''Los disparates'' (''The Follies''), also known as ''Proverbios'' (''

Proverb A proverb (from la, proverbium) is a simple and insightful, traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth based on common sense or experience. Proverbs are often metaphorical and use formulaic speech, formulaic language. A proverbial phra ...

s'') or ''Sueños'' (''

Dream A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. Humans spend about two hours dreaming per night, and each dream lasts around 5 to 20 minutes, althou ...

s''), is a series of

prints In molecular biology, the PRINTS database is a collection of so-called "fingerprints": it provides both a detailed annotation resource for protein families, and a diagnostic tool for newly determined sequences. A fingerprint is a group of conserve ...

etching Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types ...

and

aquatint Aquatint is an intaglio printmaking technique, a variant of etching that produces areas of tone rather than lines. For this reason it has mostly been used in conjunction with etching, to give both lines and shaded tone. It has also been used h ...

, with retouching in

drypoint Drypoint is a printmaking technique of the intaglio family, in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix") with a hard-pointed "needle" of sharp metal or diamond point. In principle, the method is practically identical to engraving. The ...

and

engraving Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a Burin (engraving), burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or Glass engraving, glass ...

, created by

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ai ...

and

printmaker Printmaking is the process of creating work of art, artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces. "Traditional printmaking" normally covers only the process of creating prints using a hand proce ...

Francisco Goya Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; ; 30 March 174616 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His paintings, drawings, and ...

between 1815 and 1823. Goya created the series while he lived in his house near Manzanares (Quinta del Sordo) on the walls of which he painted the famous ''

Black Paintings The ''Black Paintings'' (Spanish: ''Pinturas negras'') is the name given to a group of 14 paintings by Francisco Goya from the later years of his life, likely between 1819 and 1823. They portray intense, haunting themes, reflective of both his ...

''. When he left to

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

and moved in

Bordeaux Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefectur ...

in 1824, he left these works in Madrid apparently incomplete. During Goya's lifetime, the series was not published because of the oppressive political climate and of the

Inquisition The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, conducting trials of suspected heretics. Studies of the records have found that the overwhelming majority of sentences consisted of penances, ...

. ''The disparates'' series was first published by the

Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (RABASF; ), located on the Calle de Alcalá in the heart of Madrid, currently functions as a museum and gallery. A public law corporation, it is integrated together with other Spanish royal acad ...

in 1864 under the title ''Proverbios'' Ives, Colta Feller & Susan Alyson Stein (en inglés)
''Goya in the Metropolitan Museum of Art'', pp. 26-8. Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) 1995.

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

. Retrieved 7 May 2017. (''Proverbs''). In this edition, the titles given to the works are Spanish proverbs. The series is an enigmatic album of twenty-two prints (originally eighteen; four works were added later) which is the last major series of prints by Goya, which the artist created during the last years of his life. The scenes of the ''Disparates'', which are difficult to explain, include dark, dream-like scenes that scholars have related to political issues, traditional proverbs and the Spanish

carnival Carnival is a Catholic Christian festive season that occurs before the liturgical season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typi ...

Title and ordering

Although Goya did not name the series, the

Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (RABASF; ), located on the Calle de Alcalá in the heart of Madrid, currently functions as a museum and gallery. A public law corporation, it is integrated together with other Spanish royal acad ...

published eighteen prints in 1864 with the name "Proverbs". Vicente Carderera and Jaime Machén, who first worked on these plates, referred to them as "Caprichos" or "Fantastic Caprices". Later the name "Proverbs" came up, and Carderera referred to the series in 1863 as "Dreams," perhaps because of the dreamlike nature of many of the prints. However, in Goya's

artist's proof An artist's proof is an impression of a print taken in the printmaking process to see the current printing state of a plate while the plate (or stone, or woodblock) is being worked on by the artist. A proof may show a clearly incomplete image, ofte ...

s, many of the prints contain titles including "Disparates", by which the series is most commonly known today. The academic edition of 1864 used a random sequence, as there was no way to establish the intended ordering of the series. Later, when "state proofs" prepared by Goya were known it was found that there were two numbers, one in the upper left corner and the other in the upper right, which also did not coincide in order. Perhaps because of this, there is no agreement on the logical continuity of this series. The highest number found is 25, which has led specialists to suppose that this was the total number of prints planned.

Dating

Los Disparates has been dated to between 1815-1824, the year Goya left Spain. It is thought that the series had twenty-five prints, of which only twenty-two remain. The first would have to have been made immediately upon the completion of ''

La Tauromaquia 250px, Νο.18: ''The Daring of Martincho in the Ring at perspective, depicting the viewers in a rather unusual way in order to give to more dynamism to the work. image:Autorretrato en el taller, Francisco de Goya.jpg, 130px, ''Self - portrait'' ...

'' since in the drawing album that the critic Cean Bermudez had, and which is preserved in the

British Museum The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It docum ...

, the state proof of ''disparates'' no. 13 (''A way of flying'') appears after the last of ''La Tauromaquia''. In addition, the investigations of Jesusa Vega, confirm that the copper plates and the type of paper of the Disparates are the same and belong to the same batch as those used in ''La Tauromaquia''. Valeriano Bozal and other authors, such as Dr. Vega herself, dated the series between 1815 or 1816 and 1819,Bozal, (1994), p. 57 in which, due to the serious illness he suffered, he interrupted the work, which he would not resume and dedicated himself completely to the

at his farm in the Quinta del Sordo. Although it cannot be ruled out that Goya continued working on the Disparates between 1819 and 1823, it has been claimed that working on both projects simultaneously would have involved an excessive burden of work for the artist, who was over seventy years old. On the other hand, the satirical charge, violence and buried sexuality of these prints would collide with the Fernandian absolutism of the restoration between 1814 and the Liberal Triennium of

Rafael del Riego Rafael del Riego y Flórez (7 April 1784 – 7 November 1823) was a Spanish general and liberal politician, who played a key role in the outbreak of the Liberal Triennium (''Trienio liberal'' in Spanish). Early life Riego was born on 7 April ...

in 1820. All this leads critics to think that the painter, was not able to or did not consider it convenient to publish them, he must have kept the plates and abandoned the continuation of the series. In any case, it was difficult for such a work to bring him significant economic benefits, given that La Tauromaquia (a series with a more popular theme and therefore with greater commercial possibilities) did not sell as well as expected. The plates of Los Disparates remained in the hands of Goya's descendants until the middle of the 19th century. In 1854, Román Garreta bought eighteen with a view to their publication. Two years later they were in the possession of Jaime Machén, who in 1856 attempted to sell them to the Spanish administration, which was not achieved until 1862, when these eighteen were acquired by the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, which they published in 1864, in a circulation of three hundred and sixty copies in the workshop of Laurenciano Poderno, with the title of Proverbs. Four more plates, belonging to the same series and not published by the Academy, were the property of

Eugenio Lucas Velázquez Eugenio Lucas Velázquez (9 February 1817 – 11 September 1870) was a Spanish painter in the Romantic style, known for genre and costumbrista scenes which often featured fantastic elements. Nineteenth-century sources refer to him as Eugenio Lu ...

since at least 1856; later they went to France, where they were published in the L'Art magazine in 1877. In July 2011, those four copper plates entered the prints and drawings department of the

Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central l ...

Analysis

Preparatory drawings in

gouache Gouache (; ), body color, or opaque watercolor is a water-medium paint consisting of natural pigment, water, a binding agent (usually gum arabic or dextrin), and sometimes additional inert material. Gouache is designed to be opaque. Gouache h ...

have been conserved of fifteen prints, for the most part preserved in the

Prado The Prado Museum ( ; ), officially known as Museo Nacional del Prado, is the main Spanish national art museum An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the display of art, usually from the museum's own collection. It migh ...

. Six other drawings are also known that were not made into prints, giving a total of twenty-one preparatory drawings of ''Los Disparates''. The changes introduced between the drawing and the final print are greater than in the rest of Goya's graphic work. For example, in the preparatory drawing for ''Cruel folly'' (#6), a soldier appears, expelling a group of people with his rifle at a military sentry box. In the final picture the soldier is a civilian, the sentry box has disappeared, and the rifle has become a pike with which it pierces the face of a man. File:Disparates 06.jpg, ''Los Disparates'' no.6 File:Dibujo preparatorio al Disparate 6. Disparate furioso.jpg, Preparatory drawing for ''Los Disparates'' no.6 For many scholars, the enigma of the work lies in possible

iconographic Iconology is a method of interpretation in cultural history and the history of the visual arts used by Aby Warburg, Erwin Panofsky and their followers that uncovers the cultural, social, and historical background of themes and subjects in the visu ...

interpretations.Gaspar Gómez, (1969), p. 237 Critics such as

Charles Yriarte Charles Yriarte (Paris 5 December 1832 – 10 April 1898 Paris) was a French writer and draughtsman, although his family was originally from Spain. He studied architecture in the École des Beaux-Arts and in 1856 became inspector of governm ...

(among others), saw the series as a continuation of ''

Los Caprichos ''Los caprichos'' (''The Caprices)'' is a set of 80 prints in aquatint and etching created by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya in 1797–1798, and published as an album in 1799. The prints were an artistic experiment: a medium for Goya's condem ...

'' and with the latest prints of ''

The Disasters of War ''The Disasters of War'' ( es, Los desastres de la guerra) is a series of 8280 prints in the first published edition (1863), for which the last two plates were not available. See "Execution". prints created between 1810 and 1820 by the Spani ...

'', the so-called "emphatic caprices". Beyond the semantic relationship between "folly" and "caprice", the recovery of the element of political and social satire, as a common space, was emphasized. Almost all the authors, however, emphasize as characteristic and somewhat exclusive elements of the Disparates, the high degree of fantasy, the presentation of nightmare scenes, the grotesque and monstrous aspect of the characters that inhabit it, together with their lack of logic, or at least a logic different from traditional sanity. All this has made this work be considered closer to the

. In the 20th century,

avant-garde The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical ...

and

expressionist Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it rad ...

artists, such as

Paul Klee Paul Klee (; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented wi ...

Emil Nolde Emil Nolde (born Hans Emil Hansen; 7 August 1867 – 13 April 1956) was a German-Danish painter and printmaker. He was one of the first Expressionists, a member of Die Brücke, and was one of the first oil painting and watercolor painters of th ...

, highlighted the "modernity" of the ''Disparates'', although their interpretations were highly subjective. Attempts have been made to analyze ''Los Disparates'' in the light of

psychoanalysis PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might b ...

, emphasizing their sexual and violent character. It has also been proposed to return to the title of ''Proverbs'' of the 1864 edition, in this sense of analyzing the series as "an illustration of proverbs or sayings", as happens in the satirical painting of the Netherlands (Such as in the work of

Pieter Bruegel the Elder Pieter Bruegel (also Brueghel or Breughel) the Elder (, ; ; – 9 September 1569) was the most significant artist of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, a painter and printmaker, known for his landscapes and peasant scenes (so-called genr ...

. Nigel Glendinning relates many of the motifs to the tradition of the carnival, a line of research suggested by

Ramón Gómez de la Serna Ramón Gómez de la Serna y Puig (3 July 1888 in Madrid – 13 January 1963 in Buenos Aires) was a Spanish writer, dramatist and avant-garde agitator. He strongly influenced surrealist film maker Luis Buñuel. Ramón Gómez de la Serna was esp ...

. Glendinning observes that one of the carnival traits is that of subversion of everything that represents authority. Institutions such as marriage, the army and the clergy. In almost all of ''Los Disparates'' it is shown how the representation of power is overthrown, humiliated, ignored or ridiculed. In ''Clear folly'' (#15), a man in a military outfit appears to be thrown out of a scenario that a group of people are struggling to cover with a tarp. In ''Feminine folly'' (#1), a doll thrown by women wears a military uniform. In ''Fearful folly'' (#2), a soldier runs away in terror from someone who has disguised himself in large, ghost-like sheets. Despite the fact that the face peeking out from a sleeve gives him away, the military man does not notice it. This satire of the establishment, perhaps a simple Goyesque mockery, is repeated in ''Carnaval foll'' (#16) where a military man is seen in the centre of the crowd asleep, possibly drunk or unconscious, but unquestionably presented as ridiculous. Several critics insist on the leading role of the ridiculed marriage sacrament, and venture possible allusions to the marriage of

Leocadia Zorrilla Leocadia Zorrilla, married name Leocadia Weiss (9 December 1788, Madrid – 7 August 1856, Madrid), was the old-age companion of Spanish painter Francisco Goya, and mother of the artist Rosario Weiss Zorrilla. Biography Leocadia was orphane ...

with her husband and the relationship she had with Goya until the painter's death. "The exhortations" (#16), has been interpreted as a reflection on infidelity in which a woman holds a man who is leaving, and who in turn is advised or rebuked by a character who appears to be dressed as a priest . The woman, on the other hand, is drawn by the arm of an old woman of towards two characters with triple and double faces. Another episode of fleeing or escape is presented in ''Poor folly'' (#11), or at least flight of a beautiful young woman from an pale character - which has been suggested as a representation of

death Death is the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain an organism. For organisms with a brain, death can also be defined as the irreversible cessation of functioning of the whole brain, including brainstem, and brain ...

— and another with tousled hair. The young woman seeks refuge in what appears to be the porch of a church populated by old women, cripples and beggars. The background, between light and dark with burnished aquatint, seems unreal, and gives the print a light from another world. Relations between women and old wretches reappear in ''Merry folly'' (#12), where an old man with a huge

truss A truss is an assembly of ''members'' such as beams, connected by ''nodes'', that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assembl ...

dances in a circle with women with large cleavages. The prints that suggest satires of vices are equally enigmatic and abound in the absence of logical parameters that allow us to decipher the subject of the prints. ''Flying Nonsense'' shows a strange flying mythological animal or being, perhaps a

hippogriff The hippogriff, or sometimes spelled hippogryph ( el, Ἱππόγρυπας), is a legendary creature with the front half of an eagle and the hind half of a horse. It was invented by Ludovico Ariosto in his ''Orlando Furioso'', at the beginning o ...

, whose haunches are ridden by a man and a woman. She seems to struggle as if she had been kidnapped against her will, or she has eloped with her lover and her uneasiness is an allegory of sexual debauchery. Another equine parable, in ''Kidnapping horse'' (#10), shows a woman snatched by a bite by a horse, an animal symbolically associated with sexual potency.

The works of the series

The prints of the plates that are displayed below were published in 1864 (first edition) and are part of the collection of Museo Nacional del Prado The dimensions given refer to the size of the image (also called the platemark) rather than the sheet, as the printed image remained the same size while the size of the sheet varies with different versions. The images are available on th
website of the museum
which is the source of the dimensions and the Spanish titles of the works mentioned in this article. The source of the English titles i
goya.unizar.es
Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 01 - Disparate femenino.jpg, Νο. 1: ''Disparate femenino'' ''
(Feminine folly)''
24.3 x 35.3 cm Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 02 - Disparate de miedo.jpg, Νο. 2: ''Disparate de miedo'' ''
(Fearful folly)''
24.4 x 35,3 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 03 - Disparate ridículo.jpg, Νο. 3: ''Disparate ridículo''
''(Ridiculous folly)''
24.5 x 35.3 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 04 - Bobalicón.jpg, Νο. 4: ''Bobalicón''
''(Simpleton's folly)''
24.3 x 35.2& cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 05 - Disparate volante.jpg, Νο. 5: ''Disparate volante''
''(Flying folly)''
24.4 x 35.2 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 06 - Disparate cruel.jpg, Νο. 6: ''Disparate cruel''
''(Cruel folly)''
24.3 x 35.1 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 07 - Disparate desordenado.jpg, Νο. 7: ''Disparate desordenado''
''(Disordered folly)''
24.4 x 35.2 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 08 - Los ensacados.jpg, Νο. 8: ''Los ensacados''
''(Folly in sacks)''
24.4 x 35.1 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 09 - Disparate general.jpg, Νο. 9: ''Disparate general''
''(General folly)''
24.1 x 35.1 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 10 - El caballo raptor.jpg, Νο. 10: ''El caballo raptor''
''(Kidnapping horse)''
24.4 x 35.3 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 11 - Disparate pobre.jpg, Νο. 11: ''Disparate pobre''
''(Poor folly)''
24.4 x 35.2 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 12 - Disparate alegre.jpg, Νο. 12: ''Disparate alegre''
''(Merry folly)''
24.3 x 35.2 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 13 - Modo de volar.jpg, Νο. 13: ''Modo de volar''
''( A way of flying)''
24.4 x 35.3 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 14 - Disparate de carnaval.jpg, Νο. 14: ''Disparate de carnaval''
''(Carnaval folly)''
24.2 x 35.2 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 15 - Disparate claro.jpg, Νο. 15: ''Disparate claro''
''(Clear folly)''
24,3 x 35,2 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 16 - Las exhortaciones.jpg, Νο. 16: ''Las exhortaciones''
''(The exhortations)''
24.4 x 35.3 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 17 - La lealtad.jpg, Νο. 17: '' La lealtad''
''(Loyalty)''
24.4 x 35.1 cm. Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1864) - No. 18 - Disparate fúnebre.jpg, Νο. 18: ''Disparate fúnebre''
''(Funereal folly)''
24.3 x 35.2 cm.

The 4 works which were added later

Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1877) - Disparate de toritos.jpg, ''Disparate de toritos'', 24,3 x 35,5 cm. (platemark)/30,6 x 44,5 cm. (sheet) Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1877) - Disparate de bestia.jpg, ''Disparate de bestia'', 24,3 x 35,5 cm. (platemark)/30 x 42,8 cm. (sheet) Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1877) - Disparate conocido.jpg, ''Disparate conocido'', 24,2 x 35,6 cm. (platemark)/30,1 x 44,1 cm. (sheet) Image:Prado - Los Disparates (1877) - Disparate puntual.jpg, ''Disparate puntual'', 24,6 x 35,6 cm. (platemark)/30,2 x 43,8 cm. (sheet)

Preparatory drawings for the series

Goya produced gouache drawings for fifteen of the prints. All drawings except for Modo de Volar are from the collection of the Prado Museum. File:Goya Disparate femenino drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Disparate femenina'' File:Goya Disparate de miedo drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Disparate de miedo'' File:Goya Disparate ridículo drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Disparate ridículo'' File:Goya Bobalicón drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Bobalicón'' File:Goya Disparate cruel drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Disparate cruel'' File:Goya Disparate desordenado drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Disparate desordenado'' File:Goya Los ensacados drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Los ensacados'' File:Goya Disparate general drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Disparate general'' File:Goya El caballo raptor drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''El Caballo raptor'' File:Goya Disparate pobre drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Disparate pobre'' File:Goya Disparate alegre drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Disparate alegre'' File:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes - Ways of Flying - Google Art Project.jpg, Drawing for ''Modo de Volar'' File:Goya Disparate claro drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Disparate claro'' File:Goya Las exhortaciones drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''Las exhortaciones'' File:Goya La lealtad drawing.jpg, Drawing for ''La lealtad''

Drawings not turned into prints

File:Goya Los elefantes (Disparate de bestia) drawing.jpg, ''Los elefantes (Disparate de bestia)'' File:Goya La desesperación de Satán drawing.jpg, ''La desesperación de Satán'' File:Goya El tragafuego drawing.jpg, ''El tragafuego'' File:Goya Dos personajes asomándose a una salida luminosa drawing.jpg, ''Dos personajes asomándose a una salida luminosa'' File:Goya Personajes trepando sobre un gigante acostado drawing.jpg, ''Personajes trepando sobre un gigante acostado'' File:Goya El pavo real vanidoso drawing.jpg, ''El pavo real vanidoso''

Notes

References

Bibliography

*Bozal, Valeriano (2005). ''Francisco Goya, life and work'' II. 2 vols. Madrid: Tf Editores. pp. 199-217. . *Bozal, Valeriano (1994). Goya (1994 edition). Madrid: Alianza Editorial. pp. 57-60. . *Carrete Parrondo, Juan; Centellas Salamero, Ricardo; Fatás Cabeza, Guillermo (1996). ''Goya ¡Qué valor! V. Disparates''. Zaragoza: Caja de Ahorros de la Inmaculada. . *Glendinning, Nigel (1993). ''"Francisco de Goya", Art and its creators''. Cuadernos de Historia 16 (30). D.L.34276-1993. *Gómez de la Serna, Gaspar (1969). ''Goya and his Spain''. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. . *Gómez de la Serna, Ramón (1958). "VI.5". ''Goya'' (Austral collection edition). Espasa Calpe. pp. 95-101. . «El ‘Deseado’ y otros disparates».

External links

Goya en el Prado, ''Disparates''
* * {{DEFAULTSORT:disparates, The 19th-century etchings 1810s prints 1820s prints Prints by Francisco Goya Horses in art