Polish poet before Adam Mickiewicz.
...
, who died in the city in 1584. In 1578, the
Crown Tribunal
The Crown Tribunal ( pl, Trybunał Główny Koronny, la, Iudicium Ordinarium Generale Tribunalis Regni) was the highest appellate court in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland for most cases. Exceptions were if a noble landowner was threatened with ...
, the highest court of the
Lesser Poland Province, was established in Lublin.
Since the second half of the 16th century,
Protestant Reformation
The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...
movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of
Polish Brethren
The Polish Brethren (Polish: ''Bracia Polscy'') were members of the Minor Reformed Church of Poland, a Nontrinitarian Protestant church that existed in Poland from 1565 to 1658. By those on the outside, they were called " Arians" or " Socinians" ( ...
was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was established in Lublin around this time.
Jews established a widely respected'' yeshiva'', Jewish hospital, synagogue,
cemetery
A cemetery, burial ground, gravesite or graveyard is a place where the remains of dead people are buried or otherwise interred. The word ''cemetery'' (from Greek , "sleeping place") implies that the land is specifically designated as a buri ...
, and education centre (''kahal'') and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the
Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; a ...
, during which they were relocated by
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
to the infamous
Lublin Ghetto
The Lublin Ghetto was a World War II ghetto created by Nazi Germany in the city of Lublin on the territory of General Government in occupied Poland. The ghetto inmates were mostly Polish Jews, although a number of Roma were also brought in.Dori ...
and ultimately murdered.
![Lublin Union 1569](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Lublin_Union_1569.PNG)
The yeshiva became a centre of learning of
Talmud
The Talmud (; he, , Talmūḏ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cente ...
and
Kabbalah
Kabbalah ( he, קַבָּלָה ''Qabbālā'', literally "reception, tradition") is an esoteric method, discipline and Jewish theology, school of thought in Jewish mysticism. A traditional Kabbalist is called a Mekubbal ( ''Məqūbbāl'' "rece ...
, leading the city to be called "the Jewish
Oxford
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
."
In 1567, the ''
rosh yeshiva
Rosh yeshiva ( he, ראש ישיבה, pl. he, ראשי ישיבה, '; Anglicized pl. ''rosh yeshivas'') is the title given to the dean of a yeshiva, a Jewish educational institution that focuses on the study of traditional religious texts, primar ...
'' (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities.
The city declined due to the disastrous
Deluge
A deluge is a large downpour of rain, often a flood.
The Deluge refers to the flood narrative in the Biblical book of Genesis.
Deluge may also refer to:
History
*Deluge (history), the Swedish and Russian invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian Com ...
, when it was invaded by
Russo Russo may refer to:
*Russo (surname)
* Russo (footballer, 1915–1980), full name Adolpho Milman, Brazilian football forward and manager
* Russo (footballer, born 1976), full name Ricardo Soares Florêncio, Brazilian football defender
*Russo brothe ...
-
Cossack
The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...
forces in 1655, and
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
in 1656.
19th and early 20th century
After the
Third Partition of Poland
The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polis ...
in 1795, Lublin was located in the
Austrian empire
The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, ...
, then following the
Austro-Polish War of 1809 it was part of the short-lived Polish
Duchy of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw ( pl, Księstwo Warszawskie, french: Duché de Varsovie, german: Herzogtum Warschau), also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during ...
, and then in 1815 it became part of the
Congress Poland
Congress Poland, Congress Kingdom of Poland, or Russian Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It w ...
in the
Russian Partition
The Russian Partition ( pl, zabór rosyjski), sometimes called Russian Poland, constituted the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that were annexed by the Russian Empire in the course of late-18th-century Partitions of Po ...
of Poland.
![Lublin kosciól dominikanów ul złota](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Lublin_kosci%C3%B3l_dominikan%C3%B3w_ul_z%C5%82ota.jpg)
At the beginning of the 19th century, new squares, streets, and public buildings were built. In 1877, a railway connection to Warsaw and
Kovel and
Lublin Station
Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews).
Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...
in 1918,
Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland - the first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the
Plage i Laśkiewicz works, later nationalised as the
LWS factory. The
Catholic University of Lublin was founded in 1918.
In 1921, Roman Catholics constituted 58.9% of the city's population, Jews - 39.5%. In 1931, 63.7% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic and 34.7% Jewish.
On July 20, 1931, a violent tornado carved a path of destruction through the city, destroying dozens of structures in downtown and killing six people. This tornado is officially rated F4 on the
Fujita scale
The Fujita scale (F-Scale; ), or Fujita–Pearson scale (FPP scale), is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determ ...
; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at , potentially ranking it as an F5.
World War II
![Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-013-0068-18A, Polen, Treffen deutscher und sowjetischer Soldaten](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-013-0068-18A%2C_Polen%2C_Treffen_deutscher_und_sowjetischer_Soldaten.jpg)
In early September 1939, during the joint German-Soviet
invasion of Poland
The invasion of Poland (1 September – 6 October 1939) was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week aft ...
, which started
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish
gold reserve
A gold reserve is the gold held by a national central bank, intended mainly as a guarantee to redeem promises to pay depositors, note holders (e.g. paper money), or trading peers, during the eras of the gold standard, and also as a store of v ...
from Warsaw to Lublin, and then further east to
Łuck
Lutsk ( uk, Луцьк, translit=Lutsk}, ; pl, Łuck ; yi, לוצק, Lutzk) is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Volyn Oblast (province) and the administrative center of the surrounding L ...
, before the city was
occupied by Germany, and found itself in the newly formed
General Government territory. The Polish population became a target of severe Nazi persecutions focusing on
intelligentsia
The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the in ...
and Polish Jews. In November 1939, during the ''
Intelligenzaktion
The ''Intelligenzaktion'' (), or the Intelligentsia mass shootings, was a series of mass murders which was committed against the Polish intelligentsia (teachers, priests, physicians, and other prominent members of Polish society) early in the ...
'', the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers, lecturers and students of the
Catholic University of Lublin, priests, and lecturers of the local theological seminary.
The occupiers also closed down the Catholic University of Lublin.
[ Arrested Poles were held in a prison established in the Lublin Castle, and many were afterwards deported to ]concentration camps
Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects". Thus, while it can simply ...
.[
On December 23–25, 1939, the Germans carried out massacres of 31 Poles in several locations in Lublin.][Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 247–248] Among the victims were lawyers, professors, school principals, starosts of Lublin and Lubartów
Lubartów () is a town in eastern Poland, with 23,000 inhabitants (2004), situated in Lublin Voivodeship. It is the capital of Lubartów County and the Lubartów Commune. Historically it belongs to Lesser Poland.
Lubartów was established in 154 ...
counties and other well-known and respected citizens of the region.[ In January and February 1940, the occupiers arrested 23 Capuchin friars and 43 ]Jesuit
, image = Ihs-logo.svg
, image_size = 175px
, caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits
, abbreviation = SJ
, nickname = Jesuits
, formation =
, founders ...
friars. Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with the ''AB-Aktion
, location = Palmiry Forest and similar locations in occupied Poland
, date = Spring–summer 1940
, incident_type = Mass murder with automatic weapons
, perpetrators = Wehrmacht, ''Einsatzgruppen''
, participants =
, o ...
''. On June 24, 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of over 800 Poles in Lublin, who were then imprisoned in the castle, along with dozens of Poles who were arrested at the same time in other towns in the region, including Biała Podlaska
Biała Podlaska ( la, Alba Ducalis) is a city in eastern Poland with 56,498 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of Biała Podlaska Voivodeship (1975–1998). ...
, Chełm
Chełm (; uk, Холм, Kholm; german: Cholm; yi, כעלם, Khelm) is a city in southeastern Poland with 60,231 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some ...
, Puławy
Puławy (, also written Pulawy) is a city in eastern Poland, in Lesser Poland's Lublin Voivodeship, at the confluence of the Vistula and Kurówka Rivers. Puławy is the capital of Puławy County. The city's 2019 population was estimated at 47,4 ...
.[Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 264–265] Many of the prisoners were then deported to the Sachsenhausen
Sachsenhausen () or Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a German Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used from 1936 until April 1945, shortly before the defeat of Nazi Germany in May later that year. It mainly held political prisoners ...
and Auschwitz concentration camps, while around 500 Poles were murdered in five large massacres carried out in the present-day district of Rury in 1940. Among the victims of the massacres were both men and women: doctors, engineers, local officials, lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, parliamentarians, Polish resistance members, policemen, teachers and school and university students.[
An attempt to "]Germanise
Germanisation, or Germanization, is the spread of the German language, people and culture. It was a central idea of German conservative thought in the 19th and the 20th centuries, when conservatism and ethnic nationalism went hand in hand. In ling ...
" the city led to an influx of the ethnic ''Volksdeutsche
In Nazi German terminology, ''Volksdeutsche'' () were "people whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship". The term is the nominalised plural of '' volksdeutsch'', with ''Volksdeutsche'' denoting a sin ...
'', increasing the number of German minority from 10 to 15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin, the so-called 'reservation' for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation known as the " Nisko or Lublin Plan".
The Germans established and operated a Baudienst forced labour camp for Poles
Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Ce ...
in Lublin. Many Poles from or associated with Lublin, including 94 lecturers, alumni and students of the Catholic University of Lublin were murdered by the Soviets in the large Katyn massacre
The Katyn massacre, "Katyń crime"; russian: link=yes, Катынская резня ''Katynskaya reznya'', "Katyn massacre", or russian: link=no, Катынский расстрел, ''Katynsky rasstrel'', "Katyn execution" was a series of m ...
in April–May 1940.
The Jewish population was forced into the newly established Lublin Ghetto
The Lublin Ghetto was a World War II ghetto created by Nazi Germany in the city of Lublin on the territory of General Government in occupied Poland. The ghetto inmates were mostly Polish Jews, although a number of Roma were also brought in.Dori ...
near Podzamcze. The city served as headquarters for Operation Reinhardt
or ''Einsatz Reinhard''
, location = Occupied Poland
, date = October 1941 – November 1943
, incident_type = Mass deportations to extermination camps
, perpetrators = Odilo Globočnik, Hermann Höfle, Richard Thomalla, Erw ...
, the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the Majdanek concentration camp established at the outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in Poland
The Holocaust in Poland was part of the European-wide Holocaust organized by Nazi Germany and took place in German-occupied Poland. During the genocide, three million Polish Jews were murdered, half of all Jews murdered during the Holocaust.
...
. The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota", established by the Polish resistance movement operated in the city. There are also known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and sent to either forced labour or concentration camps by the Germans for sheltering and aiding Jews. Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle, before being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp.
After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the Christian rescuers or returned from the Soviet Union, and re-established a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most survivors left Poland for Israel, the United States and other countries.
In the first years of the occupation, many expelled Poles from Gdańsk
Gdańsk ( , also ; ; csb, Gduńsk;Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6. , Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benen ...
and German-annexed Pomerania were deported to Lublin, and later on, in 1943, around 9,000 expelled Poles from the nearby Zamojszczyzna region were brought to Lublin and imprisoned in the Majdanek concentration camp and in a transit camp at Krochmalna Street; many were afterwards deported to forced labour in Germany. In August 1943, thanks to efforts of the Polish ''Rada Główna Opiekuńcza'' charity organisation, around 2,200 people were released from those two camps.[ Many of the released people, including hundreds of kidnapped Polish children, were extremely exhausted or sick, and were taken to local hospitals,][ which quickly became overcrowded.][ Many exhausted children died soon.] Lublin pharmacists and residents organized help for the children, and after leaving the hospital, the people were taken in by the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which resulted in an epidemic typhus outbreak, which caused many deaths among the population.[
On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the ]Soviet Army
uk, Радянська армія
, image = File:Communist star with golden border and red rims.svg
, alt =
, caption = Emblem of the Soviet Army
, start_date ...
and became the temporary headquarters of the Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation
The Polish Committee of National Liberation ( Polish: ''Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego'', ''PKWN''), also known as the Lublin Committee, was an executive governing authority established by the Soviet-backed communists in Poland at the la ...
established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as the basis for a puppet government. The Soviets carried out arrests of Polish resistance members, including the regional delegate of the Polish government-in-exile
The Polish government-in-exile, officially known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile ( pl, Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie), was the government in exile of Poland formed in the aftermath of the Invasion of Pola ...
Władysław Cholewa and the commander of the regional branch of the Home Army
The Home Army ( pl, Armia Krajowa, abbreviated AK; ) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) esta ...
Colonel Kazimierz Tumidajski, who was eventually killed in Russian captivity in 1947. The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after the Soviet westward offensive.
Post-war period
In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
Maria may refer to:
People
* Mary, mother of Jesus
* Maria (given name), a popular given name in many languages
Place names Extraterrestrial
*170 Maria, a Main belt S-type asteroid discovered in 1877
*Lunar maria (plural of ''mare''), large, da ...
. A large automotive factory, Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych
The FSC Lublin Automotive Factory ( pl, Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych) commonly known as FSC, is a large motor vehicle factory in Poland established while the country was part of the Soviet Bloc. It was founded in 1950. The first vehicle left i ...
(FSO), was built in the city.
Geography
Climate
Lublin has a humid continental climate
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freezing ...
(Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernd Köppen (born 1951), German pianist and composer
* Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan
* Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author and ...
''Dfb'') with cold, damp winters and warm summers.
Population
Economy and infrastructure
The Lublin region is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context.
The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...
. Despite the fact that Lublin is one of the closest neighbour cities for Warsaw, the investment inflow in services from the Polish capital has secured a steady growth due to relatively fast connection, while external investments are progressing, enabling nearby satellite municipality Świdnik
Świdnik () is a town in southeastern Poland with 40,186 inhabitants (2012), situated in the Lublin Voivodeship, southeast of the city of Lublin. It is the capital of Świdnik County. Świdnik belongs to the historic province of Lesser Poland, ...
for large-scale industrial investments.
Lublin is a regional centre of IT companies. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters here. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A., Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A.) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of the educated specialists. There is a visible growth in professionals eager to work in Lublin, due to reasons like quality of life, culture management, the environment, improving connection to Warsaw, levels of education, or financial, because of usually higher operating margins of global organisations present in the area.
The large car factory Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych
The FSC Lublin Automotive Factory ( pl, Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych) commonly known as FSC, is a large motor vehicle factory in Poland established while the country was part of the Soviet Bloc. It was founded in 1950. The first vehicle left i ...
(FSC) was acquired by the South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...
n Daewoo
Daewoo ( ; Hangul: , Hanja: , ; literally "great universe" and a portmanteau of "dae" meaning great, and the given name of founder and chairman Kim Woo-choong) also known as the Daewoo Group, was a major South Korean chaebol (type of conglomerat ...
conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis
The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia and Southeast Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion. However, the recovery in 1998– ...
, the production at FSC practically collapsed and the factory entered bankruptcy. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy has been reoriented toward service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
Maria may refer to:
People
* Mary, mother of Jesus
* Maria (given name), a popular given name in many languages
Place names Extraterrestrial
*170 Maria, a Main belt S-type asteroid discovered in 1877
*Lunar maria (plural of ''mare''), large, da ...
.
The price of land and investment costs are lower than in western Poland. However, the Lublin area has to be one of the main beneficiaries of the EU development funds. Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said:
In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of “Park Mielec” — the European Economic Development area. At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol, Modern-Expo and Perła Browary Lubelskie. At the same time, the energy conglomerate, Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin.
Modern shopping centers built in Lublin like Tarasy Zamkowe (Castle Terraces), Lublin Plaza, Galeria Olimp, Galeria Gala, the largest shopping mall in the city, covering 33,500 square meters of area. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and a new underground gallery ("Alchemy") between and beneath Świętoduska and Lubartowska Streets.
Media
The local TVP station, TVP3 Lublin
TVP3 Lublin is one of the regional branches of the TVP, Poland's public television broadcaster. It serves the entire Lublin Voivodeship
The Lublin Voivodeship, also known as the Lublin Province ( Polish: ''województwo lubelskie'' ), is a v ...
, broadcasts from a -tall concrete television tower. The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3
TVP3 (formerly TVP Regionalna, known also as Regionalna Trójka or Program 3 Telewizji Polskiej) is a Polish TV channel, run by the public broadcaster, TVP and dedicated to the country's regions. It has regional branches in most of the major Pol ...
channel and later TVP Info
TVP Info is a Polish free-to-air television news channel, run by the public broadcaster, state media TVP. It is focused on newscasts, airing nationwide news bulletins from 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. Its main offices are located at the TVP ...
.
The radio stations airing from Lublin include 'Radio eR - 87.9 FM', Radio 'Eska Lublin' - 103.6 FM, Radio Lublin
Radio Lublin (Polskie Radio Lublin S.A.) - Polish public, regional broadcaster based in Lublin in east Poland. Radio Lublin is a part of a national public radio (Polish Radio). It is formatted as talk and music (contemporary hits) radio.
History
R ...
(regional station of the Polish Radio
Polskie Radio Spółka Akcyjna (PR S.A.; English: Polish Radio) is Poland's national public-service radio broadcasting organization owned by the State Treasury of Poland.
History
Polskie Radio was founded on 18 August 1925 and began making ...
) - 102.2 FM, Radio Centrum (university radio station)
Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitt ...
- 98.2 FM, Radio 'Free' (city station of the Polish Radio
Polskie Radio Spółka Akcyjna (PR S.A.; English: Polish Radio) is Poland's national public-service radio broadcasting organization owned by the State Treasury of Poland.
History
Polskie Radio was founded on 18 August 1925 and began making ...
) - 89,9 FM, and Radio 'Złote Przeboje' (Golden Hits) Lublin - 95.6 FM.
Local newspapers include ''Kurier Lubelski'' daily, regional partner of the national newspaper ''Dziennik Wschodni'' daily, ''Gazeta Wyborcza
''Gazeta Wyborcza'' (; ''The Electoral Gazette'' in English) is a Polish daily newspaper based in Warsaw, Poland. It is the first Polish daily newspaper after the era of "real socialism" and one of Poland's newspapers of record, covering the g ...
'' Lublin Edition
Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
daily (regional supplement to the national newspaper ''Gazeta Wyborcza''), ''Metro
Metro, short for metropolitan, may refer to:
Geography
* Metro (city), a city in Indonesia
* A metropolitan area, the populated region including and surrounding an urban center
Public transport
* Rapid transit, a passenger railway in an urba ...
' (daily, free) and '' Nasze Miasto Lublin'' weekly (free).
Transport
Airport
The Lublin Airport
Lublin Airport (''Port Lotniczy Lublin'') is an airport in Poland serving Lublin and the surrounding region. The site is located about 10 km (6.2 miles) east of central Lublin, adjacent to the town of Świdnik. The airport has a 2520 ...
(Port Lotniczy Lublin) (IATA: LUZ) is located about SE of Lublin. With approximately 8 destinations and over 450 000 passengers served in 2018, it is the biggest airport in Eastern Poland. There is a direct train and bus link from the airport to downtown.
Railways
From Lublin Główny railway station
Lublin Główny railway station ( Polish ''Stacja Lublin Główny'') is the most important railway station in Lublin, Poland. It was officially renamed to Lublin Główny (''Lublin Main'') in December, 2019 to distinguish it from other, much sma ...
, ten trains depart each day to Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...
, and three to Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
, as in other major cities in Poland. Lublin has also direct train connections with Rzeszów
Rzeszów ( , ; la, Resovia; yi, ריישא ''Raisha'')) is the largest city in southeastern Poland. It is located on both sides of the Wisłok River in the heartland of the Sandomierz Basin. Rzeszów has been the capital of the Subcarpathian ...
, Szczecin
Szczecin (, , german: Stettin ; sv, Stettin ; Latin: ''Sedinum'' or ''Stetinum'') is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major s ...
, Gdynia
Gdynia ( ; ; german: Gdingen (currently), (1939–1945); csb, Gdiniô, , , ) is a city in northern Poland and a seaport on the Baltic Sea coast. With a population of 243,918, it is the 12th-largest city in Poland and the second-largest in th ...
and other Polish cities and towns in the region as Nałęczów
Nałęczów is a spa town (population 4,800) situated on the Nałęczów Plateau in Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. Nałęczów belongs to Lesser Poland.
History
In the 18th century, the discovery there of healing waters i ...
, Chełm
Chełm (; uk, Холм, Kholm; german: Cholm; yi, כעלם, Khelm) is a city in southeastern Poland with 60,231 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some ...
or Zamość
Zamość (; yi, זאמאשטש, Zamoshtsh; la, Zamoscia) is a historical city in southeastern Poland. It is situated in the southern part of Lublin Voivodeship, about from Lublin, from Warsaw. In 2021, the population of Zamość was 62,021.
...
. The express train to Warsaw takes about two hours.
There are other smaller stations in Lublin for local trains:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Roads
Lublin is located at the intersection of expressways S12, S17 and Expressway S19 (Poland), S19.
Expressway S17 between Lublin and Warsaw is currently finishing construction and should be ready by the second half of 2020. Expressway S19 (Poland), S19 between Lublin and Rzeszów is currently under construction and should be finished by 2023. The rest of the planned expressway network around the city that will be built in the coming years consists of S12 to the east in the direction Chełm
Chełm (; uk, Холм, Kholm; german: Cholm; yi, כעלם, Khelm) is a city in southeastern Poland with 60,231 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some ...
, S19 north towards Białystok and S17 southeast towards Zamość
Zamość (; yi, זאמאשטש, Zamoshtsh; la, Zamoscia) is a historical city in southeastern Poland. It is situated in the southern part of Lublin Voivodeship, about from Lublin, from Warsaw. In 2021, the population of Zamość was 62,021.
...
. The expressway bypass of Lublin allows transit traffic to avoid the city centre.
Long-distance buses depart from near the Castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network.
Lublin is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot and Tychy).
Culture and tourism
Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
and serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving international artists, researchers and politicians. The frescos at the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Lublin Castle, Holy Trinity Chapel in Lublin Castle are a mixture of Roman Catholic motifs with eastern Byzantine styles, reinforcing how the city connects the west with the east.
The arts
Museum
The premier museum in the city is the National Museum, Lublin, National Museum of Lublin, one of the oldest and largest museums of Eastern Poland, as well as the Majdanek State Museum with 121,404 visitors in 2011.
Cinema
Lublin is a city with a proactive approach towards filmmaking industry. The city is featured at some of the most notable films, and that include Academy Award, Oscar-winning ''The Reader'' which was partially filmed at the Nazi Majdanek concentration camp.
In 2008, Lublin collaborated with Ukrainian Lviv, to film and distribute promotional materials which painted both cities as attractive to the filmmaking industry. Films were handed out between filmmakers present at Cannes Festival. This was sponsored by the European Union. There are numerous movie theatres in Lublin including a few multiplexes, i.e. Cinema City and Multikino chains, also smaller venues like Cinema Bajka, Cinema Chatka Żaka, Cinema Perla, Cinema Grazyna and Cinema Medyk.
The Lublin Film Fund has been active since 2009, actively caring for cultivation of cinematographic talents in Lublin and promoting the city by provision of financial and organizational support. Numerous feature films have been partially financed by the fund, including Kamienie na Szaniec, Panie Dulskie, Volta and award-winning Carte Blanche.
Theatres
There are many cultural organizations in Lublin, either municipal, governmental and/or non-governmental. Among the popular venues are municipal theatres and playhouses such as:
Musical Theatre in Lublin
- ''Teatr Muzyczny w Lublinie'', opera, operetta, musical, ballet
* Henryk Wieniawski Lublin Philharmonic -
Filharmonia Lubelska
'
* Juliusz Osterwa Theatre in Lublin - ''Teatr im. Juliusza Osterwy w Lublinie'']
Hans Christian Andersen Theatre
- with puppet programmes for children
Fringe theatres:
Centrum Kultury w Lublinie
* Gardzienice, Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych – Gardzienice
* Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre, Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Theatre NN”
*Centrum Projekt Pracovnia Maat
Galleries
There are numerous art galleries in Lublin; some are run by private owners, and some are municipal, government, NGO, or associations' venues. The Labyrinth Gallery (formerly "BWA", is the Artistic Exhibitions Office - ''Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych'').
Old Town
Lublin's Old Town shares several traditions with Lesser Poland, mostly the dialect and historic architecture that brings a unique ambience comparable with Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
. It is, however, a distinct experience, which benefits from artistic renovation, that progressed somehow slower and more modestly focusing more on quality and less on commercialization. Historic buildings, including ruined townhouses that await for new owners, create a unique atmosphere of the renaissance city. Lublin's Old Town has cobbled, narrow streets and mostly medieval layout and design. Many venues around Old Town enjoy an architecture applicable for restaurants, art hotels, pubs galleries, and clubs. Apart from entertainment, the area houses small businesses and prestigious offices. There are several historic churches in the Old Town, including the landmark Renaissance St. Stanislaus Basilica and Baroque in Poland, Baroque St. John the Baptist Cathedral, Lublin, St. John the Baptist Cathedral.
Catering to students, who account for 35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub scene Lublin has many theatres and museums and a professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic.
Pubs and restaurants
In the Old Town and the immediate surrounding, over 100 unique restaurants, fine-dining venues, cafes, pubs, clubs and other catering outlets are located. In the latter half of the 2010s, the robust international community gathered around Lublin's Medical University has impacted the growth of restaurants offering various world cuisines.
City of festivals
Lublin aims to be known as the Polish Capital of Festivals. Most years, Lublin increases the number of festivals held in the city. The most significant of them include:
*Carnaval Sztukmistrzów - held in last days of July is the largest new circus festival in Poland, name of the Carnival is inspired by the character of The Magician of Lublin (novel), The Magician of Lublin from a novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer
*Urban Highline Festival Lublin, Urban Highline Festival - held in last days of July
*Night of Culture (Noc Kultury) - usually held on the first Saturday night of June. Consisting of hundreds of events spanning the city, it is a cultural manifestation of Lublin's potential. Admission to all events is free.
OpenCity Festival
- outdoor performances festival. International artists and performers create art installations in public places in Lublin
*Long Night of Museums, Night of Museums - Lublin's culture institutions become open to visitors at night
The Jagiellonian Fair
(Jarmark Jagielloński) - held in late August is a chance to meet numerous artists, artisans, craftspeople from Central and Eastern Europe
*St Nicolas Day International Festival of Folk Music (Mikołajki Folkowe) - the oldest folk music festival in Poland held in the first decade of December
*East Of Culture – Different Sounds Art’n’Music Festival (Wschód Kultury – Inne Brzmienia Art’n’Music Festival) held in late June is a meeting of world-class artists that represent various nationalities and practise diverse music styles
*Lubelskie Dni Kultury Studenckiej - Lublin's Days of Student Culture - an annual students' holiday. Usually celebrated for about three weeks between May and June. Due to the city's large student population, the festival in Lublin is the longest in Poland
*Lublin. Miasto Poezji - Poetry Festival organised by ''Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN"'' and Polish Literature Institute of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Catholic University in Lublin.
* Noc z Czechowiczem - ''A Night with Czechowicz'' - walking tour, inspired by the "Poem about the City of Lublin" written by Józef Czechowicz. Held at first full moon in July, organized by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN"
* Najstarsze Pieśni Europy - ''The oldest songs of Europe'' - Festival of Muzyka Kresów Foundation.
* Future Shorts - World Short Film Label
*International Lublin Dance Festival - Międzynarodowe Spotkania Teatrów Tańca - one of the leading dance art festivals in Europe
*International Theatre Festival "Confrontations" - Międzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny "Konfrontacje"
*Ukraine in the Center of Lublin - Ukraina w Centrum Lublina - Festival held in November since 2008 is a showcase of contemporary Ukrainian culture as well as space for the Polish-Ukrainian intercultural dialogue
*'“Falkon” - Fantasy and Science Fiction Festival - Ogólnopolski Festiwal Fantastyki Falkon - held in November is one of the biggest fantasy conventions in Poland
*Polish Students' Theatre Festival - Studencki Ogólnopolski Festiwal Teatralny Kontestacje
* International Folk Dance Festival - Międzynarodowe Spotkania Folklorystyczne im. Ignacego Wachowiaka
* Scena Młodych - ''Youth Scene'', music festival
* Zwierciadła - ''Mirrors'' - High School Theatres Revision
* Zaduszki Jazzowe - ''Jazz Souls' Day'' - which take place in Dominican Order Monastery
European Capital of Culture
In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities as candidates for the title of European Capital of Culture. Lublin was shortlisted, but ultimately Wrocław was chosen. Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.
Sports
* Start Lublin – men's basketball team, 12th in Era Basket Liga in 2003–04 season.
* MKS Lublin – women's Handball in Poland, handball team playing in Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League: 2nd place in 2003–04 season: also a winner of Women's EHF Cup in season 2000–01.
* Motor Lublin – professional Association football, football team competing in the II liga, Polish 2nd league ().
* Lublinianka – men's Association football, football team competing in the IV liga, Polish 4th league ().
* Budowlani Lublin – a local rugby union team competing in the Polish, and surrounding district league.
* KM Cross Lublin (speedway team), Speed Car Motor Lublin – Motorcycle speedway, speedway club competing in the Polish league (first division).
* LSKT – Lublin's Taekwon-do sport club.
* Tytani Lublin – semi-professional American football team
International events
* 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup
* An annual motocross race.
Education
There are five public schools of higher education:
* Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
Maria may refer to:
People
* Mary, mother of Jesus
* Maria (given name), a popular given name in many languages
Place names Extraterrestrial
*170 Maria, a Main belt S-type asteroid discovered in 1877
*Lunar maria (plural of ''mare''), large, da ...
(UMCS)
* John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL)
* Medical University of Lublin
* University of Life Sciences in Lublin
* Politechnika Lubelska
Lublin is home to private higher education establishments.
* University of Economics and Innovation in Lublin
* Lubelska Szkoła Biznesu
* Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Społecznych z siedzibą w Lublinie
* Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Administracji
* Vincent Pol University in Lublin
It is home to one of the oldest still-functioning schools in Poland, :pl:I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Stanisława Staszica w Lublinie, The Staszic School, which was established in 1586. The school has many notable alumni, such as Bolesław Prus, one of the most influential Polish writers and novelists, and :pl:Lesław Paga, Lesław Paga, the co-founder of the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
Politics and local government
Lublin is the capital of the province called Lublin Voivodeship
The Lublin Voivodeship, also known as the Lublin Province ( Polish: ''województwo lubelskie'' ), is a voivodeship (province) of Poland, located in southeastern part of the country. It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Lublin, C ...
, a province (Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship) created in 1999. The city is a separate urban gmina and city county (powiat).
Municipal government
Lublin is governed by the municipal legislature known as the city council (Rada Miasta) and the city's mayor (Prezydent Miasta). The city council is made up of 31 councillors directly elected by the city's inhabitants. The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning, up to and including the development of local infrastructure, transport, and planning permission. The city's current mayor is Krzysztof Żuk, who has served in this position since 2010.
Symbols
Lublin has an official flag, a 5:8 rectangle divided into three horizontal stripes: white (top), green (narrow, middle), and red (bottom). In the central part, there is the coat of arms of Lublin. It is also allowed to hang the flag in the form of a vertical ribbon: then white should be on the left side or near the spar.
Districts
Lublin is divided into 27 administrative divisions (dzielnica): Abramowice, Bronowice, Czechów Południowy, Czechów Północny, Czuby Południowe, Czuby Północne, Dziesiąta, Felin, Głusk, Hajdów-Zadębie, Kalinowszczyzna, Konstantynów, Kośminek, Ponikwoda, Rury, Sławin, Sławinek, Stare Miasto, Szerokie, Śródmieście, Tatary, Węglin Południowy, Węglin Północny, Wieniawa, Wrotków, Za Cukrownią, Zemborzyce.
International relations
Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the EU Intercultural cities programme. In 2017, Lublin was awarded the Europe Prize by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. In 2023, Lublin was selected as the European Youth Capital
Turin (2010)
Antwerp (2011)
Braga (2012)
Maribor (2013)
Thessaloniki (2014)
Ganja (2016)
The 'European Youth Capital'' (abbreviated EYC) is the title awarded by the European Youth Forum to a European city, designed to empower ...
by international jury of the European Youth Forum. Lublin is a signatory of the European charter for equality of women and men in local life.
Two settlements outside of Poland were created that were named Lublin. Lublin, Wisconsin is a village in Taylor County, Wisconsin, Taylor County in the United States, while Lublin, Moldova was a History of the Jews in Bessarabia#Rural colonies, Jewish agricultural colony founded during the Russian Empire in what is now the village of Niemirówka in 1842.
Twin towns — sister cities
Lublin is Twin towns and sister cities, twinned with:
Former twin towns:
* Brest, Belarus, Brest, Belarus (terminated on 3 March 2022 as a response to the Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian invasion of Ukraine)
Gallery
File:Lublin, Teatr im. Juliusza Osterwy - fotopolska.eu (214424).jpg, Juliusz Osterwa Theatre
File:PL Lublin Katedra1.jpg, Lublin Cathedral
File:W lubelskiej Archikatedrze.jpg, Interior of the Cathedral
File:Widok na Wieżę Trynitarską.jpg, Trinitarian Tower
File:Lublin Dominikanie.jpg, St. Stanislaus Basilica
File:Bazylika oo. Dominikanów pw. św. Stanisława dziedziniec klasztorny 3.jpg, Courtyard of the Dominican Abbey
File:Ogrod Botaniczny Lublin.jpg, UMCS Botanical Gardens
File:A 161 z 25.01.1967 zespół zamkowy Lublin.JPG, 14th-century Holy Trinity Chapel
File:Kaplica3sw3.JPG, Frescoes inside the chapel
File:Lublin, Brama Grodzka2.JPG, Grodzka Gate
File:Lublin, Rynek Kiermasz 2008-02-08.jpg, A street fair in the Old Town
File:Krakowskie Przedmieście w Lublinie, obchody 440-lecia Unii Lubelskiej.jpg, 440th anniversary of the Union of Lublin
The Union of Lublin ( pl, Unia lubelska; lt, Liublino unija) was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest countries in Europe at the time. It replaced the pe ...
File:Lublin, Kamienica Wieniawskich - fotopolska.eu (253545).jpg, Birthplace of composer Henryk Wieniawski
File:Lublin kamienica Klonowica.jpg, House of poet Sebastian Klonowic
File:Lublin wrotkow zalew zemborzycki 2009.jpg, Zemborzyce Lake
File:Kościół Rzymskokatolicki pw. św. Piotra i Pawła, Lublin (50309397313).jpg, Saints Peter and Paul church
File:Lublin kosciol klasztor pomisjonarski3.jpg, Transfiguration church
File:Piaski lubelskie obwodnica 02.jpg, The first part of a bypass road around Lublin
File:Wieża nadajnika Radia "Lublin".jpg, Radio & TV tower in Lublin
Notable residents
* Biernat z Lublina, (~1465-~1529) Polish poet, fabulist, translator and physician
* Franciszka Arnsztajnowa (1865–1942), née Meyerson, poet, playwright, translator
* Jacek Bąk, Polish footballer and captain of Poland during World Cup 2006
* Józef Czechowicz, (1903–1939), poet, writer, editor
* Katarzyna Dolinska, contestant on Cycle 10 of ''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10, America's Next Top Model'', came in 5th place
* Rabbi Jacob ben Ephraim (unknown-1648), "The Gaon Rabbi Jacob of Lublin"
* Rabbi Joshua Falk (1555–1614), also known as Joshua ben Alexander HaCohen Falk
* Rabbi Shneur Zalman Fradkin (1830–1902), "The Toras Chessed"
* Rabbi Aryeh Tzvi Frumer (1884–1943), "The Kozhiglover Rav", Holocaust victim
* Rafał Gan-Ganowicz (1932–2002), mercenary, journalist, and activist
* Jacob Glatstein (1896–1971), literary critic
* Alter Mojze Goldman (1909–1988), resistance fighter
* Rabbi Zadok HaKohen Rabinowitz (1823–1900)
* Kitty Hart-Moxon (born 1926), Holocaust survivor
* Julia Hartwig (1921–2017), poet, writer and translator
* Paweł Holc (born 1971), footballer
* Rabbi Moses Isserles (1520–1572), "Rema"
* Sebastian Klonowic (1545–1602), Polish poet and composer
* Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887), Poles, Polish writer, publisher, historian, journalist, scholar, political activist, painter and author
* Anna Langfus (1920–1966), née Anna Szternfinkiel, writer, Prix de Goncourt winner in 1966
* Felix Lembersky (1913–1970), artist, painter
* Janusz Lewandowski (1951–), Member of the European Parliament, MEP, former minister of privatisation
* Rabbi Solomon Luria (1510–1573), "The Maharshal"
* Aleksandra Mirosław (born 1994), speed climber
* Marcin Narwojsz (born 1976), retired footballer
* Wincenty Pol (1807–1872), poet and geographer
* Rabbi Jacob Pollak (1460–1541)
* Stanisław Kostka Potocki (1755–1821), Polish nobleman, politician and writer
* Rabbi Sholom Rokeach (1781–1855), "Sar Sholom", the first Belzer Rebbe
* Yitzhak Sadeh (born Isaac Landsberg; 1890–1952), a founder of the Israel Defense Forces
* Mateusz Sawrymowicz (born 1987), swimmer
* Rabbi Shalom Shachna (unknown-1558)
* Rabbi Meir Shapiro (1887–1933), "The Lubliner Rav"
* Rabbi Joel Sirkis (1561–1640), also known as Joel ben Samuel Sirkis
* Bartosz Staszewski (1990–), activist and filmmaker
* Patryk Szysz (1998–), Polish professional footballer
* Dominik Tarczyński (born 1979), Member of European Parliament
* Bronisława Wajs (1908–1987), Polish-Romani poet and singer
* Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880), violinist; born in Lublin
* Tomasz Wójtowicz (1953–2022), volleyball player, Olympic champion
* Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin (1745–1815), "The Seer of Lublin"
* Rabbi Mordecai Yoffe (1530–1612), "The Levush"
* Wladyslaw Zmuda (born 1954), Polish former professional footballer and four-time World Cup participant
* Johann Hermann Zukertort (1842–1888), chess grand master
* Johannes Zukertort (1842–1888), chess master
* Henio Zytomirski (1933–1942), Holocaust victim
See also
* Lublin Triangle
* Lublin Holocaust Memorial
* Lublin Department (Polish: ''Departament Lubelski''): a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland's Duchy of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw ( pl, Księstwo Warszawskie, french: Duché de Varsovie, german: Herzogtum Warschau), also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during ...
, 1806–15
* Old Jewish Cemetery, Lublin
* Tourism in Poland
*''Union of Lublin (painting), Union of Lublin'' (painting)
* Missionary Church and Monastery, Lublin
*Urban Highline Festival Lublin
Notes
References
External links
Lublin official website (in Polish)
(in English)
*Górczyk, Wojciech Jerzy, (2020)
The Former Reformati Order’s Monasteries Route (Lublin, p. 30-33)
ISBN 978-83-949345-3-8
*[http://www.um.lublin.pl/ Lublin Municipality official website (in Polish)]
(in English)
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lublin
Lublin,
Cities and towns in Lublin Voivodeship
City counties of Poland
Lesser Poland
Lublin Governorate
Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)
1317 establishments in Europe
Populated places established in the 1310s
Holocaust locations in Poland