Longear sunfish

The longear sunfish (''Lepomis megalotis'') is a freshwater fish in the sunfish family, Centrarchidae, of order Perciformes. It is native to the area of eastern North America stretching from the Great Lakes down to northeastern Mexico.Berra, Tim and Gunning, Gerald (1972). "Seasonal movement and home range of the longear sunfish, ''lepomis megalotis'' (rafinesque) in Louisiana". ''American Midland Naturalist'', 88 (2): 368–375. The longear sunfish reaches a maximum recorded length of about 24 cm (9.5 in), with a maximum recorded weight of 790g (1.7 lb).Bonner, T (2007
"''Lepomis megalotis:'' Longear sunfish"
''Texas Freshwater Fishes'', Texas State University. Most do not live beyond six years. The longear sunfish is quite colorful, with an olive to rusty-brown back, bright orange belly and blue-green bars on the sides of its head. A unique characteristic is their elongated operculum flap, giving an appearance of a "long ear".

The species prefers densely vegetated, shallow waters in lakes, ponds, and sluggish streams. Its diet can include insects, aquatic invertebrates, and small fish. Avoiding strong currents, longear sunfish are usually present in small to moderate flowing streams, rivers, and reservoirs.Mullaney, M (2003
"''Lepomis megalotis''"
Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan. Accessed 24 November 2013. The genus ''Lepomis'' has a well-characterized mating behavior where parental care is done by the male. He makes and defends the nest. Males fan the eggs to remove silt and other debris until the larvae hatch. Some longear females produce 4,000 eggs.Witt, Arthur (1954) "Spawning and behavior of the longear sunfish, ''lepomis megalotis megalotis''". ''Copeia'', 3: 188–190. They spawn in groups but do not form large colonies.

Longear sunfish are better at getting food in moving waters than still waters. This may explain why they are more abundant in streams than lakes. For the most part, longear sunfish are active during the day and inactive at night. There are very few conservation acts currently being performed in order to maintain the distribution and abundance of this species.Lyons J (2013
"Longear sunfish ''(lepomis megalotis)''"
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Updated 18 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.

Geographic distribution

Longear sunfish are found in North America, primarily in the Mississippi and Great Lakes regions.Fuller, Pam and Matt Cannister (2012
''Lepomis megalotis''
Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, United States Geological Survey. Updated 20 January 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2013. Longear sunfish are mostly found in freshwater areas west of the Appalachian Mountains.Berra, Tim and Gunning, Gerald (1970). "Repopulation of experimentally decimated sections of streams by longear sunfish, ''lepomis megalotis'' (rafinesque)". ''Transactions of the American Fisheries Society'', 99 (4): 776–781. Some Lepomis populations are located as far north and west as southern Quebec and Minnesota. The species has also been spotted in places as far south and west as central Mexico and New Mexico. The native territory of the longear sunfish is exclusive to the North American Continent. It is found primarily in the Mississippi and Great Lakes watersheds. The longear sunfish is restricted in range to certain large streams. This species can be located in the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and Mississippi River. The species has been introduced to stream ecosystems along the eastern coast of the United States. The distribution of the longear sunfish throughout North America has not been affected since the species has been followed. This may be due to the species' ability to travel throughout large bodies of water, thus avoiding dams and man-made interferences along smaller streams. They are also able to occupy different body of water types, thus making them more resilient to a decrease in their range distribution.

Ecology

Longear sunfish feed more extensively near the surface of the water than other sunfish species. ''Lepomis megalotis'' is mostly a carnivorous fish that eats aquatic insects, small crustaceans, fish eggs, young bass, and even young sunfish. They have also been observed eating dragonflies and other insects which travel over the surface of the water. Other observed prey have been detritus, gnat larvae, snails, day flies and leeches. The diets of adult longear (longer than 102 mm) are composed of terrestrial insects (37%), fish (31%), aquatic insects (21%), and fish eggs (7%). Largemouth bass, smallmouth bass and wading birds are all natural predators to the longear sunfish.Mullaney M, Poor A and Fink W
Longear sunfish
Biokids, University of Michigan. Retrieved 25 November 2013. Smaller species of longear can be preyed on by larger sunfish populations. Sunfish are an important link in the food chain. They act as both predator and prey within their ecosystems. Other sunfish species and larger predatory fishes compete with the longear for food and resources.

Longear sunfish, like additional members of the family Centrarchidae, are freshwater fish. They prefer streams with a firm clay bottom or gravel with clear waters and they typically stay nearby aquatic vegetation. Although more abundant near the sources of streams, sunfish can be found in water sources of all sizes and are also found in lakes. Longear sunfish usually reside in shallower, warmer headwaters of streams with a steady flow. They spend most of their time near aquatic vegetation, or other forms of cover such as roots, brush piles, and undercut banks. This allows for them to hide from potential predators. Sunfish species are especially intolerant to turbid waters. Human-induced changes to stream ecosystems could potentially disrupt the sunfish distribution. Destruction of aquatic vegetation from human runoff could destroy aquatic plants that are essential for the protection and cover of this species against predators. Chemical runoff into large rivers could also disturb the pH of the longear's natural ecosystem.

Life history

Longear sunfish tend to breed during the late spring and early summer (late May to late August). During breeding seasons they are generally found in shallower, warmer waters near the sources of streams which have pools. Like most other members of ''Lepomis'', longear sunfish are colonial nesters.Keenleyside, Miles (1972
"Intraspecific intrusions into nests of spawning longear sunfish"
''Copeia'', 2: 272–278. Male longear sunfish build the nests without assistance from the females. Preferred substrate for nesting is gravel, if available, but they will build in sand or hard mud if necessary. A male longear will guard the nest territory during all phases of reproduction. The clutch size can be anywhere from 140 to 2800 eggs per reproductive cycle.Bietz, Brian (1981
"Habitat availability, social attraction and nest distribution patterns in longear sunfish ''(lepomis megalotis peltastes)''
''Environmental Biology of Fishes'', 6 (2): 193–200. After hatching, it only takes the longear sunfish 2–3 years to reach sexual maturity. The average life-span of the ''Lepomis megalotis'' in the wild is usually 4–6 years, but there have been cases where individuals have lived up to 9 years. Longear sunfish cannot tolerate cloudy or mucky water. Throughout the 20th century their populations have been reduced in areas where their native streams have suffered increased cloudiness. This cloudiness could potentially be a result of human induced erosion for agriculture or industry purposes. Increased human disturbance along streams and rivers could continue to increase the reduction of longear populations due to the murkiness of rivers and streams.

Relationship with humans

Current management

Longear sunfish are not currently endangered in any of their native habitats. They are not listed federally or internationally as threatened or endangered, but efforts are still being conducted in order to protect the species. Small conservation actions are taking place all over the US. Control of non-point source pollution from urbanization and agricultural practices is needed for this species, which is intolerant of turbidity. Habitat degradation and loss from shoreline and watershed agriculture threatens this species which prefers clear, shallow streams with aquatic vegetation. Sedimentation and agricultural runoff also threatens this species which is believed to have been lost from many locations because of the effects of soil erosion. The longear sunfish is not in danger of overfishing, because it is not considered a sport fish, and because the sunfish is not especially good for eating. The longear sunfish is currently threatened in states such as Wisconsin and New York. Refuge areas in these two states are being created along lakes and streams in order to protect the few, disjunct locations where this species live. Since this species has a fairly large distribution nationally and its abundance is still quite high, there are not many conservation groups taking serious action in preserving this species. The longear sunfish tends to do well in rivers and streams that do not undergo much disturbance. If man-made disturbances continue to disrupt shorelines then agencies may begin to see an increased reduction in the ''Lepomis megalotis'' abundance nationwide.

Angling

The IGFA all tackle world record for the species stands at 0.79 kg (1 lb 12oz) caught from Elephant Butte Lake in New Mexico in 1985.

References

Further references

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* Sezen, Uzay.
''Sinister Cannibals or Nurturing Fathers?''
. Nature Documentaries, 2012.
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* Mullaney M (2003
"''Lepomis megalotis''"
Animal Diversity Web. Accessed 24 November 2013

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2269714

Lepomis
Fish described in 1820
Freshwater fish of the Southeastern United States
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
Freshwater fish of North America