''Livistona'' is a genus of palms, the botanical family

Arecaceae The Arecaceae is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm trees ...

, native to

southeastern The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each se ...

and

eastern Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both Geography, geographical and culture, ethno-cultural terms. The modern State (polity), states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. ...

, Australasia, and the

Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...

. They are fan palms, the

leaves A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. '' L. speciosa'', locally called ''kho'', gives its name to

Khao Kho District Khao Kho ( th, เขาค้อ, ) is a district ('' amphoe'') of Phetchabun province, northern Thailand. Etymology The name of the district comes from Khao Kho, a peak in the Phetchabun Mountains, named either after ''Livistona speciosa'', a k ...

in Thailand.

Taxonomy

The genus was established by Robert Brown in his '' Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae'' (1810) to accommodate his descriptions of two species collected during an expedition to Australia. The names published by Brown were ''

Livistona humilis ''Livistona humilis'', the sand palm, is an Australian plant species of the family Arecaceae. It is a small, slender palm, growing to about 7 m tall and 5–8 cm dbh. It has 8 to 15 fan-shaped leaves, 30–50 cm long with petiole ...

'' and '' L. inermis'', describing material he had collected in the north of Australia, a partial taxonomic revision in 1963 nominated the first of these as the lectotype. His collaborator Ferdinand Bauer, the botanist and master illustrator, produced artworks to accompany Brown's descriptions, but these were not published until 1838. In 1983 a species of palm from Somalia was formally transferred to the genus by John Dransfield and Natalie Whitford Uhl. The Australian members of the genus were subjected to a taxonomic revision by Tony Rodd in 1998. Rodd added five new Australian species, increasing the size of the genus. Another species was described from Vietnam in 2000. In 2009 John Leslie Dowe published the latest

monograph A monograph is a specialist work of writing (in contrast to reference works) or exhibition on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, often by a single author or artist, and usually on a scholarly subject. In library cataloging, ''monograph ...

on the genus. Along with the Indonesian botanist Johanis P. Mogea and

Anders Sánchez Barfod Anders is a male name in Scandinavian languages and Fering North Frisian, an equivalent of the Greek Andreas ("manly") and the English Andrew. It originated from Andres via metathesis. In Sweden, Anders has been one of the most common names fo ...

from Denmark, he had described five new species in the previous years, further swelling the genus. For much of the history of the genus, the species of the genus '' Saribus'' were classified within the genus ''Livistona''. Phylogenetic studies using DNA comparisons of numerous species in the different genera in the Trachycarpeae tribe of palms, however, found that the species from the Philippines, New Guinea and other surrounding regions were more closely related to ''

Pholidocarpus ''Pholidocarpus'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae, native to Southeast Asia. It contains the following species:Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2005). World Checklist of Palms: 1-223. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botan ...

'', '' Licuala'' and ''

Johannesteijsmannia ''Johannesteijsmannia'' is a genus of four species of palms found in tropical rainforests of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and northern Sumatra. They are fan palms, usually growing without a trunk. The genus was named in honor of Johannes Elia ...

'' than they were to ''Livistona'', which advocated separating the two groups taxonomically. The genus was thus revised again by Christine D. Bacon and William J. Baker in 2011, with ''Saribus'' split off and combined with ''

Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi ''Saribus jeanneneyi'' is a very rare species of palm tree in the genus ''Saribus''. It is endemic to southern New Caledonia, where only one mature specimen, surrounded by a few seedlings, survived in its native habitat as of 1997. The cause of i ...

'', decreasing the genus again.

Etymology

Robert Brown named the genus ''Livistona'' after Patrick Murray (1634–1671), Baron of Livingston, a botanist and horticulturist, who was largely responsible for establishing the botanical gardens in Edinburgh, Scotland. Brown's praise for the early horticulturist begins, "''… in memoriam viri nobilis Patricii Murray Baronis de Livistone,''", and the Latinised name of the genus is evidently derived from the name of the family's seat.

Distribution

The genus has a

disjunct distribution In biology, a taxon with a disjunct distribution is one that has two or more groups that are related but considerably separated from each other geographically. The causes are varied and might demonstrate either the expansion or contraction of a s ...

, which is split into three contiguous areas. The range of ''

Livistona carinensis ''Livistona carinensis'', commonly known as the Bankoualé palm, is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is one of the fan palms. Its leaves are distinguished by an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of n ...

'' in Africa is very far away from that of the other species in the genus. In 1983 John Dransfield and Natalie Whitford Uhl first suggested that this odd pattern was due to a formerly much more extensive distribution during the warmer and moister climate of the Miocene, including areas between it and the rest, but that prehistoric climate change split them. Later DNA evidence of a mass of ancient extinctions between ''L. carinensis'' and the rest is thought to corroborate the theory. The recognition of ''Saribus'' has split the remaining distribution into a group of species found in

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

and southern New Guinea, and another group of species in East and Southeast Asia.

Species

The classification of the genus has been the subject of a number of recent revisions which have reduced the number of species since the 2009 monograph. The following is an uncritical list of species: * ''

Livistona alfredii ''Livistona alfredii'', the millstream palm or millstream fan palm, is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in the north-west of Western Australia where it is threatened by habitat loss. Description ''Livistona ...

F.Muell. Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller, (german: Müller; 30 June 1825 – 10 October 1896) was a German-Australian physician, geographer, and most notably, a botanist. He was appointed government botanist for the then colony of Victo ...

: Western Australia * ''

Livistona australis ''Livistona australis'', the cabbage-tree palm, is an Australian plant species in the family Arecaceae. It is a tall, slender palm growing up to about 25 m in height and 0.35 m diameter.Boland ''et al.'', pp. 71–72. It is crowned ...

'' ( R.Br.)

Mart. Carl Friedrich Philipp (Karl Friedrich Philipp) von Martius (17 April 1794 – 13 December 1868) was a German botanist and explorer. Life Martius was born at Erlangen, the son of Prof Ernst Wilhelm Martius, court apothecary. He graduated PhD f ...

– Cabbage-tree palm - Australia: New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria * ''

Livistona benthamii ''Livistona benthamii'' is a species of palm. This species is natural distribution is from Cape York to the Archer River in Queensland, the Northern Territory and New Guinea. It is a solitary palm found in open forest near areas that are annual ...

F.M.Bailey Frederick Manson Bailey (8 March 1827 – 25 June 1915) was a botanist active in Australia, who made valuable contributions to the characterisation of the flora of Queensland. He was known by his middle name, Manson. Early life Bailey was b ...

- Australia: Queensland, Northern Territory; New Guinea * ''

Livistona boninensis ''Livistona boninensis'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae (palms), native to the Bonin Islands of Japan. It has been introduced into the Volcano Islands The or are a group of three Japanese-governed islands in ...

'' (

Becc. Odoardo Beccari (16 November 1843 – 25 October 1920) was an Italian botanist famous for his discoveries in Indonesia, particularly New Guinea, and Australia. He has been called the greatest botanist to ever study Malesia. His author abbrevi ...

) Nakai - Bonin Islands * ''

'' (

Chiov. __NOTOC__ ''Emilio Chiovenda'' (18 May 1871 – 19 February 1941) was an Italian botanist. Chiovenda was born in Rome in 1871 to a family originating from rural Piedmont. He was educated at the Collegio Rosmini in Stresa and Domodossola College be ...

) J.Dransf. &

N.W.Uhl Natalie Whitford Uhl (1919–2017) was an American botanistIPNI: Natalie Whitf ...

- Djibouti, Somalia, Yemen * '' Livistona chinensis'' (

Jacq. Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin (16 February 172726 October 1817) was a scientist who studied medicine, chemistry and botany. Biography Born in Leiden in the Netherlands, he studied medicine at Leiden University, then moved first to Par ...

) R.Br. ex

– Chinese fan palm -

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

: South and Ryukyu Islands,

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

: Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan; naturalized in South Africa, Java,

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

, Hawaii, Micronesia, Florida, Dominican Republic, Bermuda, Puerto Rico, and various island in the Indian Ocean * ''

Livistona concinna ''Livistona'' is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of ...

'' Dowe & Barfod - Australia: Queensland * ''

Livistona decora ''Livistona decora'' is a species of palm endemic to the sclerophyll woodlands of Queensland, Australia. It is known only from Magnetic Island near the City of Townsville, and south along the coast as far as Rainbow Beach Rainbow Beach is a ...

'' (

W.Bull William Bull (1828-1902) was an English people, English botanist, nurseryman and plant collector. He was born in Winchester and in 1861 purchased the nursery of John Weeks and Company in King's Road, Chelsea, London, Chelsea. He introduced into cu ...

) Dowe - Australia: Queensland * ''

Livistona drudei ''Livistona drudei'' is a species of palm tree. It is endemic to Queensland in Australia, where it grows in moist forest habitat. It is endangered by loss of habitat Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is t ...

ex Drude - Australia: Queensland * ''

Livistona eastonii ''Livistona'' is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan ...

'' C.A.Gardner, known as darngarna on the Mitchell Plateau - Australia: Western Australia * ''

Livistona endauensis ''Livistona endauensis'' is a species of palm tree of the genus ''Livistona''. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It has been called Endau fan palm in English. In Malay the palm is known as ''bertam'' or ''serdang Endau''. Taxonomy ''L ...

'' J.Dransf. & K.M.Wong - Peninsular Malaysia * ''

Livistona exigua ''Livistona'' is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of ...

'' J.Dransf. - Brunei * '' Livistona fulva'' Rodd - Australia: Queensland * '' Livistona halongensis'' T.H.Nguyên & Kiew - Ha Long Bay Islands in Vietnam * ''

'' R.Br. - Australia: Northern Territory * ''

Livistona inermis ''Livistona'' is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fa ...

'' R.Br. - Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland * '' Livistona jenkinsiana''

Griff. William Griffith (4 March 1810 – 9 February 1845) was a British doctor, naturalist, and botanist. Griffith's botanical publications are from India and Burma. After a brief stay in Madras, he was assigned as a Civil Surgeon to Tenasserim, Bur ...

- Bhutan, India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam;

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, Joh ...

, Thailand, China: Hainan, Yunnan * ''

Livistona lanuginosa ''Livistona'' is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of ...

'' Rodd - Australia: Queensland * ''

Livistona lorophylla ''Livistona'' is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of ...

. - Australia: Northern Territory, Western Australia * ''

Livistona mariae ''Livistona mariae'', also known as the central Australian or red cabbage palm, is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in Australia with the best-known occurrence found in Palm Valley in Finke Gorge National ...

– three subspecies Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland * ''

Livistona muelleri ''Livistona'' is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of ...

- Australia: Queensland; New Guinea * ''

Livistona nasmophila ''Livistona'' is a genus of palms, the botanical family Arecaceae, native to southeastern and eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of ...

'' Dowe &

D.L.Jones David Lloyd Jones (born 1944) is an Australians, Australian horticultural botanist and the author of many books and papers, especially on Australian orchids. Jones was born in Victoria (Australia), Victoria and in his youth was a student at Burnl ...

- Australia: Western Australia * ''

Livistona nitida ''Livistona nitida'', the Carnarvon Gorge cabbage palm, is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is endemic to Queensland in Australia. Etymology ''Livistona'': the generic name was given by Robert Brown to honor Patrick Mu ...

'' Rodd – Carnarvon Fan Palm - Australia: Queensland * ''

Livistona saribus ''Livistona saribus'', also known as taraw palm in English, is a species of palm tree found in tropical Southeast Asia. Common names One of the vernacular names in the Cambodian language is ''triëk''. In Malay it is known as ''serdang'', or ...

'' ( Lour.)

Merr. Elmer Drew Merrill (October 15, 1876 – February 25, 1956) was an American botanist and taxonomist. He spent more than twenty years in the Philippines where he became a recognized authority on the flora of the Asia-Pacific region. Through ...

ex A. Chev. - Indochina, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Philippines; naturalized in Polynesia, China: Guangdong, Yunnan * '' Livistona speciosa'' Kurz - Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Bangladesh, southern China * ''

Livistona tahanensis ''Livistona tahanensis'' is a species of medium-sized palm tree of the genus ''Livistona'', found on only one mountain top in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. In Malay the palm is known as ''Tahan serdang'', or as ''daun tau''. T.C. Whitmore, writin ...

- Pahang in Malaysia * ''

Livistona victoriae ''Livistona'' is a genus of Arecaceae, palms, the Family (taxonomy), botanical family Arecaceae, native to Southeast Asia, southeastern and East Asia, eastern Asia, Australasia, and the Horn of Africa. They are fan palms, the leaf, leaves with a ...

'' Rodd - Australia: Western Australia, Northern Territory Livistona humilis Bauer in Martius Historia naturalis palmarum plate 110

;Formerly placed here * ''

Pholidocarpus kingianus ''Pholidocarpus kingianus'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. It is threatened by habitat destruction Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reducti ...

'' (

)

Ridl. Henry Nicholas Ridley CMG (1911), MA (Oxon), FRS, FLS, F.R.H.S. (10 December 1855 – 24 October 1956) was an English botanist, geologist and naturalist who lived much of his life in Singapore. He was instrumental in promoting rubber trees ...

(''Livistona kingiana'') * '' Pritchardia gaudichaudii'' (

)

H.Wendl. Hermann Wendland (October 11, 1825 in Herrenhausen – January 12, 1903 in Hanover) was a German botanist and gardener. He was a noted authority on the family Arecaceae (palms), on which he published a major monograph which formed the basis for t ...

(''Livistona gaudichaudii'') * ''

Pritchardia martii The genus ''Pritchardia'' (family Arecaceae) consists of between 24 and 40 species of fan palms (subfamily Coryphoideae) found on tropical Pacific Ocean islands in Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Tuamotus, and most diversely in Hawaii. The generic name ho ...

'' ( Gaudich.)

(''Livistona martii'') * '' Saribus brevifolius'' (Dowe & Mogea) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona brevifolia'') * '' Saribus chocolatinus'' (Dowe) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona chocolatina'') * '' Saribus merrillii'' (

) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona merrillii'', ''L. whitfordii'', ''L. blancoi'') * '' Saribus papuanus'' (

) Kuntze - (''Livistona papuana'') * '' Saribus rotundifolius'' ( Lam.) Blume (''Livistona rotundifolia'', ''L. altissima, ''L. microcarpa, ''L. mindorensis'') * '' Saribus surru'' ( Dowe & Barfod) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona surru'') * '' Saribus tothur'' (Dowe & Barfod) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona tothur'') * '' Saribus woodfordii'' (

) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker - (''Livistona woodfordii'', ''L. beccariana'')

Ecology

''Livistona'' species are used as

food plants A crop is a plant that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. When the plants of the same kind are cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop. Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or hydroponics ...

by the larvae of some

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...

species. In Australia the species ''

Cephrenes trichopepla ''Cephrenes trichopepla'', the yellow palm dart, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Australia (the south-eastern coast of New South Wales, the northern Gulf and northern coast of the Northern Territory, the northern Gulf and ...

'' and ''C. augiades sperthias'' have been recorded on a number of different ''Livistona'' species, in Asia ''

Elymnias hypermnestra ''Elymnias hypermnestra'', the common palmfly, is a species of satyrine butterfly found in South and Southeast Asia. Description As in some other species in the genus ''Elymnias'', the common palmfly has a precostal cell in the hindwings and a ...

'' and likely '' Gangara thyrsis'' feed on ''Livistona''. A number of other Lepidoptera which do not naturally occur to the native range of the genus ''Livistona'' have been recorded feeding on these palms, including ''

Batrachedra arenosella ''Batrachedra arenosella'', the armoured scale eating caterpillar or the coconut moth, is a species of moth of the family Batrachedridae. It was first described by Francis Walker using specimens collected in Auckland, New Zealand. It has been hypo ...

'' (recorded on ''L. subglobosa''), ''Brassolis astyra astyra'', ''

Opsiphanes cassina ''Opsiphanes cassina'', the split-banded owlet, is a species of butterfly belonging to the family Nymphalidae. Description The wingspan of female ''Opsiphanes cassina'' are roughly wide, while males' wingspans are smaller. The uppersides of th ...

'', ''O. invirae'' and ''

Paysandisia archon ''Paysandisia archon'' is a moth of the family Castniidae. It is native to Uruguay and central Argentina and has been accidentally introduced to Europe, where it is spreading rapidly. It is considered the only member of the genus ''Paysandisia''. ...

''. ''P. archon'' is a giant day-flying moth of which the caterpillars known to attack the piths of a number of these palm species, along with many other genera, at least in Europe, where neither the moth nor palms are native. It can kill the palm. It prefers genera of palm with more hairy trunks like '' Trachycarpus'', ''

Trithrinax ''Trithrinax'' is a genus of flowering plants in the subfamily Coryphoideae of the family Arecaceae. The name is derived from ancient Greek, where ''tri'' means three, and ''thrinax'' trident. It was named in 1837 by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Ma ...

'' or '' Chamaerops''.

References

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q132836 Arecaceae genera