''Littoraria'' is a genus of

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206218 on 2011-04-15 There are more than fifty species in this genus of which more than 20 species are believed to be synonyms of ''

Littoraria scabra ''Littoraria scabra'', common name : the mangrove periwinkle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Distribution and habitat This species is distributed in the Red Sea, the ...

'', a very variable species.Reid, D.G. (1986). ''The littorinid molluscs of mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region''. British Museum (Natural History), London Many of the species in this genus occur in the Indo-West Pacific region and in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, where they are found in large numbers on the trunks, trees and prop roots of tropical mangrove forests a few metres above high tide level. These snails feed on the thin film of

algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...

epiphyte An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...

s, fungi,

diatom A diatom (Neo-Latin ''diatoma''), "a cutting through, a severance", from el, διάτομος, diátomos, "cut in half, divided equally" from el, διατέμνω, diatémno, "to cut in twain". is any member of a large group comprising sev ...

s and leaf

epidermis The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the amount of water rele ...

of these mangroves. The species living on higher levels of the trees have thinner shells, and are more variable in shell colour. Within this genus, ''

Littoraria aberrans ''Littoraria aberrans'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, common ...

'' is the only ovoviviparous species with an intracapsular metamorphosis.

Species

Species in the genus ''Littoraria'' include: *''

Philippi Philippi (; grc-gre, Φίλιπποι, ''Philippoi'') was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides ( grc-gre, Κρηνῖδες, ''Krenides'' "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian colon ...

, 1846 *'' Littoraria ahenea'' Reid, 1986 *''

Littoraria albicans ''Littoraria albicans'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commo ...

'' Metcalfe, 1852 *''

Littoraria angulifera ''Littoraria angulifera'' or the mangrove periwinkle is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae, the winkles. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822). Accessed through: W ...

'' Lamarck, 1822 - mangrove periwinkle **''

Littoraria angulifera hessei ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http:/ ...

'' Boettger 1912 *''

Littoraria ardouiniana ''Littoraria ardouiniana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Distribution Vietnam. Description Ecology ''Littoraria ardouiniana'' is a predominantly mangrove-associa ...

'' (

Heude Pierre Marie Heude (25 June 1836 – 3 January 1902) was a French Jesuit missionary and zoologist. Life Born at Fougères in the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine, Heude became a Jesuit in 1856 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1867. He went to ...

, 1885) *''

Littoraria articulata ''Littoraria articulata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by ...

, 1846 *'' Littoraria bengalensis'' Reid, 2001 *'' Littoraria carinifera''

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, 1830 *'' Littoraria cingulata''

, 1846 *''

Littoraria cingulifera ''Littoraria cingulifera'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

'' Dunker, 1845 *''

Littoraria coccinea ''Littoraria coccinea'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Description Distribution References

Littorinidae Gastropods described in 1791 Ta ...

'' (

Gmelin Gmelin may refer to: * Gmelin's test, a chemical test * Gmelin database, a German handbook/encyclopedia of inorganic compounds initiated by Leopold Gmelin People * Carl Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), German botanist, author of ''Flora Badensis ...

, 1791) *'' Littoraria conica''

, 1846 *'' Littoraria delicatula'' Nevill, 1885 *'' Littoraria filosa'' ( G.B. Sowerby I, 1832) *'' Littoraria fasciata'' Sowerby, 1832 *† '' Littoraria flammea''

, 1847 *'' Littoraria flava'' King & Broderip, 1832 *'' Littoraria flavaosa'' King & Broderip, 1832 *'' Littoraria ianthostoma'' Stuckey & D.G. Reid, 2002 *'' Littoraria intermedia''

, 1846 *'' Littoraria irrorata''

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, 1822 - marsh periwinkle *'' Littoraria lutea''

, 1847 *''

Littoraria luteola ''Littoraria luteola'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, common ...

'' Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 * † '' Littoraria massicardi'' Pacaud, 2019 *''

Littoraria mauritiana ''Littoraria mauritiana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Description The length of the shell attains 7 mm. Distribution This species occurs off Réunion ...

'' Lamarck, 1822 *'' Littoraria melanostoma'' Gray, 1839 *'' Littoraria miodelicatula'' Oyama, 1950 *''

Littoraria nebulosa ''Littoraria nebulosa'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Distribution Description The maximum recorded gastropod shell, shell length is 28 ...

'' Lamarck, 1822 - cloudy periwinkle *'' Littoraria obesa''

, 1791 *'' Littoraria pallescens''

, 1846 *''

Littoraria philippiana ''Littoraria philippiana'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class ...

Reeve Reeve may refer to: Titles *Reeve (Canada), an elected chief executive of some counties, townships, and equivalents *Reeve (England), an official elected annually by the serfs to supervise lands for a lord *High-reeve, a title taken by some Englis ...

, 1857 *'' Littoraria pintado'' Wood, 1820 **'' Littoraria pintado pullata''

Carpenter Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, Shipbuilding, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. ...

, 1864 *'' Littoraria planaxis''

, 1846 * † ''

Littoraria prevostina ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...

'' (Basterot, 1825) *'' Littoraria punctata''

, 184 *'' Littoraria rosewateri'' Reid, 1999 *''

, 1847 *'' Littoraria sinensis''

, 1847 *'' Littoraria strigata''

, 1846 * † '' Littoraria subangulata'' (Deshayes, 1861) *'' Littoraria subvittata'' Reid, 1986 *'' Littoraria sulculosa''

, 1846 *''

Littoraria tessellata ''Littoraria tessellata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (b ...

, 1847 *''

Littoraria undulata ''Littoraria undulata'', common name the robust shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Description Up to 2 cm, with dull brown coloration, occasionally darker o ...

'' Gray, 1839 *'' Littoraria varia'' Sowerby, 1832 *'' Littoraria variegata'' Souleyet, in Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852 *'' Littoraria vespacea'' Reid, 1986 *''

Littoraria zebra ''Littoraria zebra'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class compr ...

Donovan Donovan Phillips Leitch (born 10 May 1946), known mononymously as Donovan, is a Scottish musician, songwriter, and record producer. He developed an eclectic and distinctive style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelic rock and world mus ...

, 1825 - zebra periwinkle ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Littoraria dantaae'' Y.-F. Fang, Y.-J. Peng, G.-J. Zhang & J. He, 2012: synonym of '' Mainwaringia dantaae'' Y.-F. Fang, Y.-J. Peng, G.-J. Zhang & J. He, 2012 *''Littoraria glabrata''

, 1846 : synonym of ''

Littoraria coccinea glabrata ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...

'' (Philippi, 1846) * ''Littoraria kraussi'' (Rosewater, 1970): synonym of ''Littoraria coccinea glabrata'' (Philippi, 1846) * ''Littoraria pulchra'' Gray, 1833: synonym of ''Littoraria zebra'' (Donovan, 1825) (junior synonym)

Species

References

Further reading