''Lobster'' is a magazine that is interested primarily in the influence of
intelligence
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. More generally, it can be des ...
and
security services on politics and
world trade, what it calls "
deep politics
Peter Dale Scott (born 11 January 1929) is a Canadian-born poet, academic, and former diplomat. A son of the Canadian poet and constitutional lawyer F. R. Scott and painter Marian Dale Scott, he is best known for his critiques of deep politics ...
" or "parapolitics". It combines the examination of
conspiracy theories
A conspiracy theory is an explanation for an event or situation that invokes a conspiracy by sinister and powerful groups, often political in motivation, when other explanations are more probable.Additional sources:
*
*
*
* The term has a nega ...
and contemporary history. ''Lobster'' is edited and published in the United Kingdom and has appeared twice a year for years, at first in 16-page A5 format, then as an A4 magazine. Operating on a shoestring, its contributors include academics and others. Since 2009 it is distributed as a free downloadable PDF document.
According to the ''
Hull Daily Mail'', ''Lobster'' 'investigates government conspiracies, state espionage and the secret service.' In 1986 the magazine scooped mainstream media by uncovering the secret
Clockwork Orange operation, implicated in trying to destabilise the British government.
Colin Wallace
John Colin Wallace (born June 1943) is a British former member of Army Intelligence in Northern Ireland and a psychological warfare specialist. He refused to become involved in the Intelligence-led 'Clockwork Orange' project, which was an att ...
, a former
British Army Intelligence Corps
The Intelligence Corps (Int Corps) is a corps of the British Army. It is responsible for gathering, analysing and disseminating military intelligence and also for counter-intelligence and security. The Director of the Intelligence Corps is a br ...
officer in
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
, described how he had been instructed to
smear leading UK politicians. Questions were asked in the
House of Commons
The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the nominally upper house of parliament. T ...
and an extended scandal ensued.
The current curator of the
CIA
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...
Historical Intelligence Collection, Hayden B. Peake, notes that the editors of ''Lobster'' see it as "member of the international brotherhood of parapolitics mags," the other members being ''Geheim'' (Cologne, Germany), ''Intelligence Newsletter'' (Paris, France), and ''
Covert Action Information Bulletin
''CovertAction Quarterly'' (formerly ''CovertAction Information Bulletin'') was an American journal in publication from 1978 to 2005, focused primarily on watching and reporting global covert operations. It is generally critical of US Foreign Polic ...
'' (US), and is "distinctive in its depth of coverage, its detailed documentation, and the absence of the rhetoric".
[Hayden B. Peake, ''The Reader's Guide to Intelligence Periodicals'', 1992, published: NIBC Press, pages 86-89]
In 1989, ''Lobster'' published names of 1,500 citizens said to be working in intelligence. The magazine was denounced in the House of Commons. The editors replied that all published details could be found in local libraries.
[Richard Norton-Taylor, "Magazine prints security names", ''The Guardian'' (London), 29 May 1989] The magazine has also carried detailed analysis of fringe and pseudoscientific subjects such as
UFOs
An unidentified flying object (UFO), more recently renamed by US officials as a UAP (unidentified aerial phenomenon), is any perceived aerial phenomenon that cannot be immediately identified or explained. On investigation, most UFOs are ide ...
and
remote viewing
Remote viewing (RV) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen subject, purportedly sensing with the mind. Typically a remote viewer is expected to give information about an object, event, person or location that is hidden ...
.
[Thom Burnett, ''Conspiracy Encyclopedia''. New York: Chamberlain Bros. . p. 91.]
History
Founding
In 1982, an American newsletter about the Kennedy assassination, ''Echoes of Conspiracy'', put Robin Ramsay and Stephen Dorril in touch with each other because of their common interest in the
JFK assassination story. A few months later, they decided to launch a magazine, and in September 1983, they published 150 copies of ''The Lobster'' priced at 50p.
[McCrum, Robert]
"In the Lair of the Lobster: Stephen Dorril and Robin Ramsey edit a left-wing journal that offers succour to conspiracy theorists and keeps the professionals on their toes."
''The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
'' (London
London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...
) (31 Aug. 1991)
pp. 12-13.
/ref> Ramsay later described himself and his associate: "Dorril is a Freudo-anarchist, with Situationist tendencies; and Ramsay is a premature anti-Militant member of the soft old left of the Labour Party".
The inaugural issue stated its aims as "a journal/newsletter about intelligence, parapolitics, state structures and so forth .there is no copyright on the material in The Lobster .we hope to break even at the present price of 50p, but we may not .should appear 6 times a year". From Issue 5 onwards, the cover dropped the definite article
An article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. The category of articles constitutes a part of speech.
In English, both "the" and "a(n)" a ...
and became just "Lobster".
Publishing frequency ''Lobster'' dropped to four issues in 1984 and three issues in 1986 and 1987, before settling down as a bi-annual from 1988. The ''Lobster'' logo (see illustration), first appeared in issue 20 in November 1990 and was designed by Clive Gringras.
Format and costs
The first 8 issues of ''Lobster'' are A5 paper size
ISO 216 is an international standard for paper sizes, used around the world except in North America and parts of Latin America. The standard defines the "A", "B" and "C" series of paper sizes, including A4, the most commonly available paper size ...
(148 × 210mm) format, growing to A4 (210 × 297mm) from Issue 9 in September 1985. The magazine was originally typewritten, reduced on a photocopier, pasted-up and printed on a Gestetner
The Gestetner is a type of duplicating machine named after its inventor, David Gestetner (18541939). During the 20th century, the term ''Gestetner'' was used as a verb—as in ''Gestetnering''. The Gestetner company established its base in Londo ...
off-set litho duplicating machine. Around issue 17, the magazine was type-set on an Amstrad PCW using Wordstream and from ''Lobster'' 27, on an AppleMac with Claris Works.[Robin Ramsay, "A short history of Lobster", and "Lobster Credits", and "About the CD-Rom", ''Lobster'' online, retrieved 15 August 2012] ''Lobster'' Issue 57 (Summer 2009) was the last hard copy issue.[The Feral Beast,]
'Lobster' served online
, ''The Independent on Sunday'', 13 December 2009, First Edition, page 88 Issue 58 (Winter 2009/2010) was the first available without charge. The magazine is published from Ramsay's home in Hull.
''Lobster'' is published not-for-profit. The ''Independent on Sunday
''The Independent'' is a British online newspaper. It was established in 1986 as a national morning printed paper. Nicknamed the ''Indy'', it began as a broadsheet and changed to tabloid format in 2003. The last printed edition was publis ...
'' quoted Ramsay that the magazine ".. always broke even, as I would put the price up if it started losing money. The readers paid whatever I asked", which the newspaper commented "Sounds a fine business model". Robert McCrum
John Robert McCrum (born 7 July 1953) is an English writer and editor, holding senior editorial positions at Faber and Faber over seventeen years, followed by a long association with ''The Observer''.
Early life
The son of Michael William McC ...
in ''The Guardian'' quotes Ramsay as boasting that ''Lobster'' is "the only left-wing journal to pay for itself".
The Dorril/Ramsay split
In March 1993, ''The Independent'' newspaper noted that the founders of ''Lobster'' had fallen out, and that "The break between the two men began in December when Ramsay told Dorril he was removing his name from the ''Lobster'' masthead and would run the twice-yearly magazine alone." The London Evening Standard
The ''Evening Standard'', formerly ''The Standard'' (1827–1904), also known as the ''London Evening Standard'', is a local free daily newspaper in London, England, published Monday to Friday in tabloid format.
In October 2009, after be ...
reported that Ramsay had told his readers that Dorril also planned to produce a magazine called ''Lobster''. After producing ''Lobster'' Issue 25, they each produced their own version of ''Lobster'' Issue 26. Dorril recalls a different version of events. Dorril's website indicates that his ''Lobster'' Issue 31 (October 1996) was the last published. Alternative media expert and Professor of Media and Culture at Edinburgh Napier University, Chris Atton
Christopher Frank Atton (born 10 March 1959) is Professor of Media and Culture in the School of Arts and Creative Industries at Edinburgh Napier University. His work focuses on Alternative Media where his contribution has concentrated on the not ...
, notes that Dorril's ''Lobster'' concentrates on the activities of the British and US security services, while Robin Ramsay's ''Lobster'' casts its net wider to encompass histories of fascism
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy an ...
, the JFK assassination
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination i ...
, the Lockerbie bombing
Pan Am Flight 103 was a regularly scheduled Pan Am transatlantic flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via a stopover in London and another in New York City. The transatlantic leg of the route was operated by ''Clipper Maid of the Seas'', a Boe ...
and the military's medical experiments on service personnel.
Name
The name of the magazine, "Lobster", has attracted multiple interpretations. Dorril recalls that "We wanted the magazine to sound not pompous, and as a teenager, he would invent names for punk rock groups. 'Lobster' was just one of his favourites." Ramsay recalls that "The name "Lobster" was Steve Dorril's choice. I couldn't think of an alternative and I didn't think the name mattered. As far as I know it had no connotations for Dorril; indeed as I remembered it, the absence of connotations was part of its appeal."
Controversy
Operation Clockwork Orange, Colin Wallace and Fred Holroyd
''Lobster'' published the first account of the Colin Wallace
John Colin Wallace (born June 1943) is a British former member of Army Intelligence in Northern Ireland and a psychological warfare specialist. He refused to become involved in the Intelligence-led 'Clockwork Orange' project, which was an att ...
affair, also known as Operation Clockwork Orange, about the plot by disaffected members of Britain's Security Service, MI5
The Security Service, also known as MI5 ( Military Intelligence, Section 5), is the United Kingdom's domestic counter-intelligence and security agency and is part of its intelligence machinery alongside the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), G ...
, to destabilise the Harold Wilson Labour Government, and to smear politicians such as former Tory
A Tory () is a person who holds a political philosophy known as Toryism, based on a British version of traditionalism and conservatism, which upholds the supremacy of social order as it has evolved in the English culture throughout history. The ...
prime minister Edward Heath
Sir Edward Richard George Heath (9 July 191617 July 2005), often known as Ted Heath, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. Heath a ...
. The editors of ''Lobster'' described the revelations as Britain's Watergate and the biggest story since World War Two. The revelations were subsequently confirmed by former MI5 officer Peter Wright in his book '' Spycatcher''.
Political fallout
In late 1986, questions were asked in the UK Parliament concerning the matters in ''Lobster''. Then Labour Party Member of Parliament
In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...
for Hull North, Kevin McNamara, brought up the issue in the House of Commons, asking the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (; 13 October 19258 April 2013) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the first female British prime ...
, to refer the matter to the Security Commission
The Security Commission, sometimes known as the Standing Security Commission,Geoffrey Philip Wilson, "Cases and materials on constitutional and administrative law", Cambridge University Press, 1976 p. 98. was a UK non-departmental public body or ...
, and asking then Attorney-General
In most common law jurisdictions, the attorney general or attorney-general (sometimes abbreviated AG or Atty.-Gen) is the main legal advisor to the government. The plural is attorneys general.
In some jurisdictions, attorneys general also have exec ...
and Conservative MP Michael Havers, to ask the Director of Public Prosecutions to investigate allegations published in ''Lobster'' and prosecute Colin Wallace for revealing details of secret service operations against Her Majesty's Government. Both declined. Two weeks later, Labour MP Tam Dalyell
Sir Thomas Dalyell, 11th Baronet, , ( ; 9 August 1932 – 26 January 2017), known as Tam Dalyell, was a Scottish Labour Party politician who was a member of the House of Commons from 1962 to 2005. He represented West Lothian from 1962 to 198 ...
asked the Prime Minister why she would not refer the matter to the Security Commission, but she said that she had nothing more to add.
Who's Who of the British Secret State
In 1989, British journalist Richard Norton-Taylor
Richard Norton-Taylor (born 6 June 1944) is a British editor, journalist, and playwright. He wrote for ''The Guardian'' on defence and security matters from 1975 to 2016, and was the newspaper's security editor. He now works for the investigat ...
reported in ''The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
'' newspaper, that ''Lobster'' was planning to publish "a list of the names and brief biographical details of more than 1,500 past and present officials involved, according to the publishers, in covert activities". A year later the article appeared in ''Lobster'' Issue 19, and another appeared 18 months later. Although ''The Guardian'' noted that the Government was considering making the publication of such names a criminal offence, then ''Lobster'' co-editor Stephen Dorril noted that "All the names and details .. have been compiled by research in their local libraries or have already appeared in published books. 'No inside knowledge or breach of official secrets was needed'" 10 years later, Ramsay was quoted in the ''Hull Daily Mail'', that "At the time it was a way of sticking two fingers up at the Government".
House of Commons criticism
Subsequently, ''Lobster'' was denounced in the British Parliament. Then Conservative Party
The Conservative Party is a name used by many political parties around the world. These political parties are generally right-wing though their exact ideologies can range from center-right to far-right.
Political parties called The Conservative P ...
Member of Parliament
In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...
for Wycombe, Ray Whitney, criticised the publication of the names in the House of Commons on 21 December 1988 in a debate on a proposed Official Secrets Bill, when he commented that:
:"A small obscure magazine published, I think, in Hull and called, would hon. Members believe, ''Lobster'' makes a practice of publishing names of gentlemen who are alleged to be members of the security services. That creates danger and I am sure that my right hon. Friend the Member for Old Bexley and Sidcup shares my deep apprehension about that sort of practice being allowed to continue."
In his book, ''Politics and Paranoia'', Ramsay criticised Whitney's role as the head of the Foreign Office's Information Research Department
The Information Research Department (IRD) was a secret Cold War propaganda department of the British Foreign Office, created to publish anti-communist propaganda, including black propaganda, provide support and information to anti-communist pol ...
which Ramsay described as the "State's official, anti-left psy-war outfit", and had omitted to tell the Commons before denouncing him.
Contributors
In addition to co-founders Robin Ramsay and Stephen Dorril, contributors have included:
*Dan Atkinson
Dan Atkinson (born 1961 in Brighton) is a British journalist and author.
Atkinson has been an independent writer and commentator on financial and economic affairs since 2017 after he had been financial editor of Sticky Content since 2013. Befo ...
, a British journalist and author
*William Blum
William Henry Blum (; March 6, 1933 – December 9, 2018) was an American author, critic of United States foreign policy and socialist. He lived in Washington, DC.
Early life
Blum was born at Beth Moses Hospital (now part of Maimonides Medical ...
, American author and historian
*Mike Carlson, broadcaster and writer for ''The Guardian'' and the ''Independent''
* Colin Challen, the Member of Parliament for Morley and Rothwell from 2001 until 2010
*Kevin Coogan, American investigative journalist
*Alex Cox
Alexander B. H. Cox (born 15 December 1954) is an English film director, screenwriter, actor, non-fiction author and broadcaster. Cox experienced success early in his career with '' Repo Man'' and ''Sid and Nancy'', but since the release and co ...
, a film-maker
* Mark Curtis, investigative journalist and author
*Anthony Frewin
Anthony Edward Frewin (born 1947 in Kentish Town, London) is a British writer and erstwhile personal assistant to film director Stanley Kubrick (from 1965 to 1968, and from 1979 to 1999). Frewin now represents the Stanley Kubrick Estate. His novel ...
, writer and assistant to Stanley Kubrick
* Robert Henderson, British writer
* Jim Hougan, author of ''Decadence, Spooks, and Secret Agenda''
* John Newsinger, author and professor of history at Bath Spa Univ
* David Osler, a British author and journalist
*Greg Palast
Gregory Allyn Palast (born June 26, 1952) is an author and a freelance journalist who often worked for the BBC and ''The Guardian''. His work frequently focuses on corporate malfeasance but he has also worked with labour unions and consumer adv ...
, author and a freelance journalist
* Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Professor of Global Studies and Sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara
*Dave Renton
David Renton (born 1972) is a British barrister, and has represented clients in a number of high-profile cases, especially concerning trade union rights and the protection of free speech. He was for many years a member of the Socialist Workers ...
, historian and political activist
* Paul Rogers, Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford
*Peter Dale Scott
Peter Dale Scott (born 11 January 1929) is a Canadian-born poet, academic, and former diplomat. A son of the Canadian poet and constitutional lawyer F. R. Scott and painter Marian Dale Scott, he is best known for his critiques of deep politics ...
, a former English professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former diplomat
* Michael John Smith, convicted of espionage
*Giles Scott-Smith
Giles Scott-Smith (born 1968, in High Wycombe, United Kingdom) is Dutch-British academic. He is a professor of transnational relations and new diplomatic history at Leiden University and serves as the dean of Leiden University College The Hague ...
, Professor of Diplomatic History of Atlantic Cooperation at Leiden University.
*Kenn Thomas
Kenn Thomas (born June 12, 1958) is a conspiracy writer, archivist, and editor and publisher of '' Steamshovel Press'', a parapolitical conspiracy magazine.
Thomas, who was born in St. Louis, Missouri, has written over a dozen books on various co ...
, conspiracy theorist, writer, editor & publisher of Steamshovel Press
Themed and special issues
''Lobster'' has published a couple of themed or special issues, including:[See th]
Lobster website
retrieved 16 August 2012
Regular sections
A number of regular sections have appeared in ''Lobster'' over the years:
Reception
In 1998, the '' Hull Daily Mail'' described the magazine as "a tiny but influential fringe political journal". In 2001, the magazine Red Pepper wrote that ''Lobster'' ".. succeeds on the quality of its writing... articles are well researched... human, passionate and honest...", the ''Fortean Times
''Fortean Times'' is a British monthly magazine devoted to the anomalous phenomena popularised by Charles Fort. Previously published by John Brown Publishing (from 1991 to 2001), I Feel Good Publishing (2001 to 2005), Dennis Publishing (2005 to 2 ...
'' (who also syndicated a regular Lobster column by Ramsay) wrote that it was "... immensely engrossing reading, ...an essential purchase for anyone interested in the machinations of the secret state", ''Green Anarchist
Green anarchism (or eco-anarchism"green anarchism (also called eco-anarchism)" in ''An Anarchist FAQ'' by various authors.) is an anarchist school of thought that puts a particular emphasis on ecology and environmental issues. A green anarchist ...
'' magazine wrote that ''Lobster'' is "... an invaluable resource, and deserves to be widely read and much studied", and Direct Action magazine described it as "a good read ... very revealing and worth it, just for the pub talk".
Journalist Robert McCrum
John Robert McCrum (born 7 July 1953) is an English writer and editor, holding senior editorial positions at Faber and Faber over seventeen years, followed by a long association with ''The Observer''.
Early life
The son of Michael William McC ...
in ''The Guardian'' describes ''Lobster'' as ".. a left-wing journal that offers succour to conspiracy theorists .a brave, bright beacon, a Quixotic piece of typically English amateurism that keeps the professionals on their toes". ''The Independent'' newspaper has described it as a "delightful and worthwhile publications, more footnote than story, that .delivers a comprehensive picture of a clandestine world which the Establishment would prefer remained secret".
Trade Magazine ''PRWeek
''PRWeek'' is a trade magazine for the public relations industry. The original UK edition was the brainchild of the late Geoffrey Lace who at the time worked for Haymarket. After failing to interest Haymarket in his idea he left to launch it on ...
'' describes ''Lobster'' as a "Hull-based intelligence magazine and conspiracy theorists' bible", and the ''Conspiracy Encyclopedia'' described it as "the most influential publication in the parapolitical underground". Irish historical writer, Tim Pat Coogan, in discussing a TV programme about Captain Fred Holroyd in relation to the Collin Wallace affair, noted that "some of the best writing on the Holroyd case is contained in smaller journals published contemporaneously, notably ''Lobster'', ''Private Eye'', and, in particular uncanCampbell's own series .in the ''Statesman''".
Professor of Media and Culture at Edinburgh Napier University
, mottoeng = Without knowledge, everything is in vain
, established = 1992 – granted University status 1964 – Napier Technical College
, type = Public
, academic_staff = 802
, administrative_staff = 562
, chancellor = Will Whitehorn
, ...
, Chris Atton
Christopher Frank Atton (born 10 March 1959) is Professor of Media and Culture in the School of Arts and Creative Industries at Edinburgh Napier University. His work focuses on Alternative Media where his contribution has concentrated on the not ...
, notes that a reference at the end of an article in ''Lobster'' led to the founding of the activist librarians' group Information for Social Change
Information for Social Change (ISC) is an international, volunteer-based association, whose primary mission is to debate and comment on issues of social justice, censorship, freedom and ethics in the library and information field. Information for ...
.[Chris Atton, "Parapolitics and Deep Politics" in ''Alternative literature: a practical guide for librarians'', publisher: Gower, 1996, , 9780566076657, 202 pages]
page 138
/ref> CIA curator, Hayden B. Peake notes that a British journalist described "much of its content its impenetrable", but that it was also intriguing.
Bibliography
*Robert McCrum, "Inside Story: In the lair of the lobster – Stephen Dorril and Robin Ramsey edit a left-wing journal that offers succour to conspiracy theorists and keeps the professionals on their toes", ''The Guardian'' (London), 31 August 1991
*"Sexed-up files, lies and surveillance tapes ... One man's search to uncover what lies beneath", ''Hull Daily Mail'', 13 July 2007 Friday, page 10
*"Shock Lobster", ''Sunday Herald'', 17 August 2003
See also
* '' CounterSpy''
* ''CovertAction Quarterly
''CovertAction Quarterly'' (formerly ''CovertAction Information Bulletin'') was an American journal in publication from 1978 to 2005, focused primarily on watching and reporting global covert operations. It is generally critical of US Foreign Polic ...
''
* ''Executive Intelligence Review
''Executive Intelligence Review'' (''EIR'') is a weekly newsmagazine founded in 1974 by the American political activist Lyndon LaRouche. Based in Leesburg, Virginia, it maintains offices in a number of countries, according to its masthead, incl ...
''
References
External links
Official website
at Stephen Dorril's ''Rogerdog.co.uk''
{{Good article
1983 establishments in the United Kingdom
Advertising-free magazines
Biannual magazines published in the United Kingdom
Deep politics
English-language magazines
Independent magazines
Magazines about espionage
Magazines established in 1983
News magazines published in the United Kingdom
Paranormal magazines
Political magazines published in the United Kingdom
Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Triannual magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London