''Listrura'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

pencil catfish Trichomycteridae is a family of catfishes commonly known as pencil catfishes or parasitic catfishes. This family includes the candiru fish (''Vandellia cirrhosa''), feared by some people for its alleged habit of entering into the urethra of hum ...

es native to

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

Taxonomy

''Listrura'' was first described in 1988 for two species from southeastern

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

, the first record of the subfamily

Glanapteryginae The Glanapteryginae are a subfamily of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the family Trichomycteridae. It includes four genera, ''Glanapteryx'', '' Listrura'', '' Pygidianops'', and '' Typhlobelus''. Phylogeny Monophyly of the subfamily is suppor ...

outside of the

Amazon River The Amazon River (, ; es, Río Amazonas, pt, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the disputed longest river system in the world in comparison to the Nile. The headwaters of t ...

basin. It was described for the species ''L. nematopteryx'' and ''L. camposi''; ''L. camposi'' had been assigned to the genus ''

Eremophilus ''Eremophilus mutisii'' is a species of catfish (order (biology), order Siluriformes) of the family (biology), family Trichomycteridae, and the only member of its genus. This fish grows to about 30 centimetres (12 in) and originates fro ...

'', while ''L. nematopteryx'' had been misidentified as another species of ''Eremophilus''. ''L. tetraradiata'' was described in 2002 from the

Rio de Janeiro State Rio de Janeiro () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil. It has the second largest economy of Brazil, with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo. The state, which has 8.2% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 9.2% of ...

in Brazil. ''L. boticario'' was described later in 2002 from southern Brazil. ''L. picinguabae'' was described in 2006. This genus is currently

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

. With the description of ''L. tetraradiata'' in 2003, it was hypothesized that ''L. tetraradiata'' possibly constitutes the

sister group In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and t ...

to a

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

comprising the only other two previously described species of ''Listrura'', ''L. camposi'' and ''L. nematopteryx''. As of 2006, two species of ''Listrura'', ''L. camposi'' and ''L. boticario'', were known only from their holotypes. The lack of osteological information for these species impedes a complete analysis of

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

relationships within the genus. It was hypothesized that ''L. nematopteryx'' and ''L. picinguabae'' comprise a monophyletic assemblage, given the fact that the pectoral fin of these species consists of a single ray and the ray is in the form of a long filament, a condition not present in any other trichomycterids thus far described. ''Listura'' is the most basal member of the subfamily Glanapteryginae; it is sister to a clade formed by the other three genera, ''

Glanapteryx ''Glanapteryx'' is a genus of catfishes native to South America. Taxonomy ''Glanapteryx'' is a monophyletic genus. ''Glanapteryx'' has been proposed as the sister group to a clade composed of '' Pygidianops'' and '' Typhlobelus'', with '' L ...

'', '' Pygidianops'', and '' Typhlobelus''.

Species

There are currently nine recognized species in this genus: * '' Listrura boticario''

de Pinna De Pinna was a high-end clothier for men and women founded in New York City in 1885, by Alfred De Pinna (1831 - 1915), a Sephardic Jew born in England. They also sold menswear-inspired clothing for women that was finely tailored. The flagship sto ...

& Wosiacki, 2002 * '' Listrura camposi'' Miranda-Ribeiro, 1957 * '' Listrura costai'' Villa-Verde, Lazzarotto &

Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of t ...

, 2012 Villa-Verde, L., Lazzarotto, H. & Lima, S.M.Q. (2012)
A new glanapterygine catfish of the genus ''Listrura'' (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from southeastern Brazil, corroborated by morphological and molecular data.
''Neotropical Ichthyology, 10 (3): 527-538.'' * '' Listrura depinnai'' Villa-Verde, Ferrer & L. R. Malabarba, 2014 Villa-Verde, L., Ferrer, J. & Malabarba, L.R. (2014): A New Species of ''Listrura'' from Laguna dos Patos System, Brazil: The Southernmost Record of the Glanapteryginae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). ''Copeia, 2013 (4) 014 641-646.'' * '' Listrura macacuensis''

Costa Costa may refer to: Biology * Rib (Latin: ''costa''), in vertebrate anatomy * Costa (botany), the central strand of a plant leaf or thallus * Costa (coral), a stony rib, part of the skeleton of a coral * Costa (entomology), the leading edge of th ...

Katz Katz or KATZ may refer to: Fiction * Katz Kobayashi, a character in Japanese anime * "Katz", a 1947 Nelson Algren story in '' The Neon Wilderness'' * Katz, a character in ''Courage the Cowardly Dog'' Other uses * Katz (surname) * Katz, British C ...

, 2021Costa, W.J.E.M., & Katz, A. M. (2021): Comparative morphology, phylogeny, classification and evolution of interstitial habits in microcambevine catfishes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). ''Taxonomy, 1(4)

021 021 is: * in Brazil, the telephone area code for the city of Rio de Janeiro and surrounding cities (Greater Rio de Janeiro) * in China, the telephone area code for the city of Shanghai. * in Indonesia, the area code for the city of Jakarta and su ...

313-344.'' * '' Listrura macaensis''

313-344.'' * '' Listrura nematopteryx''

, 1988 * '' Listrura picinguabae'' Villa-Verde & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2006 * '' Listrura tetraradiata'' Landim & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2002

Distribution

''Listrura'' is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

to small coastal river basins of southeastern

. ''L. boticario'' originates from Da Figueira and Guaraqueçaba River basins,

Paraná State Paraná, Paranã or Parana may refer to: Geology *Paraná Basin, a sedimentary basin in South America Places In Argentina * Paraná, Entre Ríos, a city * Paraná Department, a part of Entre Ríos Province * Paraná, Buenos Aires, a settlemen ...

. ''L. camposi'' inhabits the Poço Grande River, a tributary of the Juquiá River in the

São Paulo State SAO or Sao may refer to: Places * Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD * Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso * Saco Transportation Center (station code SAO), a train station in Saco, Maine, U.S ...

, and Ribeirão da Ilha of

Florianópolis Florianópolis () is the capital and second largest city of the state of Santa Catarina, in the South region of Brazil. The city encompasses Santa Catarina Island and surrounding small islands, as well as part of the mainland. It has a populat ...

Santa Catarina State Santa Catarina (, ) is a state in the South Region of Brazil. It is the 7th smallest state in total area and the 11th most populous. Additionally, it is the 9th largest settlement, with 295 municipalities. The state, with 3.4% of the Brazili ...

. ''L. nematopteryx'' is distributed in the Imbariê Creek and basin of the Estrela River system of Piabetá in the

, and Picinguaba in the São Paulo State. ''L. picinguabae'' is only known from small tributaries to the da Fazenda River in the São Paulo State. ''L. tetraradiata'' is from the Ibicuíba River of the

Araruama Lagoon __NOTOC__ Araruama Lagoon is a lagoon located in the Região dos Lagos, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. It is one of the largest permanent hypersaline A hypersaline lake is a landlocked body of water that contains significant concentrations of so ...

system.

Description

The body is elongate and may be cylindrical. These fish have three pairs of

barbels In fish anatomy and turtle anatomy, a barbel is a slender, whiskerlike sensory organ near the mouth. Fish that have barbels include the catfish, the carp, the goatfish, the hagfish, the sturgeon, the zebrafish, the black dragonfish and some ...

. The mouth is subterminal. These fish are lacking in

pelvic fin Pelvic fins or ventral fins are paired fins located on the ventral surface of fish. The paired pelvic fins are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods. Structure and function Structure In actinopterygians, the pelvic fin consists of two en ...

s. The

caudal fin Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as se ...

is rounded. The caudal skeleton is compact and fused. ''Listura'' species grow to about 3.7–4.9

centimetre 330px, Different lengths as in respect to the Electromagnetic spectrum, measured by the Metre and its deriveds scales. The Microwave are in-between 1 meter to 1 millimeter. A centimetre (international spelling) or centimeter (American spellin ...

s (1.5–1.9 in) SL.

Ecology

''Listrura'' occur in shallow-water leaf-litter deposits underlain by mud or deeper layers of leaf litter. ''Listrura'' inhabits extremely small, shallow, and temporary water bodies, marginal to main water courses covered with vegetation; no species of ''Listrura'' is known to occur in creeks or rivers, except apparently as stray or colonizing specimens. ''L. picinguabae'' inhabits narrow and shallow (about 20 cm or 12 in deep) streams in dense tropical forest; it is encountered buried in the litter bottom. ''L. tetraradiata'' has been found in small, clear water forest streams; these habitats are shallow (about 40 cm or 16 in deep), with large rocks on the banks and gravel and sand on the bottom. ''L. tetraradiata'' has been found to have

copepod Copepods (; meaning "oar-feet") are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat (ecology), habitat. Some species are planktonic (inhabiting sea waters), some are benthos, benthic (living on the ocean floor) ...

insect Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs ...

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...

e, and

mite Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear evid ...

s in their stomach contents.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q6646584 Trichomycteridae Fish of South America Fauna of Brazil Freshwater fish genera Catfish genera