![HRR](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/HRR.gif)
This list of states in the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...
includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted
imperial immediacy
Imperial immediacy (german: Reichsfreiheit or ') was a privileged constitutional and political status rooted in German feudal law under which the Imperial estates of the Holy Roman Empire such as Imperial cities, prince-bishoprics and secular pri ...
, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordships, sous-fiefs and allodial fiefs.
The Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity that existed in central Europe for most of the
medieval
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the Post-classical, post-classical period of World history (field), global history. It began with t ...
and
early modern periods and was generally ruled by a German-speaking Emperor. The states that composed the Empire, while enjoying a unique form of territorial authority (called ''
Landeshoheit
In the Holy Roman Empire, ''Landeshoheit'' or ''superioritas territorialis''Latin, sometimes ''ius territoriale''. (translated as territorial superiority, territorial supremacy or territorial sovereignty) was the authority possessed by the immedi ...
'') that granted them many attributes of sovereignty, were never fully sovereign states in the sense that term is understood today. In the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of approximately 1,800 such territories, the majority being tiny estates owned by the families of
Imperial Knight
The Free Imperial knights (german: link=no, Reichsritter la, Eques imperii) were free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, whose direct overlord was the Emperor. They were the remnants of the medieval free nobility (''edelfrei'') and the ministeri ...
s. This page does not directly contain the list but discusses the format of the various lists and offers some background to understand the complex organisation of the Holy Roman Empire. The lists themselves can be accessed via the alphabetical navigation box below; each letter will lead the reader to a page on which states of the Empire that began with that letter are listed. For a more complete history of the empire, see
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...
.
Table of states
While any such list could never be definitive, the list attempts to be as comprehensive as possible. It is sorted alphabetically and split into separate articles linked in the box below.
''There is also a separate
list of Free Imperial Cities, as well as a list of
participants in the Imperial Diet as of 1792.''
Key
*The "Circle" column shows the
Imperial Circle (''Reichskreis'') that the state belonged to.
*The "Bench" column shows where the state was represented in the
Imperial Diet (''Reichstag'').
Note that in the "Circle" column, "n/a" denotes a state that had ceased to exist before the
''Reichsreform''.
Other abbreviations used in the list are:
Definition of terms
*
Hochstift
In the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church, the German language, German term (plural: ) referred to the territory ruled by a bishop as a prince (i.e. prince-bishop), as opposed to his diocese, generally much larger and over which he exer ...
: the territory ruled by a bishop as a prince.
*
Imperial Abbey
Princely abbeys (german: Fürstabtei, ''Fürststift'') and Imperial abbeys (german: Reichsabtei, ''Reichskloster'', ''Reichsstift'', ''Reichsgotthaus'') were religious establishments within the Holy Roman Empire which enjoyed the status of impe ...
(''Reichsabtei''): an abbey with
imperial immediacy
Imperial immediacy (german: Reichsfreiheit or ') was a privileged constitutional and political status rooted in German feudal law under which the Imperial estates of the Holy Roman Empire such as Imperial cities, prince-bishoprics and secular pri ...
. Its head was a ''
Reichsabt
Princely abbeys (german: Fürstabtei, ''Fürststift'') and Imperial abbeys (german: Reichsabtei, ''Reichskloster'', ''Reichsstift'', ''Reichsgotthaus'') were religious establishments within the Holy Roman Empire which enjoyed the status of impe ...
'', literally 'Imperial Abbot' or 'Abbot of the Empire'. A monastery with similar status was a ''Reichskloster''.
*
Imperial Circle (''Reichskreis'', plural ''Reichskreise''): a regional grouping of states of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organising a common defence and of collecting imperial taxes, but also as a means of organisation within the Imperial Diet.
*
Imperial Diet (''Reichstag''): the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire. The same name was used in the North German Confederation and in Germany until 1945.
*
Imperial Estate
An Imperial State or Imperial Estate ( la, Status Imperii; german: Reichsstand, plural: ') was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet ('). Rulers of these Estates were able to exercise si ...
(''Reichsstand'', plural ''Reichsstände''): an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet. Several states had no seats in the Empire, while some officials (such as the Hereditary Usher) were non-voting members; neither qualified as Imperial States.
*
Imperial Free City
In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (german: Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (', la, urbs imperialis libera), was used from the fifteenth century to denote a self-ruling city that ...
(''freie Reichsstadt''): a city formally responsible to the emperor only – as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to the territory of one of the many princes (''Fürsten'') of the Empire, such as dukes or prince-bishops. Free cities also had independent representation in the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire.
*
Imperial immediacy
Imperial immediacy (german: Reichsfreiheit or ') was a privileged constitutional and political status rooted in German feudal law under which the Imperial estates of the Holy Roman Empire such as Imperial cities, prince-bishoprics and secular pri ...
(''Reichsfreiheit'' or ''Reichsunmittelbarkeit''; adjectives ''reichsfrei, reichsunmittelbar'') was a privileged feudal and political status, a form of statehood within the Holy Roman Empire. The ruler of an immediate city, abbey or territory had no overlord other than the
Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans ( la, Imperator Romanorum, german: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period ( la, Imperat ...
and the Imperial Diet. Immediate states had the right to collect taxes and tolls themselves, and held juridical rights (including the ''Blutgericht'', 'high' justice including capital punishment) themselves. ''De facto'', immediacy corresponded to a semi-independence with a far-reaching autonomy.
*
Imperial Reform
Imperial Reform ( la, Reformatio imperii, german: Reichsreform) is the name given to repeated attempts in the 15th and 16th centuries to adapt the structure and the constitutional order () of the Holy Roman Empire to the requirements of the early ...
: In 1495, an attempt was made at a
Diet in the city of
Worms Worms may refer to:
*Worm, an invertebrate animal with a tube-like body and no limbs
Places
*Worms, Germany, a city
**Worms (electoral district)
*Worms, Nebraska, U.S.
*Worms im Veltlintal, the German name for Bormio, Italy
Arts and entertainme ...
to give the disintegrating Holy Roman Empire a new structure, commonly referred to as Imperial Reform (in German: ''Reichsreform'').
*
Imperial State
An Imperial State or Imperial Estate ( la, Status Imperii; german: Reichsstand, plural: ') was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet ('). Rulers of these Estates were able to exercise si ...
(''Reichsstand'', plural ''Reichsstände''): an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet.
*''
Kleinstaaterei
In the history of Germany, (, ''"small-statewikt:-ery#English, -ery"'') is a German language, German word used, often pejoratively, to denote the territorial fragmentation during the Holy Roman Empire (especially after the end of the ...
'' is a German word mostly used to describe the territorial fragmentation in Germany and neighboring regions during the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...
(especially after the end of the
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (80 ...
). It refers to the large number of nearly sovereign small and medium-sized secular and ecclesiastical principalities and free imperial cities, some of which were little larger than a single town or the surrounding grounds of the monastery of an
Imperial abbey
Princely abbeys (german: Fürstabtei, ''Fürststift'') and Imperial abbeys (german: Reichsabtei, ''Reichskloster'', ''Reichsstift'', ''Reichsgotthaus'') were religious establishments within the Holy Roman Empire which enjoyed the status of impe ...
.
*
Mediatization Mediatization or mediatisation may refer to:
* German mediatisation, German historical territorial restructuring
* Mediatization (media) Mediatization (or medialization) is a process whereby the mass media influence other sectors of society, inclu ...
is the loss of
imperial immediacy
Imperial immediacy (german: Reichsfreiheit or ') was a privileged constitutional and political status rooted in German feudal law under which the Imperial estates of the Holy Roman Empire such as Imperial cities, prince-bishoprics and secular pri ...
through annexation by a larger state. A mediatized lord lost most of his power over his former territory, but retained his title and most of his personal privileges.
*
Prince of the Empire
A prince is a Monarch, male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary title, hereditary, in s ...
: any ruling Prince whose territory is a member of the Holy Roman Empire (not only German-speaking countries, but also many bordering and extensive neighbouring regions) and entitled to a voting seat (or in a collective voting unit, such as a Gräfenbank) in the Imperial Diet.
*
Prince-abbot
A prince-abbot (german: Fürstabt) is a title for a cleric who is a Prince of the Church (like a Prince-bishop), in the sense of an ''ex officio'' temporal lord of a feudal entity, usually a State of the Holy Roman Empire. The territory ruled b ...
(''Fürstabt'') or prince-abbess (''Äbtissin''): an abbot or abbess with the rank of prince. Prince-abbots (but not prince-abbesses) had a seat and vote on the Ecclesiastical Bench of the College of Ruling Princes of the Imperial Diet, where they sat alongside the prince-bishops.
*
Prince-bishop (Fürstbischof): a bishop with the rank, ''
ex officio
An ''ex officio'' member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term '' ex officio'' is Latin, meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right ...
'', of prince (Fürst). As a prince, he was the temporal ruler of a
Hochstift
In the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church, the German language, German term (plural: ) referred to the territory ruled by a bishop as a prince (i.e. prince-bishop), as opposed to his diocese, generally much larger and over which he exer ...
; as a bishop, he exercised the spiritual duties of an ordinary bishop over his diocese, which was always larger than his Hochstift. Prince-bishops had seat and voice on the Ecclesiastical Bench of the College of Ruling Princes of the Imperial Diet. Nearly all the bishops of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Habsburg lands were prince-bishops.
*
Prince-elector
The prince-electors (german: Kurfürst pl. , cz, Kurfiřt, la, Princeps Elector), or electors for short, were the members of the electoral college that elected the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
From the 13th century onwards, the prince ...
or electoral prince (''Kurfürst'', pl. ''Kurfürsten''): a member of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors.
*
Secularization
In sociology, secularization (or secularisation) is the transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward non-religious values and secular institutions. The ''secularization thesis'' expresses the ...
: the transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession or use.
Notes column
The "Notes" column shows, in capsule form,
* the territorial development of the different states or polities (acquisition or loss of possessions, union of rulers or dynasties, etc.);
* the royal or noble dynasties, including their various branches, which ruled over territories or polities;
* the transmission of succession rights (marriage, female succession, conquest, cession, pledge, etc.);
* the attributes of "statehood" (right to mint coins, holding markets and fairs, entering into treaties and pacts, appointment of civil officials, etc.); and
* the size of territory and population of the various polities whenever these are available.
Estate of the Empire (''Reichsstand'')
The following excerpt from François Velde's ''Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law'' provides an excellent overview on what an Estate (or State) of the Empire is.
[François Velde]
Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law
2004–2007. Retrieved 2012 October 09. For his purpose, the author deals only with the hereditary territorial rulers but it should be remembered that the Estates also included a substantial number of non-hereditary territorial rulers such as the ecclesiastical states (prince-bishoprics and imperial abbeys) and free imperial cities.
Grouped lists
''The following lists are going to be included into the table above.''
Ecclesiastical orders
* The
Teutonic Order
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians on ...
1529: College of Princes
1793: Council of Princes
* The
Order of St. John
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headqu ...
1793: Council of Princes
Livonian territories
*
Terra Mariana
Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary") was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia ( nds, Oolt-Livland, liv, Jemā-Līvõmō, et, Vana-Liivimaa, lv, Livonija). It was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade, a ...
(the
Livonian Confederation
Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary") was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia ( nds, Oolt-Livland, liv, Jemā-Līvõmō, et, Vana-Liivimaa, lv, Livonija). It was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade, a ...
from 1435):
**
Archbishopric of Riga (from 1207, as Bishopric of Riga until 1255, subjugated directly to the
Holy See
The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome ...
in 1215, again from 1225, secularized and subjugated to the
Kingdom of Poland
The Kingdom of Poland ( pl, Królestwo Polskie; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a state in Central Europe. It may refer to:
Historical political entities
*Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom existing from 1025 to 1031
*Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom exist ...
and
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The state was founded by Li ...
in 1561)
**
Livonian Order
The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order,
formed in 1237. From 1435 to 1561 it was a member of the Livonian Confederation.
History
The order was formed from the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword after the ...
(secularized 16th century, secularized and subjugated to the
Kingdom of Poland
The Kingdom of Poland ( pl, Królestwo Polskie; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a state in Central Europe. It may refer to:
Historical political entities
*Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom existing from 1025 to 1031
*Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom exist ...
and
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The state was founded by Li ...
in 1561)
**
Bishopric of Dorpat (from 1225, conquered by
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
in 1558)
**
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (from 1228, sold to
Denmark
)
, song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
, song_type = National and royal anthem
, image_map = EU-Denmark.svg
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark
...
in 1560)
**
Bishopric of Courland (from 1521, sold to
Denmark
)
, song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
, song_type = National and royal anthem
, image_map = EU-Denmark.svg
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark
...
in 1560)
**
Roman Catholic Diocese of Reval
The Bishropic of Reval was a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Reval, Danish Estonia#Duchy of Estonia, Duchy of Estonia created by Valdemar II of Denmark in 1240. Contradictory to canon law, Valdemar II re ...
(from 1521, incorporated into
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
in 1561)
**
Riga
Riga (; lv, Rīga , liv, Rīgõ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia and is home to 605,802 inhabitants which is a third of Latvia's population. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Ba ...
(from 1581, in effect in 1582, incorporated into the
Polish–Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia in 1581)
Territories of old princely families
*
Holstein-Gottorp
Holstein-Gottorp or Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp () is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, also known as Ducal Holstein, that were ruled by the dukes of Schlesw ...
**
Holstein-Gottorp-Oldenburg
*
Holstein-Glückstadt Holstein-Glückstadt or Schleswig-Holstein-Glückstadt is the historiographical name, as well as contemporary shorthand name, for the parts of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein that were ruled by the Kings of Denmark in their function as dukes o ...
Italian territories
*
Carrara
*
Finale
Finale may refer to:
Pieces of music
* Finale (music), the last movement of a piece
* ''Finale'' (album), a 1977 album by Loggins and Messina
* "Finale B", a 1996 song from the rock opera ''Rent''
* "Finale", a song by Anthrax from ''State of Eu ...
*
Florence
Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...
*
Genoa
Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the List of cities in Italy, sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian ce ...
*
Guastalla
Guastalla ( Guastallese: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Reggio Emilia in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
Geography
Guastalla is situated in the Po Valley, and lies on the banks of the Po River. Guastalla is located at around from the citie ...
*
Lucca
Lucca ( , ) is a city and ''comune'' in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea. The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957.
Lucca is known as one o ...
*
Mantua
Mantua ( ; it, Mantova ; Lombard language, Lombard and la, Mantua) is a city and ''comune'' in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the Province of Mantua, province of the same name.
In 2016, Mantua was designated as the Italian Capital of Culture ...
*
Massa
Massa may refer to:
Places
*Massa, Tuscany, the administrative seat of the Italian province of Massa-Carrara.
*Massa (river), river in Switzerland
* Massa (Tanzanian ward), administrative ward in the Mpwapwa district of the Dodoma Region of Ta ...
*
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...
*
Modena and Reggio
*
Montferrat
Montferrat (, ; it, Monferrato ; pms, Monfrà , locally ; la, Mons Ferratus) is part of the region of Piedmont in northern Italy. It comprises roughly (and its extent has varied over time) the modern provinces of Alessandria and Asti. Mo ...
*
Parma
Parma (; egl, Pärma, ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, Giuseppe Verdi, music, art, prosciutto (ham), Parmigiano-Reggiano, cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 ...
*
Piedmont
it, Piemontese
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demographics1_title2 ...
*
Piombino
Piombino is an Italian town and ''comune'' of about 35,000 inhabitants in the province of Livorno (Tuscany). It lies on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea, in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma.
Ove ...
*
Saluzzo
Saluzzo (; pms, Salusse ) is a town and former principality in the province of Cuneo, in the Piedmont region, Italy.
The city of Saluzzo is built on a hill overlooking a vast, well-cultivated plain. Iron, lead, silver, marble, slate etc. are fo ...
*
Siena
Siena ( , ; lat, Sena Iulia) is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena.
The city is historically linked to commercial and banking activities, having been a major banking center until the 13th and 14th centuri ...
*
Tuscany
Tuscany ( ; it, Toscana ) is a Regions of Italy, region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence (''Firenze'').
Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, art ...
Territories of new princely families
*
Thurn und Taxis
The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis (german: link=no, Fürstenhaus Thurn und Taxis ) is a family of German nobility that is part of the ''Briefadel''. It was a key player in the postal services in Europe during the 16th century, until the end ...
, held Friedberg-Scheer (1754)
See also
*
List of Imperial Diet participants (1792)
The Holy Roman Empire was a highly decentralized state for most of its history, composed of hundreds of smaller states, most of which operated with some degree of independent sovereignty. Although in the earlier part of the Middle Ages, under the S ...
*
List of historic states of Germany
Germany is traditionally a country organized as a federal state. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking territories of the empire became allied in the German Confederation (1815–1866), a league of states wi ...
(after 1815)
References
Further reading
In English
*The Arenberg Archives and Cultural Centre. "The Dukes of Arenberg".
Retrieved June 26, 2006.
*Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture. "aeiou: The Annotable, Elektronic, Interactive, Osterreich (Austria), Universal Information System".
Retrieved June 23, 2006.
*"Austrian and German Mediatized Houses, 1871–1919".
Retrieved July 4, 2006.
*"Braunschweig – Brunswick. A history".
Retrieved July 6, 2006.
*Cahoon, Benjamin M. (2000–2006). "Europe Index" in ''WorldStatesmen.org''.
June 26, 2006.
*Dotor, Santiago (2004). "Historical Flags (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)" in ''FOTW: Flags of the World Web Site''.
Retrieved July 3, 2006.
*"Freiburg's History for Pedestrians" (2006).
Retrieved June 26, 2006.
*Graz, Thomas. "Thomas's Glassware Tour to Central Europe: Old Glasses from Old Europe" in ''German History Ring''.
Retrieved June 20, 2006.
*Hilkens, Bob (2000). "States and Regents of the World: An Alphabetical Listing of States and Territories and their Regents in the 19th and 20th Centuries".
Retrieved June 27, 2006.
*"History of the House of Sayn".
. Retrieved July 28, 2006.
* The History Files: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629014158/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/MainEuropeIndex.htm Kingdoms of Europe]. Retrieved July 9, 2006 (Updated February 25, 2007).
*"Lippe(-Detmold): Chronology of Lippe" in Genealogy.net.
Retrieved June 25, 2006.
*Martinsson, Örjan. "Historical Atlas: Europe".
Retrieved July 14, 2006.
*"Medieval German Counties".
Retrieved July 9, 2006.
*"Milestones in Pomeranian History, with particular attention to Lauenburg and Buetow".
Retrieved June 26, 2006.
*Pantel, Mike (2000). "The History of Baden-Wurttemberg".
Retrieved June 25, 2006.
*Principality of Liechtenstein. "Liechtenstein at a Glance: History".
Retrieved June 25, 2006.
*Reitwiesner, William Addams (1998). "One of the major questions about the Mediatized Houses is the word 'Mediatized'. What does it mean?".
Retrieved July 1, 2006.
*Rozn, Val (1999–2003). "The German Reigning Houses: Titles, territories, regnal chronologies".
Retrieved June 9, 2006.
*Rozn, Val (2002). "The Imperial Nobility and the Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire".
Retrieved July 16, 2006.
*Rozn, Val (2002). "The Last Years of the Ancient Empire".
Retrieved June 24, 2006
*
Guy Stair Sainty, Sainty, Guy Stair. "European Royal Houses"
Retrieved June 23, 2006.
*Sainty, Guy Stair. "The Knights of Saint John in Germany".
Retrieved July 1, 2006.
*"Schaumburg-Lippe" in ''Genealogy.net''.
Retrieved June 25, 2006.
*"Sovereigns in Germany".
Retrieved June 22, 2006.
*Voss, Hans Peter. "History of Schleswig Holstein".
Retrieved July 3, 2006.
In other languages
*Bursik, Heinrich (1998). "Die Herrschaft Hohenberg und die Markgrafschaft Burgau".
For Google-translated English versio
Retrieved July 9, 2006.
*"Das Fürstenhaus Bentheim-Tecklenburg".
For Google-translated English version, se
Retrieved July 11, 2006.
*Höckmann, Thomas (2006). "Territorial arrangement of North Rhine-Westphalia 1789". (Translation from the original in German through Google Search).
(Excellent articles and links about the States of the Holy Roman Empire). Retrieved June 26, 2006.
*"Mittelalterliche Genealogie im Deutschen Reich bis zum Ende der Staufer".
Retrieved June 23, 2006.
*Ortwein, Friedrich J. "Die Herren zu Rappoltstein" (The Lords of Rappoltstein)"
(For English translation
. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
*"Die Reichsstände"
Retrieved July 8, 2006.
*Wember, Heinz. "Die Genealogie (Genealogy) von Montfort: Bludenz, Bregenz, Feldkirch, Heiligenberg, Herrenberg, Langenargen, Pfullendorf, Rheinegg, Rothenfels, Sargans, Tettnang, Tosters, Tübingen, Vaduz, Wasserburg, Werdenberg, Zollern".
Retrieved June 23, 2006.
List of imperial circles of 1532List of states of the Holy Roman Empire of 1521
Maps and illustrations
*Höckmann, Thomas (2006). "Historical maps – Germany at the end of the 18th century".
Retrieved June 26, 2006.
*Westermann, Großer Atlass zu Weltgeschichte (in German; exquisite detailed maps)
External links
*
Genealogie delle Dinastie Nobili Italiane(On ruling families and polities in present-day Republic of Italy)
HIS DATA: Historische Herrscher der Territorien (Adel)German)
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World Statesmen
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of States In The Holy Roman Empire
German feudalism
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