The Longyan dialect (), also known as Longyan Minnan () or ''Liong¹¹l¹¹³³⁴'', is a dialect of

Hokkien The Hokkien () variety of Chinese is a Southern Min language native to and originating from the Minnan region, where it is widely spoken in the south-eastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China. It is one of the national languages in ...

spoken in the urban city area of Longyan (eastern Longyan) in the province of

Fujian Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capi ...

, China while Hakka is spoken in rural villages of Longyan (western part). The Longyan Min people had settled in the region from southern part of

Fujian Province Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its cap ...

as early as the

Tang dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...

period (618–907). Although Longyan Min has some Hakka influence to a limited extent by the peasant

Hakka Chinese Hakka (, , ) forms a language group of varieties of Chinese, spoken natively by the Hakka people throughout Southern China and Taiwan and throughout the diaspora areas of East Asia, Southeast Asia and in overseas Chinese communities around th ...

language due to close distance of rural village

Hakka The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas are a Han Chinese subgroup whose ancestral homes are chiefly in the Hakka-speaking provincial areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhej ...

peasants of the region, Longyan Min is a close dialect of the Minnan language and has more number of tones than Hakka (eight as compared to six). The Longyan dialect has a high but limited intelligibility with

Southern Min Southern Min (), Minnan (Mandarin pronunciation: ) or Banlam (), is a group of linguistically similar and historically related Sinitic languages that form a branch of Min Chinese spoken in Fujian (especially the Minnan region), most of Taiwan ( ...

dialects such as

–

Taiwanese Taiwanese may refer to: * Taiwanese language, another name for Taiwanese Hokkien * Something from or related to Taiwan ( Formosa) * Taiwanese aborigines, the indigenous people of Taiwan * Han Taiwanese, the Han people of Taiwan * Taiwanese people, ...

. Today, Longyan Minnan is predominantly spoken in Longyan's urban district

Xinluo District Xinluo District (; Hakka: Sîn-lò-khî) is a district of Longyan, Fujian Province, China, with a population of approximately 842,000. It was formerly named Longyan County (). As Xinluo is a part of the Minnan Hokkien territory, the Longyan ...

while Zhangzhou Minnan is spoken in Zhangping City excluding Chishui and Shuangyang towns where Longyan Minnan is spoken. Hakka on the other hand is spoken in the non-urban rest of the rural areas of Longyan prefecture:

Changting County (; Hakka: Tshòng-tin), also known as Tingzhou or Tingchow (), is a county in western Fujian province, People's Republic of China. With a population of 480,000 and an area of , Changting is the fifth largest county in the provinc The majority of ...

Liancheng County Liancheng County () is a county in the municipal region of Longyan, Fujian, People's Republic of China. Geography Liancheng borders Changting county, Changting and Shanghang county, Shanghang counties to the west and south, and Xinluo District, X ...

Shanghang County Shanghang (; hak, Sông-hông-yen) is a county in southwest Fujian Province, China, bordering Guangdong Province to the southwest. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Longyan. Transportation Part of Shanghang County i ...

Wuping County Wuping (; Hakka: Vú-phìn) is a county in of southwestern Fujian province, People's Republic of China, bordering Guangdong to the south and Jiangxi to the west. It is under the administration of Longyan City. Administration The county executive, ...

, and

Yongding District Yongding () may refer to: *Yongding River, in Beijing * Yongding District, Longyan, a district in Longyan, Fujian *Yongding District, Zhangjiajie, a district in Zhangjiajie, Hunan *Yongding Subdistrict, a subdistrict in Yongding District, Zhangjiaj ...

. Branner suggests that the Xinluo and Zhangping dialects should be grouped with the Datian dialect as a coastal Min group separate from both Southern Min and Eastern Min. However, he argues that the dialect of Wan'an township, in the northern part of Xinluo district, is a coastal Min variety separate from all of these.

Phonology

The Longyan dialect has 14 initials, 65 rimes, and 8 tones.

Initials

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

Rimes

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

Tones

Tone sandhi

The Longyan dialect has extremely extensive tone

sandhi Sandhi ( sa, सन्धि ' , "joining") is a cover term for a wide variety of sound changes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries. Examples include fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of one sound depending on near ...

rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

Phonology

Initials

Rimes

Tones

Tone sandhi

References

Further reading