''Littoraria'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Littorinidae The Littorinidae are a taxonomic family of over 200 species of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha, commonly known as periwinkles and found worldwide. Names In English-speaking countries, gastropod molluscs from o ...

, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=206218 on 2011-04-15 There are more than fifty species in this genus of which more than 20 species are believed to be synonyms of '' Littoraria scabra'', a very variable species.Reid, D.G. (1986). ''The littorinid molluscs of mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region''. British Museum (Natural History), London Many of the species in this genus occur in the Indo-West Pacific region and in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, where they are found in large numbers on the trunks, trees and prop roots of tropical

mangrove A mangrove is a shrub or tree that grows in coastal saline water, saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves are taxonomically diverse, as a result of convergent evoluti ...

forests a few metres above high tide level. These snails feed on the thin film of

algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...

epiphyte An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

diatom A diatom (Neo-Latin ''diatoma''), "a cutting through, a severance", from el, διάτομος, diátomos, "cut in half, divided equally" from el, διατέμνω, diatémno, "to cut in twain". is any member of a large group comprising sev ...

s and leaf

epidermis The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the amount of water rele ...

of these mangroves. The species living on higher levels of the trees have thinner shells, and are more variable in shell colour. Within this genus, '' Littoraria aberrans'' is the only

ovoviviparous Ovoviviparity, ovovivipary, ovivipary, or aplacental viviparity is a term used as a "bridging" form of reproduction between egg-laying oviparous and live-bearing viviparous reproduction. Ovoviviparous animals possess embryos that develop insi ...

species with an intracapsular metamorphosis.

Species

Species in the genus ''Littoraria'' include: *'' Littoraria aberrans''

Philippi Philippi (; grc-gre, Φίλιπποι, ''Philippoi'') was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides ( grc-gre, Κρηνῖδες, ''Krenides'' "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian colon ...

, 1846 *''

Littoraria ahenea ''Littoraria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.Reid, David G. (2011). ''Littoraria'' Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http:/ ...

'' Reid, 1986 *'' Littoraria albicans'' Metcalfe, 1852 *'' Littoraria angulifera''

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolog ...

, 1822 - mangrove periwinkle **'' Littoraria angulifera hessei'' Boettger 1912 *'' Littoraria ardouiniana'' (

Heude Pierre Marie Heude (25 June 1836 – 3 January 1902) was a French Jesuit missionary and zoologist. Life Born at Fougères in the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine, Heude became a Jesuit in 1856 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1867. He went to ...

, 1885) *''

Littoraria articulata ''Littoraria articulata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Distribution Vietnam. Description Ecology ''Littoraria articulata'' is a predominantly mangrove-associated ...

, 1846 *'' Littoraria bengalensis'' Reid, 2001 *'' Littoraria carinifera'' Menke, 1830 *'' Littoraria cingulata''

, 1846 *'' Littoraria cingulifera''

Dunker A Dunker, also known as the Norwegian Hound, is a medium-sized breed of dog from Norway. It was bred by Wilhelm Dunker to be a scenthound by crossing a Russian Harlequin Hound with dependable Norwegian scent hounds. It is a very rare dog b ...

, 1845 *'' Littoraria coccinea'' (

Gmelin Gmelin may refer to: * Gmelin's test, a chemical test * Gmelin database, a German handbook/encyclopedia of inorganic compounds initiated by Leopold Gmelin People * Carl Christian Gmelin (1762–1837), German botanist, author of ''Flora Badensis ...

, 1791) *'' Littoraria conica''

, 1846 *'' Littoraria delicatula'' Nevill, 1885 *'' Littoraria filosa'' ( G.B. Sowerby I, 1832) *'' Littoraria fasciata'' Sowerby, 1832 *† '' Littoraria flammea''

, 1847 *'' Littoraria flava'' King & Broderip, 1832 *'' Littoraria flavaosa'' King & Broderip, 1832 *'' Littoraria ianthostoma'' Stuckey & D.G. Reid, 2002 *'' Littoraria intermedia''

, 1846 *''

Littoraria irrorata ''Littoraria irrorata'', also known by the common name the marsh periwinkle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae. The specific epithet ' means 'moistened' or 'dewy.' This species occurs in salt marshe ...

Say Say may refer to: Music *''Say'' (album), 2008 album by J-pop singer Misono * "Say" (John Mayer song), 2007 *"Say (All I Need)", 2007 song by American pop rock band OneRepublic * "Say" (Method Man song), 2006 single by rapper Method Man * "Say" ( ...

, 1822 - marsh periwinkle *'' Littoraria lutea''

, 1847 *'' Littoraria luteola'' Quoy &

Gaimard Joseph Paul Gaimard (31 January 1793 – 10 December 1858) was a French naval surgeon and naturalist. Biography Gaimard was born at Saint-Zacharie on January 31, 1793. He studied medicine at the naval medical school in Toulon, subsequent ...

, 1833 * † '' Littoraria massicardi'' Pacaud, 2019 *'' Littoraria mauritiana''

, 1822 *'' Littoraria melanostoma'' Gray, 1839 *'' Littoraria miodelicatula'' Oyama, 1950 *'' Littoraria nebulosa''

, 1822 - cloudy periwinkle *'' Littoraria obesa''

, 1791 *'' Littoraria pallescens''

, 1846 *'' Littoraria philippiana'' Reeve, 1857 *'' Littoraria pintado'' Wood, 1820 **'' Littoraria pintado pullata''

Carpenter Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, Shipbuilding, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. ...

, 1864 *'' Littoraria planaxis''

, 1846 * † '' Littoraria prevostina'' (Basterot, 1825) *'' Littoraria punctata''

, 184 *'' Littoraria rosewateri'' Reid, 1999 *'' Littoraria scabra''

, 1847 *'' Littoraria sinensis''

, 1847 *'' Littoraria strigata''

, 1846 * † '' Littoraria subangulata'' (Deshayes, 1861) *'' Littoraria subvittata'' Reid, 1986 *'' Littoraria sulculosa''

, 1846 *'' Littoraria tessellata''

, 1847 *''

Littoraria undulata ''Littoraria undulata'', common name the robust shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Description Up to 2 cm, with dull brown coloration, occasionally darker on ...

'' Gray, 1839 *'' Littoraria varia'' Sowerby, 1832 *'' Littoraria variegata'' Souleyet, in Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852 *'' Littoraria vespacea'' Reid, 1986 *'' Littoraria zebra''

Donovan Donovan Phillips Leitch (born 10 May 1946), known mononymously as Donovan, is a Scottish musician, songwriter, and record producer. He developed an eclectic and distinctive style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelic rock and world mus ...

, 1825 - zebra periwinkle ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Littoraria dantaae'' Y.-F. Fang, Y.-J. Peng, G.-J. Zhang & J. He, 2012: synonym of '' Mainwaringia dantaae'' Y.-F. Fang, Y.-J. Peng, G.-J. Zhang & J. He, 2012 *''Littoraria glabrata''

, 1846 : synonym of '' Littoraria coccinea glabrata'' (Philippi, 1846) * ''Littoraria kraussi'' (Rosewater, 1970): synonym of ''Littoraria coccinea glabrata'' (Philippi, 1846) * ''Littoraria pulchra'' Gray, 1833: synonym of ''Littoraria zebra'' (Donovan, 1825) (junior synonym)

Species

References

Further reading