Louisa May Alcott (3439649448)

Louisa May Alcott (; November 29, 1832March 6, 1888) was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet best known for writing the novel ''Little Women'' (1868) and its sequels ''Good Wives'' (1869), '' Little Men'' (1871) and '' Jo's Boys'' (1886). Raised in New England by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott, she grew up among many well-known intellectuals of the day, including Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau.

Alcott's family suffered from financial difficulties, and while she worked to help support the family from an early age, she also sought an outlet in writing. She began to achieve critical success for her writing in the 1860s. Early in her career, she sometimes used pen names such as A. M. Barnard, under which she wrote lurid short stories and sensation novels for adults.

Published in 1868, ''Little Women'' is set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House of Concord, Massachusetts, and is loosely based on Alcott's childhood experiences with her three sisters, Abigail May Alcott Nieriker, Elizabeth Sewall Alcott, and Anna Alcott Pratt. The novel was well-received at the time and is still popular today among both children and adults. It has been adapted for film and television many times.

Alcott was an abolitionist and a feminist and remained unmarried throughout her life. She also spent her life active in reform movements such as temperance and women's suffrage. She died from a stroke in Boston on March 6, 1888, just two days after her father's death.

Early life

Louisa May Alcott was born on November 29, 1832, in Germantown, which is now part of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on her father's 33rd birthday. Her parents were transcendentalist and educator Amos Bronson Alcott and social worker Abigail "Abba" May. She was the second of four daughters: Anna Bronson Alcott was the eldest, while Elizabeth Sewall Alcott and Abigail May Alcott were the two youngest. As a child, she was a tomboy who preferred boys' games. The family moved to Boston in 1834, where Alcott's father established the experimental Temple School and joined the Transcendental Club with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Bronson Alcott's opinions on education, tough views on child-rearing, and moments of mental instability shaped young Alcott's mind with a desire to achieve perfection, a goal of the transcendentalists. Bronson's attitude towards Alcott's wild, independent behavior and his inability to provide for his family created conflict between Bronson Alcott, his wife, and their daughters. Abigail reportedly resented her husband's inability to recognize her sacrifices and related his thoughtlessness to the larger issue of the inequality of sexes. She passed this recognition and desire to redress wrongs done to women on to Louisa.

In 1840, after several setbacks with Temple School, the Alcott family moved to a cottage on of land, situated along the Sudbury River in Concord, Massachusetts. Louisa described the three years they spent at the rented Hosmer Cottage as the "happiest of her life." By 1843, the Alcotts moved, along with six other members of the Consociate Family, to the utopian Fruitlands community for a brief interval in 1843–1844. After the collapse of the Fruitlands, they rented rooms and eventually—with Abigail May Alcott's inheritance and financial help from Emerson—purchased a homestead in Concord. They moved into the home they named " Hillside" on April 1, 1845, but had moved on by 1852, when it was sold to Nathaniel Hawthorne, who renamed it The Wayside. Moving 21 times in 30 years, the Alcotts returned to Concord once again in 1857 and moved into Orchard House, a two-story clapboard farmhouse, in the spring of 1858.

Alcott's early education included lessons from the naturalist Henry David Thoreau who inspired her to write the poem ''Thoreau's Flute'' based on her time at Walden Pond. She was primarily educated by her father, who was strict and believed in "the sweetness of self-denial." She also grew up around writers and educators such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, and Julia Ward Howe, all of whom were family friends. She later described these early years in a newspaper sketch entitled "Transcendental Wild Oats." The sketch was reprinted in the volume ''Silver Pitchers'' (1876), which relates the family's experiment in "plain living and high thinking" at Fruitlands. She was also instructed by Sophia Foord, who lived with the family for a time, and whom she would later eulogize.

Poverty made it necessary for Alcott to go to work at an early age as a teacher, seamstress, governess, domestic helper, and writer. Her sisters also supported the family by working as seamstresses, while their mother took on social work among the Irish immigrants. Only the youngest, Abigail, was able to attend public school. Due to all of these pressures, writing became a creative and emotional outlet for Alcott. Her first book was ''Flower Fables'' (1849), a selection of tales originally written for Ellen Emerson, daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Alcott, who was driven in life not to be poor, is quoted as saying, "I wish I was rich, I was good, and we were all a happy family this day."

When Alcott was young, her family served as station masters on the Underground Railroad, when they housed fugitive slaves. Alcott knew Frederick Douglass later as an adult. Alcott read and admired the Declaration of Sentiments published by the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights, advocated for women's suffrage, and became the first woman to register to vote in Concord, Massachusetts in a school board election. The 1850s were hard times for the Alcotts, and in 1854 Louisa found solace at The Boston Theatre where she wrote ''The Rival Prima Donnas'', which she later burned due to a quarrel between the actresses over who would play what role. At one point in 1857, unable to find work and filled with despair, Alcott contemplated suicide. During that year, she read '' The Life of Charlotte Brontë'' by Elizabeth Gaskell and found many parallels between Charlotte Brontë's life and her own. In 1858, her younger sister Elizabeth died and her older sister Anna married a man named John Pratt. Alcott considered these events catalysts to breaking up their sisterhood.

Life in Dedham

Alcott's mother, Abba, ran an "intelligence office" to help the destitute find employment. When James Richardson came to Abba in the winter of 1851 seeking a companion for his frail sister who could also help out with some light housekeeping, Alcott volunteered to serve in the house filled with books, music, artwork, and good company on Highland Avenue. Alcott may have imagined the experience as something akin to being a heroine in a Gothic novel, as Richardson described their home in a letter as stately but decrepit.

Richardson's sister, Elizabeth, was 40 years old and suffered from neuralgia. She was shy and did not seem to have much use for Alcott. Instead, Richardson spent hours reading her poetry and treating her like his confidant and companion, sharing his personal thoughts and feelings with her. Alcott reminded Richardson that she was supposed to be Elizabeth's companion, not his, and she was tired of listening to his "philosophical, metaphysical, and sentimental rubbish." He responded by assigning her more laborious duties, including chopping wood and scrubbing the floors.

Alcott quit after seven weeks, when neither of the two girls her mother sent to replace her decided to take the job. As she walked from Richardson's home to Dedham station, she opened the envelope he handed her with her pay. According to Alcott family tradition, she was so unsatisfied with the four dollars she found inside that she mailed the money back to him in contempt. She later wrote a slightly fictionalized account of her time in Dedham titled ''How I went into service,'' which she submitted to Boston publisher James T. Fields. He rejected the piece, telling Alcott that she had no future as a writer.

Literary success

As an adult, Alcott was an abolitionist, temperance advocate, and feminist. In 1860, Alcott began writing for the ''Atlantic Monthly''. When the American Civil War broke out, she served as a nurse in Union Hospital in the Georgetown area of Washington, D.C., for six weeks in 1862–1863. She intended to serve three months as a nurse, but contracted typhoid fever and became deathly ill halfway through her service, although she eventually recovered. Her letters homerevised and published in the Boston anti-slavery paper ''Commonwealth'' and collected as ''Hospital Sketches'' (1863, republished with additions in 1869)brought her first critical recognition for her observations and humor. This was her first book and was inspired by her army experience. She wrote about the mismanagement of hospitals, the indifference and callousness of some of the surgeons she encountered, and her passion for seeing the war firsthand. Her main character, Tribulation Periwinkle, shows a passage from innocence to maturity and is a "serious and eloquent witness". Soon after, she wrote her novel ''Moods'' (1864), based on her own experience and stance on "woman's right to selfhood."

After she served as a nurse, Alcott's father wrote her a heartfelt poem titled "To Louisa May Alcott. From her father". The poem describes her father's pride in her nursing work, helping injured soldiers, and bringing cheer and love into their home. He ends the poem by telling her she's in his heart for being a selfless, faithful daughter. This poem was featured in the books ''Louisa May Alcott: Her Life, Letters, and Journals'' (1889) and ''Louisa May Alcott, the Children's Friend'', which details her childhood and close relationship with her father.

Between 1863 and 1872, Alcott anonymously wrote at least thirty-three gothic thrillers for popular magazines and papers such as ''The Flag of Our Union''; they were rediscovered in 1975. In the mid-1860s she wrote passionate, fiery novels and sensation stories akin to those of English authors Wilkie Collins and Mary Elizabeth Braddon under the nom de plume A. M. Barnard. Other pen names she used include Aunt Weedy, Flora Fairfield, Oranthy Bluggage, and Minerva Moody. Among these sensation stories are '' A Long Fatal Love Chase'' and ''Pauline's Passion and Punishment''. The protagonists of these books, like those of Collins and Braddon (who also included feminist characters in their writings), are strong, smart, and determined. She also wrote stories for children and did not return to writing for adults after her children’s stories became popular. Alcott also wrote the novelette ''A Modern Mephistopheles'' (1877), which was published anonymously and during her lifetime believed to be the work of Julian Hawthorne. She also wrote the semi-autobiographical novel ''Work'' (1873).

Catherine Ross Nickerson credits Alcott with creating one of the earliest works of detective fiction in American literature, preceded only by Edgar Allan Poe's " The Murders in the Rue Morgue" and his other Auguste Dupin stories, with the 1865 thriller "V.V., or Plots and Counterplots." Alcott published the story anonymously and it concerns a Scottish aristocrat who tries to prove that a mysterious woman has killed his fiancée and cousin. The detective on the case, Antoine Dupres, is a parody of Poe's Dupin who is less concerned with solving the crime than in setting up a way to reveal the solution with a dramatic flourish.

Alcott achieved further success with the first part of '' Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy'' (1868), a semi-autobiographical account of her childhood with her sisters in Concord, Massachusetts, published by the Roberts Brothers. When Alcott returned to Boston following her travels in Europe, she became an editor of the children's magazine ''Merry's Museum''. There she met Thomas Niles, who encouraged the writing of Part I of the novel by asking her to write a book especially for girls. Part II, also known as '' Good Wives'' (1869), followed the March sisters into adulthood and marriage. '' Little Men'' (1871) detailed Jo's life at the Plumfield School she founded with her husband Professor Bhaer after Part Two of ''Little Women''. Lastly, '' Jo's Boys'' (1886) completed the "March Family Saga", Alcott's best-known books.

In ''Little Women'', Alcott based her heroine "Jo" on herself. However, Jo marries at the end of the story, whereas Alcott remained single throughout her life. She explained her " spinsterhood" in an interview with Louise Chandler Moulton, saying "I am more than half-persuaded that I am a man's soul put by some freak of nature into a woman's body.... because I have fallen in love with so many pretty girls and never once the least bit with any man.” Alcott's romance while in Europe with the young Polish man Ladislas "Laddie" Wisniewski was detailed in her journals but then deleted by Alcott before her death. Alcott identified Laddie as the model for the character Laurie in ''Little Women''. Likewise, each of her characters seems to have parallels with people from Alcott's lifefrom Beth's death mirroring Lizzie's to Jo's rivalry with the youngest sister, Amy, mirroring Alcott's own rivalry with her sister (Abigail) May. In addition to drawing on her own life during the development of ''Little Women,'' Alcott also took influence from several of her earlier works including "The Sisters' Trial", "A Modern Cinderella", and "In the Garret". The characters within these short stories and poems, in addition to Alcott's own family and personal relationships, inspired the general concepts and bases for many of the characters in ''Little Women'' and the author's subsequent novels.

''Little Women'' was well-received, with critics and audiences finding it to be a fresh, natural representation of daily life suitable for many age groups. An '' Eclectic Magazine'' reviewer called it "the very best of books to reach the hearts of the young of any age from six to sixty". With the success of ''Little Women'', Alcott shied away from public attention and would sometimes act as a servant when fans came to her house.

Along with Elizabeth Stoddard, Rebecca Harding Davis, Anne Moncure Crane, and others, Alcott was part of a group of female authors during the Gilded Age who addressed women's issues in a modern and candid manner. Their works were, as one newspaper columnist of the period commented, "among the decided 'signs of the times'".

Louisa May Alcott was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1996.

Later years

In 1877, Alcott helped found the Women's Educational and Industrial Union in Boston. After her youngest sister May died in 1879, Louisa assumed the care of her niece, Lulu, who was named after Louisa. Alcott suffered from chronic health problems in her later years, including vertigo. She and her earliest biographers attributed her illness and death to mercury poisoning. During her American Civil War service, Alcott contracted typhoid fever and was treated with calomel, a compound containing mercury. Recent analysis of Alcott's illness suggests that her chronic health problems may have been associated with an autoimmune disease, not mercury exposure. However, mercury is a known trigger for autoimmune diseases as well. An 1870 portrait of Alcott shows her cheeks to be quite flushed, perhaps with the "butterfly rash" across cheeks and nose which is often characteristic of lupus, but there is no conclusive evidence available for a firm diagnosis.

Alcott died of a stroke at age 55 in Boston, on March 6, 1888, two days after her father's death. She is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord, near Emerson, Hawthorne, and Thoreau, on a hillside now known as Authors' Ridge. Her niece Lulu was only eight years old when Louisa died. She was cared for by Anna Alcott Pratt, then reunited with her father in Europe and lived abroad until her death in 1976.

Louisa frequently wrote in her journals about going on long walks and runs. She challenged prevailing social norms regarding gender by encouraging her young female readers to run as well.

The Alcotts' Concord, Massachusetts home, Orchard House (c. 1650), where the family lived for 25 years and where ''Little Women'' was written and set in 1868, has been a historic house museum since 1912, and pays homage to the Alcotts by focusing on public education and historic preservation. Her Boston home is featured on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.

Selected works

The ''Little Women'' series

* ''Little Women'', or ''Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy'' (1868)
* Second Part of ''Little Women'', or '' Good Wives'', published in 1869 and afterward published together with ''Little Women''.
* '' Little Men: Life at Plumfield with Jo's Boys'' (1871)
* '' Jo's Boys and How They Turned Out: A Sequel to "Little Men"'' (1886)

Novels

* ''The Inheritance'' (1849, unpublished until 1997)
* ''Moods'' (1865, revised 1882)
* ''An Old Fashioned Girl'' (1870)
* ''Will's Wonder Book'' (1870)
* '' Work: A Story of Experience'' (1873)
* ''Beginning Again, Being a Continuation of Work'' (1875)
* '' Eight Cousins'' or ''The Aunt-Hill'' (1875)
* '' Rose in Bloom'': A Sequel to Eight Cousins (1876)
* ''Under the Lilacs'' (1878)
* '' Jack and Jill: A Village Story'' (1880)
* ''Diana and Persis'' (1978, posthumous; incomplete manuscript)

As A. M. Barnard

* ''Behind a Mask, or a Woman's Power'' (1866)
* ''The Abbot's Ghost, or Maurice Treherne's Temptation'' (1867)
* '' A Long Fatal Love Chase'' (1866; first published 1995)

Published anonymously

* ''A Modern Mephistopheles'' (1877)

Short story collections

* ''Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag'' (1872–1882). (66 short stories in six volumes)
** 1. "Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag"
** 2. "Shawl-Straps"
** 3. "Cupid and Chow-Chow"
** 4. "My Girls, Etc."
** 5. "Jimmy's Cruise in the Pinafore, Etc."
** 6. "An Old-Fashioned Thanksgiving, Etc."
* ''Lulu's Library'' (1886–1889) A collection of 32 short stories in three volumes.
* ''Flower Fables'' (1854)
* ''On Picket Duty, and other tales'' (1864)
* ''Morning-Glories and Other Stories'' (1867) Eight fantasy stories and four poems for children, including "A Strange Island", "The Rose Family", "A Christmas Song", "Morning-Glories", "Shadow-Children", "Poppy's Pranks", "What the Swallows Did", "Little Gulliver", "The Whale's Story", "Goldfin and Silvertail".
* ''Kitty's Class Day and Other Stories (Three Proverb Stories)'', 1868, (includes "Kitty's Class Day", "Aunt Kipp" and "Psyche's Art")
* ''Proverb Stories'' (1882)
* ''Spinning-Wheel Stories ''(1884). A collection of 12 short stories.
* ''A Garland for Girls'' (1887). A collection of seven short stories, including "May Flowers", "An Ivy Spray and Ladies' Slippers", "Pansies", "Water-Lilies", "Poppies and Wheat", "Little Button-Rose", and "Mountain-Laurel and Maidenhair".
* ''Morning-Glories and Queen Aster'' (1904) Two short stories.
* '' The Brownie and the Princess'' (2004). A collection of ten short stories.

Other short stories and novelettes

* ''Hospital Sketches'' (1863)
* ''Pauline's Passion and Punishment'' (1863)
* ''Thoreau's Flute'' (1863)
* ''My Contraband'', first published as ''The Brothers'' (1863)
* ''The Mysterious Key and What It Opened'' (1867)
* ''Doctor Dorn's Revenge'' (1868)
* ''La Jeune; or, Actress and Woman'' (1868)
* ''Countess Varazoff'' (1868)
* ''The Romance of a Bouquet'' (1868)
* ''A Laugh and A Look'' (1868)
* ''Perilous Play'' (1869)
* '' Lost in a Pyramid, or the Mummy's Curse''
* '' Transcendental Wild Oats'' (1873) A short piece about Alcott's family and the Transcendental community Fruitlands.
* ''Silver Pitchers, and Independence: A Centennial Love Story'' (1876)
* ''A Whisper in the Dark'' (1877)
* ''The Candy Country'' (1885)
* ''May Flowers'' (1887)
* ''Mountain-Laurel and Maidenhair'' (1887)
* ''Comic Tragedies'' (1893, posthumous)

Songs

* “My Kingdom” (written 1845, published 1875)
* “Oh, the Beautiful Old Story” (1886)
* “What Shall the Little Children Bring” (1884)
* “The Children’s Song” (written 1860, published 1889)
* “Young America” (1861)
* “The John Brown Song” (1862)
* “The Fairy Spring” (1887)
* “Come, Butter, Come” (1867)

In popular culture

''Little Women'' inspired film versions in 1933, 1949, 1994, 2018, and 2019. The novel also inspired television series in 1958, 1970, 1978, and 2017, anime versions in 1981 and 1987, and a 2005 musical. ''Little Women'' also inspired a BBC Radio 4 version in 2017. Geraldine Brooks’s 2006 novel '' March'' tells the backstory of the absent father in ''Little Women''. It won the 2006 Pulitzer Prize.

''Little Men'' inspired film versions in 1934, 1940, and 1998. This novel also was the basis for a 1998 television series. Other films based on Alcott novels and stories are '' An Old-Fashioned Girl'' (1949) and '' An Old Fashioned Thanksgiving'' (2008).

References

Sources cited

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Further reading

*Alcott, Louisa May, May Alcott, and Daniel Shealy. ''Little Women Abroad : The Alcott Sisters' Letters from Europe, 1870-1871''. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008.
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*Eiselein, Gregory & Anne K. Phillips (2016). ''Critical Insights: Louisa May Alcott''. Grey House Publishing. .
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* This book won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography in 2008.
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* Paolucci, Stefano.
Da Piccole donne a Piccoli uomini: Louisa May Alcott ai Colli Albani
'', "Castelli Romani," LVII, n. 6, nov.–dec. 2017, pp. 163–175.
* This book was the basis for a PBSbr>documentary directed by Nancy Porter
.
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* Seiple, Samantha (2019). ''Louisa on the Front Lines: Louisa May Alcott in the Civil War''. New York: Seal Press, Hachette Book Group. .
* Shealy, Daniel (2022). ''Little Women at 150''. University Press of Mississippi. .

External links

Sources
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at Project Gutenberg Australia
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Works by Louisa May Alcott
at Online Books Page

Index entry for Louisa May Alcott
at Poets' Corner

Bibliography
(including primary works and information on secondary literature – critical essays, theses and dissertations)

Archival materials

Guide to Louisa May Alcott papers, MS Am 800.23
a
Houghton Library
Harvard University

Guide to Louisa May Alcott additional papers, 1839–1888, MS Am 2114
a
Houghton Library
Harvard University

Guide to Louisa May Alcott additional papers, 1845–1945, MS Am 1817
a
Houghton Library
Harvard University

Guide to Louisa May Alcott additional papers, 1849–1887, MS Am 1130.13
a
Houghton Library
Harvard University

Guide to Louisa May Alcott papers, MSS 503
a
L. Tom Perry Special Collections
, Brigham Young University

Madeline B. Stern Papers on Louisa May Alcott, MSS 3953
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L. Tom Perry Special Collections
, Brigham Young University

Carolyn Davis collection of Louisa May Alcott
at the University of Maryland Libraries

Other

Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind ‘Little Women’
– American Masters documentary (PBS)

The Louisa May Alcott Society
A scholarly organization devoted to her life and works.

Louisa May Alcott, the real woman who wrote Little Women
Documentary materials.



* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20080407143910/http://ww3.startribune.com/blogs/oldnews/archives/175 ''Minneapolis Tribune'', March 7, 1888, ''Obituary: Miss Louisa M. Alcott''
''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Louisa May Alcott


Louisa May Alcott's Orchard House
Louisa May Alcott's Orchard House historic site in Concord, MA.
* Norwood, Arlisha
"Louisa Alcott"
. National Women's History Museum. 2017.
* Matteson, J. (November 2009)
Little Woman; The devilish, dutiful daughter Louisa May Alcott
. ''Humanities'', ''30''(6), 1–6.
* Hooper, E. (September 23, 2017). Louisa May Alcott
A Difficult Woman Who Got Things Done
. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
* Alcott
'Not The Little Woman You Thought She Was'
. (December 28, 2009). Retrieved March 20, 2018
* Raga, S. (November 29, 2017)
10 Little Facts About Louisa May Alcott
. Retrieved March 20, 2018, National Women's Hall of Fame

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alcott, Louisa May
1832 births
1888 deaths
19th-century American novelists
19th-century American poets
19th-century American women writers
Alcott family
American children's writers
American Civil War nurses
American women nurses
American feminist writers
Suffragists from Massachusetts
Temperance activists from Massachusetts
American women novelists
American women poets
American women's rights activists
Female wartime nurses
Members of the Transcendental Club
Writers from Concord, Massachusetts
Writers from Dedham, Massachusetts
People from South End, Boston
Pseudonymous women writers
Underground Railroad people
American women children's writers
Women in the American Civil War
Novelists from Boston
Novelists from Philadelphia
Writers of Gothic fiction
Sewall family
Quincy family
19th-century pseudonymous writers
Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (Concord, Massachusetts)