Lowland East Cushitic is a group of roughly two dozen diverse languages of the
Cushitic
The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken primarily in the Horn of Africa, with minorities speaking Cushitic languages to the north in Egypt and the Sudan, and to the south in Kenya and Tanzania. As o ...
branch of the
Afro-Asiatic
The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, Erythraean or Lisramic, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic su ...
family. Its largest representatives are
Somali and
Oromo.
Classification
Lowland East Cushitic classification from Tosco (2020:297):
[Tosco, Mauro. 2020. East Cushitic. In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. ''The Oxford Handbook of African Languages'', 290-299. Oxford: Oxford University Press.]
*Lowland East Cushitic
**
Saho–Afar
**Southern
***Nuclear
****
Omo–Tana
****
Oromoid
***Peripheral (?)
****
Dullay
****
Yaaku
Highland East Cushitic
Highland East Cushitic, or Sidamic, is a branch of the Afroasiatic language family spoken in south-central Ethiopia. They are often grouped with Lowland East Cushitic, Dullay, and Yaaku as ''East Cushitic'', but that group is not well defined ...
is a coordinate (sister) branch with Lowland East Cushitic in Tosco's (2020) classification.
'Core' East Cushitic classification form Bender (2020
008 008, OO8, O08, or 0O8 may refer to:
* The Streetwear Brand @008us , inspired by Ian Fleming & Virgil Abloh
*"030", the fictional 030 Agent of MI6
* '' 038: Operation Exterminate'', a 1965 Italian action film
* '' Explosivo 030'' a 1940 Argentine c ...
91). Saho–Afar is excluded, making it equivalent to Tosco's Southern Lowland East Cushitic, and Yaaku is moved into Western Omo–Tana ('Arboroid'):
* 'Core' East Cushitic
**
Dullay
** SAOK
*** Eastern Omo–Tana (
Somaloid)
*** Western Omo–Tana (
Arboroid)
ncl. Yaaku*** Oromoid (
Oromo–Konsoid)
Highland East Cushitic and Afar–Saho are coordinate (sister) branches with Lowland East Cushitic, together forming East Cushitic.
Overview
Lowland East Cushitic is often grouped with
Highland East Cushitic
Highland East Cushitic, or Sidamic, is a branch of the Afroasiatic language family spoken in south-central Ethiopia. They are often grouped with Lowland East Cushitic, Dullay, and Yaaku as ''East Cushitic'', but that group is not well defined ...
(the Sidamic languages),
Dullay, and
Yaaku as ''East Cushitic'', but that group is not well defined and considered dubious.
The most spoken Lowland East Cushitic language is
Oromo, with about 35 million speakers in
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...
and
Kenya
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. The
Konsoid dialect cluster is closely related to Oromo. Other prominent languages include
Somali (spoken by ethnic Somalis in
Somalia
Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
,
Somaliland
Somaliland,; ar, صوماليلاند ', ' officially the Republic of Somaliland,, ar, جمهورية صوماليلاند, link=no ''Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd'' is a ''de facto'' sovereign state in the Horn of Africa, still conside ...
, Ethiopia,
Djibouti
Djibouti, ar, جيبوتي ', french: link=no, Djibouti, so, Jabuuti officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red ...
, and Kenya) with about 30 million speakers, and
Afar (in Ethiopia,
Eritrea
Eritrea ( ; ti, ኤርትራ, Ertra, ; ar, إرتريا, ʾIritriyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia ...
and Djibouti) with about 1.5 million.
Robert Hetzron
Robert Hetzron, born Herzog (31 December 1937, Budapest – 12 August 1997, Santa Barbara, California), was a Hungarian-born linguist known for his work on the comparative study of Afro-Asiatic languages, as well as for his study of Cushitic ...
has suggested that the
Rift languages
The South Cushitic or Rift languages of Tanzania are a branch of the Cushitic languages. The most numerous is Iraqw, with half a million speakers. These languages are believed to have been originally spoken by Southern Cushitic agro-pastoralists ...
''(South Cushitic)'' are a part of Lowland East Cushitic,
[Robert Hetzron, "The Limits of Cushitic", ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 2. 1980, 7–126.] and Kießling & Mous (2003) have suggested more specifically that they be linked to a Southern Lowland branch, together with Oromo, Somali, and
Yaaku–
Dullay.
The vocabulary of the
mixed register
Register or registration may refer to:
Arts entertainment, and media Music
* Register (music), the relative "height" or range of a note, melody, part, instrument, etc.
* ''Register'', a 2017 album by Travis Miller
* Registration (organ), th ...
of
Mbugu
Maʼa is a Bantu language of Tanzania.
The Mbugu people speak two divergent register (sociolinguistics), registers, which have been treated as separate languages by some authorities (e.g. Tucker and Bryan): Mbugu or "Normal Mbugu" (autonym kiM ...
(Ma'a) may also be East Cushitic (Tosco 2002), though the grammatical basis and the other register are Bantu.
Unclassified within the Lowland languages are
Girirra and perhaps the endangered
Boon
Boon may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
* Boon (game), a trick-taking card game
* ''Boon'' (novel), a 1915 satirical work by H. G. Wells
* ''Boon'' (TV series), a British television series starring Michael Elphick
* The Ultimate Boo ...
.
Savà and Tosco (2003) believe
Ongota is an East Cushitic language with a Nilo-Saharan
substratum
In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or sup ...
—that is, that Ongota speakers shifted to East Cushitic from an earlier Nilo-Saharan language, traces of which still remain. However, Fleming (2006) considers it to be an independent branch of Afroasiatic.
See also
*
Languages of Ethiopia
The languages of Ethiopia include the official languages of Ethiopia, its national and regional languages, and a large number of minority languages, as well as foreign languages.
Overview
There are 92 individual languages indigenous to Ethiop ...
References
*Roland Kießling & Maarten Mous. 2003. ''The Lexical Reconstruction of West-Rift Southern Cushitic.'' Cushitic Language Studies Volume 21
*Tosco, Mauro. 2000. 'Cushitic Overview.' ''Journal of Ethiopian Studies'' 33(2):87-121.
*Savà, Graziano and Mauro Tosco. 2003. "The classification of Ongota". In Bender ''et al.'' eds, ''Selected comparative-historical Afrasian linguistic studies.'' LINCOM Europa.
Further reading
*Black, Paul David. 1974. ''Lowland East Cushitic: Subgrouping and Reconstruction''. Yale University. Doctoral dissertation, New Haven: Yale University.
*
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