This is a list of crewed and uncrewed flights of
Soyuz series spacecraft.
The
Soyuz programme is an ongoing
human spaceflight
Human spaceflight (also referred to as manned spaceflight or crewed spaceflight) is spaceflight with a crew or passengers aboard a spacecraft, often with the spacecraft being operated directly by the onboard human crew. Spacecraft can also be ...
programme which was initiated by the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
in the early 1960s, originally part of a
Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet
cosmonaut on the Moon. It is the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the
Vostok Vostok refers to east in Russian but may also refer to:
Spaceflight
* Vostok programme, Soviet human spaceflight project
* Vostok (spacecraft), a type of spacecraft built by the Soviet Union
* Vostok (rocket family), family of rockets derived from ...
and
Voskhod programmes. Since the 1990s, as the successor state to the Soviet Union,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
has continued and expanded the programme, which became part of a multinational collaboration to ensure a permanent human presence in
low Earth orbit
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with a period of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an eccentricity less than 0.25. Most of the artificial objects in outer space are in LEO, with an altitude never mor ...
on the
International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA ...
(ISS). Soyuz spacecraft previously visited the
Salyut and
Mir space stations. Between the retirement of the
Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program na ...
in 2011 and the
first orbital flight of
SpaceX's Crew Dragon in 2019, Soyuz were the only human-rated orbital spacecraft in operation, and the only way to transport crews to the ISS. Russia plans to succeed Soyuz in the 2020s with the
Federatsiya/Orel programme, using new reusable capsules launching on
Angara
The Angara ( Buryat and mn, Ангар, ''Angar'', "Cleft"; russian: Ангара́, ''Angará'') is a major river in Siberia, which traces a course through Russia's Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai. It drains out of Lake Baikal and is ...
rockets, to transport cosmonauts to orbit and to a
space station around the Moon.
Crewed mission numbers and spacecraft generations
Beginning in 1966, the Soyuz programme has sent humans into space on a regular basis for over fifty years. Due to its length, the program has a complex history, which may lead to confusion about its ''mission numbers''. The mission numbering scheme for crewed Soyuz flights is closely related to the generations of spacecraft. Understanding the former is made significantly easier by understanding the latter.
The first era of the Soyuz programme's crewed missions (Soyuz 1-40) used the ''7K series'' of Soyuz craft, which included the first-generation (1.0)
Soyuz 7K-OK
Soyuz 7K-OK was the first generation of Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz spacecraft and was flown between 1967 and 1971. The 7K-OK was used for the first ferry flights to the Salyut programme, Salyut space station program, beginning a long history ...
, a variant (1.5)
Soyuz 7K-OKS
Soyuz 7K-OKS (also known as Soyuz 7KT-OK) is a version of the Soyuz spacecraft and was the first spacecraft designed for space station flights. Its only crewed flights were conducted in 1971, with Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 11.
Design
The two craft ...
, the second-generation (2.0)
Soyuz 7K-T, and the (2.5)
Soyuz 7K-TM variant. Following this first era, successive eras of crewed missions have had mission numbers which were directly tied to the names of craft used:
* The second era of
Soyuz T
The Soyuz-T (russian: Союз-T, ''Union-T'') spacecraft was the third generation Soyuz spacecraft, in service for seven years from 1979 to 1986. The ''T'' stood for transport (, ). The revised spacecraft incorporated lessons learned from the ...
flights used the third-generation (3.0) craft of the same name. Mission numbers were of the form: "Soyuz T-#".
* The third era of
Soyuz TM
The Soyuz-TM were fourth generation (1986–2002) Soyuz spacecraft used for ferry flights to the Mir and ISS space stations. The Soyuz spacecraft consisted of three parts, the Orbital Module, the Descent Module and the Service Module.
The first ...
flights used the fourth-generation (4.0) craft of the same name. Mission numbers were of the form: "Soyuz TM-#".
* The fourth era of
Soyuz TMA Soyuz is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text Союз (Russian and Ukrainian, 'Union'). It can refer to any union, such as a trade union (''profsoyuz'') or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалис ...
flights used the fifth-generation (5.0) craft of the same name. Mission numbers were of the form: "Soyuz TMA-#".
* The fifth era of
Soyuz TMA-M Soyuz is a transliteration of the Cyrillic text Союз (Russian and Ukrainian, 'Union'). It can refer to any union, such as a trade union (''profsoyuz'') or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Сою́з Сове́тских Социалис ...
flights used the fifth-generation variant (5.5) craft of the same name. Mission numbers were of the form "Soyuz TMA-##M".
* The sixth and current era of
Soyuz MS flights uses the sixth-generation (6.0) craft of the same name. Mission numbers are of the form: "Soyuz MS-##".
Within each given era, a mission number generally reflects the mission's chronological launch order, e.g.
Soyuz TMA-12M was the twelfth mission of the TMA-M era, immediately preceded by
Soyuz TMA-11M
Soyuz TMA-11M was a 2013 flight to the International Space Station. It transported three members of the Expedition 38 crew to the International Space Station. TMA-11M is the 120th flight of a Soyuz spacecraft, with the first flight launching in ...
and immediately followed by
Soyuz TMA-13M
Soyuz TMA-13M was a 2014 flight to the International Space Station. It transported three members of the Expedition 40 crew to the International Space Station. TMA-13M was the 122nd flight of a Soyuz spacecraft since 1967, and the 39th Soyuz miss ...
. Although there are exceptions to this (detailed below in the first table), the mission numbering scheme is usually consistent with chronological launch orders. This is in contrast with the
mission numbers of the
Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program na ...
program, which were tied to specific mission objectives and did not reflect chronological launch orders, e.g.
STS-50
STS-50 (U.S. Microgravity Laboratory-1) was a NASA Space Shuttle mission, the 12th mission of the '' Columbia'' orbiter. ''Columbia'' landed at Kennedy Space Center for the first time ever due to bad weather at Edwards Air Force Base caused b ...
, the forty-eighth Shuttle mission, was immediately followed by
STS-46
STS-46 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission using and was launched on July 31, 1992, and landed on August 8, 1992.
Crew
Backup crew
Crew seating arrangements
Mission highlights
The mission's primary objectives were the deployment of ...
, the forty-ninth Shuttle mission.
Soyuz 7K (1966-1981)
The first Soyuz series was the 7K series.
Soyuz 7K-L1
Spacecraft designed for Soviet human circumlunar missions. Missions are included under the
Zond programme.
Soyuz 7K-LOK
Spacecraft designed for Soviet human lunar orbital and landing missions.
Soyuz T (1979-1986)
Soyuz TM (1987-2002)
Soyuz TMA (2002-2012)
Soyuz TMA-M (2010-2016)
Soyuz MS (2016-)
See also
*
List of Space Shuttle missions
*
Progress (spacecraft)
The Progress (russian: Прогресс) is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft. Its purpose is to deliver the supplies needed to sustain a human presence in orbit. While it does not carry a crew, it can be boarded by astronauts when docked t ...
*
Soyuz programme
*
Soyuz (spacecraft)
Notes
References
*
Footnotes
{{Portal bar, Spaceflight
Soyuz program
Salyut program
*
International Space Station
Soyuz
Soyuz