The Louis d'or () is any number of
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
coin
A coin is a small, flat (usually depending on the country or value), round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in orde ...
s first introduced by
Louis XIII in 1640. The name derives from the depiction of the portrait of King Louis on one side of the coin; the French royal coat of arms is on the reverse. The coin was replaced by the
French franc
The franc (, ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France. Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money. It ...
at the time of the
revolution and later the similarly valued
Napoléon. The actual value of the coins fluctuated according to monetary and fiscal policy (see
livre tournois
The (; ; abbreviation: ₶.) was one of numerous currencies used in medieval France, and a unit of account (i.e., a monetary unit used in accounting) used in Early Modern France.
The 1262 monetary reform established the as 20 , or 80.88 ...
), but in 1726 the value was stabilized.
The 1640 issue of Louis d’or contained five denominations: a half Louis and a one, two, four, and eight Louis. All subsequent issues through 1793 were only denominated in half, one, and two Louis.
Louis XIII
The Louis d'or (a gold coin) replaced the
franc which had been in circulation (in theory) since
John II. In actual practice the principal gold coin circulating in France in the earlier 17th century had been Spanish: the 6.7-gram double ''escudo'' or "
doubloon", of which the ''Louis d'or'' was an explicit copy. There also existed a half-Louis coin (the ''demi-louis d'or'') and a two-Louis coin (the ''double louis d'or'').
The Louis d'or fixed several problems with previous French gold coinage.
Louis XIII previously struck coins from 23 carat gold even though
Charles V had made 22 carats the de facto international standard for gold coinage a century earlier.
[Coins in History, John Porteous , p 210.] Royal edicts had set the official values of his gold coins so low that it was profitable to export them.
Since they were still made by hand, cheaters could shave bits of gold from the edges of the coins before passing them on, an illegal process called clipping. To fix this,
Jean Varin, a medalist from Liège, installed machinery in the Paris mint which made perfectly round coins so that clipping could not go undetected.
The new demi Louis d'or maintained the weight of the old écu d’or, but decreasing its fineness to 22 carats, allowing it to circulate at a value of five
livres. Its double, the Louis d'or had the weight and fineness of the Spanish
pistole, or two escudo coins, which was an international trade currency.
Smaller values were available through a number of silver coins – the
écu (sometimes called the ''louis d'argent''), also available in , and écu denominations (60, 30 and 15 ''sous'') – and copper coins:
sous (''s''.) and
deniers (''d''.).
The Louis d'or under Louis XIII had a dimension of about 25 mm, and a weight of 6.75 g.
* Recto: the king's head turned to the right with the
motto "LVD XIII DG – FR ET NAV REX" (
LVDOVICVS XIII DEI GRATIA FRANCIAE ET NAVARRAE REX "Louis XIII, by the grace of God king of France and of Navarre").
* Verso: the royal
monogram (4 double "L"s surmounted by a crown with
fleur de lis) and the motto "CHRS REGN VINC IMP" (
CHRISTVS REGNAT VINCIT IMPERAT "Christ reigns, conquers and commands").
* Engraver:
Jean Varin (1604–1672)
The double louis has a size of 28.5 mm and a weight of 13.47 g. The quatruple louis has a size of 35 mm and a weight of 26.88 g. The 10 louis has a size of 44 mm and a weight of 66.87 g. One of these was sold in 2012 for 210,000 euros, which makes it the most expensive French coin of any time. The half louis has a size of 20 mm and a weight of 3.34 g.
Louis XIV
The Louis d'or under
Louis XIV
, house = Bourbon
, father = Louis XIII
, mother = Anne of Austria
, birth_date =
, birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
, death_date =
, death_place = Palace of Ve ...
was similar in most respects to its predecessor and had a dimension of +/- 25 mm, and a weight of 6.75 g.
* Recto: the king's head turned to the right with the
motto "LVD XIIII DG – FR ET NAV REX" (
LVDOVICVS XIIII DEI GRATIA FRANCIAE ET NAVARRAE REX "Louis XIV, by the grace of God king of France and of Navarre").
* Verso: the royal
monogram (4 double "L"s surmounted by a crown with
fleur de lis) and the motto "CHRS REGN VINC IMP" ("Christ reigns, defeats and commands").
* Engraver: Jean Varin (1604–1672)
Louis XV
Under
Louis XV
Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (french: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached ...
, mintage of the Louis d’or was at first reduced while
John Law introduced paper money. After Law's system failed and
Cardinal Fleury became Louis XV's chief magistrate in 1726, France returned to a policy of sound money and the mintage of the Louis d’or returned to normal levels. The weight of the Louis d’or was now increased to 8.1580 g and gold content of 0.2405 troy oz, it was revalued at 20 ''
livres'' (''₶.''), and a commitment was made to maintain this valuation. This promise was kept until 1740 when the louis d’or was revalued to 24''
₶.'', thereby effecting a 20% devaluation of the
livre. This was the last devaluation until the French revolution replaced the louis d’or by the franc.
* Recto: Crowned young head. Notable changes were made to the portrait when the weight of the Louis d’or was stabilized in 1726 and when it was revalued in 1740.
* Verso: The early coinage of Louis XV has a variety of rapidly changing reverse types. When the value of the Louis d’or was stabilized in 1726, a reverse type with the coats of arms of France and Navarre in two ovals was adopted. This reverse earned the coin the nickname "Louis aux lunettes", i.e. Louis with glasses.
* Engraver: Norbert Roettiers (1703–1748)
Louis XVI
The Louis d'or under
Louis XVI
Louis XVI (''Louis-Auguste''; ; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as ''Citizen Louis Capet'' during the four months just before he was e ...
was minted between 1785 and 1792 and had a dimension of 23 mm, and a weight of 7.6490 g, a fineness of 0.917, and gold content of 0.2255 troy oz. The double louis has a size of 28.5 mm and a weight of 15.26 g.
* Recto: the king's head turned to the left with the
motto "LVD XVI DG – FR ET NAV REX" (
LVDOVICVS XVI DEI GRATIA FRANCIAE ET NAVARRAE REX "Louis XVI, by the grace of God king of France and of Navarre").
* Verso: Crowned arms of France and Navarre.
* Engraver:
B. Duvivier
Louis d'or "constitutionnel"
During the
French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are conside ...
there was a coin named the "Louis d'or constitutionnel", a coin of the
First French Republic
In the history of France, the First Republic (french: Première République), sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, and officially the French Republic (french: République française), was founded on 21 September 1792 ...
. Engraved on the coin is "24 livres".
Louis XVIII
Contrary to what one might expect, the 20-franc gold coin under Louis XVIII was not a Louis d'or but a Napoléon gold coin. Because of the new monetary law under
Napoleon I, all the 20 francs gold coins from Napoleon I to the 20-franc "coq" are Napoleon gold coins.
Royal Canadian Mint issues
In July 1725, the ship
''Chameau'' left France for Quebec, carrying dozens of military and political VIPs and a fortune in gold and silver, but sank near the end of the voyage.
In 1961, a discovery of cannons scattered on the sea bottom alerted Alex Storm, a diver working part-time on a fishing trawler from Louisbourg.
Storm carefully mapped the wreckage of the Chameau to locate the treasure compartment. In 1965, after several years of searching, the gold was found and the mystery of the treasure was solved.
The
Royal Canadian Mint
}) is the mint of Canada and a Crown corporation, operating under the ''Royal Canadian Mint Act''. The shares of the Mint are held in trust for the Crown in right of Canada.
The Mint produces all of Canada's circulation coins, and manufactur ...
commemorated this by creating a 1/20th ounce gold coin. The coin was released in October 2006 and was composed of 99.99% pure gold. Its face value was one Canadian dollar and had a limited mintage of 10,000 coins.
[The Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 61st Edition] This numismatic coin, named the Gold Louis, had a weight of 1.555 grams and a diameter of 14.1 mm. Obverse: Queen Elizabeth II. Reverse: the royal
monogram (4 double "L"s) surmounted by a crown with
fleur de lis and the motto "CHRS REGN VINC IMP" (''Christus regnat, vincit, et imperat''. Latin > "Christ reigns, conquers and commands"). Engravers: Royal Canadian Mint engravers.
See also
*
Friedrich d'or
*
Napoléon (coin)
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
*
External links
*
{{Authority control
Gold coins
Coins of France
Early Modern currencies
Modern obsolete currencies
Economic history of the Ancien Régime
1640 establishments in France